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CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]

6. SOLVING EQUATIONS NUMERICALLY 7.2 Parallel, Skew or Intersects


6.1 Approximation For the two lines:
To find root of a graph, find point where graph passesCIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐚̃ + 𝑠𝐜̃ 𝑂𝐵 = ̃𝐛 + 𝑡𝐝̃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
through 𝑥-axis ∴look for a sign change Parallel:
6. SOLVING EQUATIONS NUMERICALLY 7.2 Parallel, Skew or Intersects
o For the lines to be parallel 𝐜̃ must equal 𝐝̃ or be in
Carry out decimal search
6.1 Approximation
o Substitute values between where a sign change has some ratio to it e.g. 1: 2 For the two lines:
B.Indah : No.15A, 17A,
occurred 21Aroot
To find & 41A, Jalan
of a graph, Indah
find 16/12,
Intersects:
point where graphTaman passesBukit Indah (Tel: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝐚̃ + 𝑠𝐜̃
𝑂𝐴 =07-2349168) 𝑂𝐵 = ̃𝐛 + 𝑡𝐝̃
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
o Closer to zero, greater accuracy
through 𝑥-axis ∴look for a sign change o Make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 Parallel:
M.Austin : No. 25-01, 25-02, Jalan Austin Heights 8/3, Taman Mt Austin (Tel: 07-3000375)
Carry out decimal search For the lines to be parallel 𝐜̃ must equal 𝐝̃ or be in
o If simultaneous works thenointersects
Masai
6.2:Iteration
No. 3-01, 3-02, Jalan Kempas 17, 81750, Johor Bahru (Tel: 07-3821896)
o Substitute values between whereoa Ifsignunknowns
changecancel
has then no intersection
some ratio to it e.g. 1: 2
Kulai To
: 380A, Jalan𝑓(Perak
solve equation 𝑥) = 0, 1,
youTaman
occurred
Bersatu,
can rearrange 𝑓( 𝑥) (Tel:Skew:
019-5783596 / 016-7228619) Intersects:
into a form 𝑥 = ⋯ o016-7123085
Mutiara Mas : 37A, Jalan Mutiara Mas 1/9 (Tel:
o Closer to zero, greater accuracy / line
First check whether 016-7758619)
parallel or not
o Make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
This function represents a sequence that starts at 𝑥₀ , o If not, then make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
moving to 𝑥𝑟 o Carry out simultaneous
o If simultaneous works then intersects
Name : 6.2 Iteration Lecturer : Cheng
Substitute a value for 𝑥₀ and put back into function o When a pair does not produce o Ifsame
unknowns
answers as Wui
cancel thenLeap
no intersection
getting: 𝑥1 and so
Subject Maths solve equation 𝑓( 𝑥) = 0, you can another,
on. To (A2) rearrange 𝑓( Class
𝑥) are :skewSkew:
then lines A2 Maths
As you increase 𝑟, valueinto 𝑥 = accurate
a formmore
becomes ⋯ o First
Workshop 1.0 7.3that
Angle
Lesson No
between
: check 1 whether line parallel or not
Sometimes iteration don’t
Thiswork, theserepresents
function functions pare
a sequence starts at 𝑥₀ , Two Lines o If not, then make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
called divergent,Chapter
and you must
moving rearrange
7 Vectors
to 𝑥𝑟 formula for Use dot productDate
rule on:the two direction2/2/17
vectors:
o Carry out simultaneous
𝑥 in another way Substitute a value for 𝑥₀ and put back into functionDay/Time: 𝑎. 𝑏
For a successful iterative function, you need a |𝑎||𝑏|
o =When 5.40
cos 𝜃a pair pm–
does not 7.10pm
produce same answers as
getting 𝑥1 and so on.
convergent sequence Note: 𝑎 and 𝑏 must be moving away from the point at skew
another, then lines are
As you increase 𝑟, value becomes more accurate
which they intersect
7. VECTORS Sometimes iteration don’t work, these functions pare 7.3 Angle between Two Lines
called divergent, and you must rearrange formula for Use dot product rule on the two direction vectors:
7.1 Equation of a Line
𝑥 in another way 𝑎. 𝑏
= cos 𝜃
For a successful iterative function, you need a |𝑎||𝑏|
convergent sequence Note: 𝑎 and 𝑏 must be moving away from the point at
which they intersect
7. VECTORS
7.4 Finding the Equation of a Line
7.1 Equation of a Line
Given 2 points:
o Find the direction vector using
e.g. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
The column vector form: o Place either of the points as a given vector
1 1 To check if a point lies on a line, check if constant of the
𝑟 = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 ( 1) direction vector is the same for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 components
−2 3 7.4 Finding the Equation of a Line
The linear vector form: 7.5 ⊥Distance from a Line to a Point
Given 2 points:
𝑟 = 𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 2𝐤 + 𝑡( 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤) AKA: shortest distance from the point to the line
o Find the direction vector using
The parametric form: Find vector for the point, 𝐵, on the line
𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑡, 𝑧 = −2 + 3𝑡 1 1e.g. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
The cartesian form; rearrange parametric
The column vector form: Vector equation of the line:o𝐫̃Place
= ( 3either
) + 𝑡of( 1the
) points as a given vector
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧+ 2 1 1 To check−2if a point3 lies on a line, check if constant of the
EL- MATHEMATICS [9709] 1
=
1
=
3 𝑟 = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 ( 1) direction vector is the same for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 components
−2 Page 8 of317
7.2 Parallel, Skew or Intersects
The linear vector form: 7.5 ⊥Distance from a Line to a Point
For the two lines: 𝑟 = 𝐢 + 3𝐣 − 2𝐤 + 𝑡( 𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤) AKA: shortest distance from the point to the line
aph passes ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐚̃ + 𝑠𝐜 ̃ parametric⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
The 𝑂𝐵 = ̃𝐛 + 𝑡𝐝̃
form: Find vector for the point, 𝐵, on the line
Parallel: 𝑥 = 1 + 𝑡, 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑡, 𝑧 = −2 + 3𝑡 1 1
Vector equation of the line: 𝐫̃ = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
o For the lines to beThe cartesian
parallel form;
𝐜̃ must equal 𝐝̃ or be
rearrange parametric
in
𝑥−1 𝑦−3 𝑧+ 2 −2 3
hange has some ratio to it e.g. 1: 2 = =
1 1 3
Intersects:
Page 8 of 17
o Make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
o If simultaneous works then intersects
o If unknowns cancel then no intersection
nge 𝑓( 𝑥) Skew:
o First check whether line parallel or not
arts at 𝑥₀ , o If not, then make ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵
o Carry out simultaneous
unction o When a pair does not produce same answers as
another, then lines are skew
urate
tions pare 7.3 Angle between Two Lines
rmula for Use dot product rule on the two direction vectors: 1
𝑎. 𝑏
= cos 𝜃
da |𝑎||𝑏|
Note: 𝑎 and 𝑏 must be moving away from the point at
which they intersect
e.g. 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
o Place either of the points as a given vector
To check if a point lies on a line, check if constant of the
direction vector is the same for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 components

7.5 ⊥Distance from a Line to a Point Solution:


AKA: shortest distance from the point to the line
Find vector for the point, 𝐵, on the line
1 1
Vector equation of the line: 𝐫̃ = ( 3 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
CIE A LEVEL- −2 MATHEMATICS
3 [9709]
1+ 𝑡 Substitute 1 into 2:
∴𝑂𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 31 ++ 𝑡𝑡 ) Substitute 1 into 2:
∴𝑂𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ( 3 + 𝑡 ) 2 + 2𝑡 = 5 + 𝑡
3𝑡 − 2 2 + 2𝑡 = 5 + 𝑡
Page 8 of 17 3𝑡 − 2 ∴𝑡 = 3 and then 𝑠 = −6
𝐴 is the point given ∴𝑡 = 3 and then 𝑠 = −6
𝐴 is the point given Equation 3:
Equation 3:
22
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 3 = 32 =− 𝑡2 − 𝑡
𝑂𝐴⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = (
𝑂𝐴 = ( 33)) Substitute of 𝑡 of 𝑡
the value
Substitute the value
44
11++ 𝑡𝑡−− 22 − 11
3 = 2 − 3
3 = 2 − 3 so 3 = −1= −1
so 3
𝑡𝑡 −
∴𝐴𝐵⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗= = ( ( 33++ 𝑡𝑡−− 33 )) = ( 𝑡𝑡 )) This
This is incorrect
is incorrect therefore
therefore lineslines
don’tdon’t intersect
intersect
∴𝐴𝐵
Part
Part (ii)(ii)
3𝑡3𝑡−−22−− 44 3𝑡 −− 66
3𝑡
Angle
Angle𝑃𝐴𝐵
𝑃𝐴𝐵
is formed
is formedby the
by intersection of theof
the intersection lines
the lines
UseUse
DotDot productofof𝐴𝐵
product 𝐴𝐵and andthe
the direction
direction vector
vector 𝐴𝑃𝐴𝑃 𝐴𝐵𝐴𝐵
andand
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵. 𝐝 . 𝐝== cos
cos 9090 1 − 2𝑡
1 − 2𝑡
𝑡 𝑡−−11 11 𝑃 = 𝑃( =5 +( 𝑡5 )+ 𝑡 )
( ( 𝑡𝑡 )) ..(( 11)) == 00 2 − 𝑡2 − 𝑡
3𝑡 − 6 3 𝐴𝑃 = 𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝐴
3𝑡 − 6 3
1( 𝑡 − 1) + 1( 𝑡) + 3( 3𝑡 − 6) = 0 1 − 2𝑡𝐴𝑃 = 1𝑂𝑃 − 𝑂𝐴 −2𝑡
1( 𝑡 − 1) + 1( 𝑡) + 3( 3𝑡 − 6) = 0
11𝑡 − 19 = 0 𝐴𝑃 = ( 5 +1𝑡−) 2𝑡 − ( 2 ) =1( 3 + 𝑡 −2𝑡)
11𝑡 − 1919= 0 𝐴𝑃 =2 (− 5𝑡 + 𝑡 ) 3− ( 2 ) −1 = (− 𝑡3 + 𝑡 )
𝑡 = 19 2−𝑡 1 3 −1 − 𝑡
𝑡 = 11 𝐴𝐵 = ( −1 ) 1
Substitute 𝑡 into equation to11 get foot 𝐴𝐵 =0 ( −1 )
Substitute 𝑡 into equation
Use Pythagoras’ Theoremto to get
findfoot
distance Now use the dot product rule to form 0 an eqn.
Use{S08-P3}
Pythagoras’ Theorem to find distance Question: Now|𝐴𝑃.
use𝐴𝐵|
the dot product−3𝑡 −rule3 to form an eqn.
;
|𝐴𝑃. 𝐴𝐵| −3𝑡 − 3 = cos 60
|𝐴𝑃||𝐴𝐵| √6𝑡 2
The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors, relative
{S08-P3} Question:
to
; 1 + 8𝑡 + 10 ×√2 = cos 60
Thethe origin𝐴𝑂,and
points given by position vectors, relative to
𝐵 have |𝐴𝑃||𝐴𝐵|
−3𝑡 − 3 = √6𝑡 √6𝑡2 +2 +8𝑡
8𝑡++1010×√
×√ 22
𝑂𝐴 = 𝑂,
the origin 𝐢 + given
2𝐣 + 3𝐤by and 𝑂𝐵 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤 2 1
36𝑡 2−3𝑡
+ 72𝑡− 3+ =36 =√12𝑡 6𝑡 22++ 8𝑡
16𝑡+ +10
20×√2
The=line
𝑂𝐴 𝐢 +𝑙 has
2𝐣 +vector
3𝐤 equation and 𝑂𝐵 = 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 3𝐤 2 2
( 1 − 2𝑡)
𝐫 = vector 𝐢 + ( 5 + 𝑡) 𝐣 + ( 2 − 𝑡) 𝐤 224𝑡 + 56𝑡 + 16 = 02
The line 𝑙 has equation 36𝑡 + 72𝑡 +1 36 = 12𝑡 + 16𝑡 + 20
(i) Show that 𝑙 does not intersect the line 𝑡 =24𝑡 − 2 +or 56𝑡
𝑡= + −216 = 0
𝐫 = ( 1 − 2𝑡) 𝐢 + ( 5 + 𝑡) 𝐣 + ( 2 − 𝑡) 𝐤 3
1
passing through 𝐴 and 𝐵. 𝑡 = − 3 or 𝑡 = −2
(i) Show that 𝑙 does not intersect the line
(ii) The point 𝑃 lies on 𝑙 and is such that angle {W11-P31} Question:
passing through 𝐴 and 𝐵.
𝑃𝐴𝐵 is equal to 60° . Given that the With respect to the origin 𝑂, the position vectors of
(ii) The point 𝑃 lies on 𝑙 and is such that angle {W11-P31}
position vector of 𝑃 is ( 1 − 2𝑡) 𝐢 + two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ 𝑂𝐴 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 Question:
𝑃𝐴𝐵 𝐣 + ( 2to− 60°
( 5 +is𝑡)equal 𝑡) 𝐤,. Given that3𝑡the
show that 2
+ and With respect to the origin 𝑂, the position vectors of
position
7𝑡 + 2 =vector of 𝑃find (
is 1the
− only
2𝑡) 𝐢possible
+ by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
0. Hence two
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ points 𝐴 and 𝐵
𝑂𝐵 = 3𝐢 + 4𝐣. The point 𝑃 lies on the are given line=through
𝑂𝐴 𝐢 + 2𝐣𝐴+ 2𝐤
( 5position ( 2 − of 2
+ 𝑡) 𝐣 +vector 𝑃 show that 3𝑡 +
𝑡) 𝐤, and
and 𝐵, and ⃗⃗⃗ 𝐴𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
7𝑡 + 2 = 0. Hence find the only possible
Solution: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 (i) = 3𝐢 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
+ 4𝐣.
𝑂𝑃 = (The 2𝜆) 𝐢 +𝑃 (lies
1 + point 2 + on
2𝜆)the ( 2 −through 𝐴
𝐣 + line
Part (i) position vector of 𝑃 and 𝐵, and 2𝜆)⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗𝐤 = 𝜆𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
Firstly, we must find the equation of line 𝐴𝐵
Solution: ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
(ii)(i) By equating
𝑂𝑃 = ( 1expressions 2 +cos
+ 2𝜆) 𝐢 + (for 2𝜆)𝐴𝑂𝑃𝐣 + and
(2 −
Part (i)
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴
2 1 1 cos2𝜆) 𝐵𝑂𝑃𝐤in terms of 𝜆, find the value of 𝜆
Firstly, we must find
= ( 1the) −equation
( 2 ) = ( of ) 𝐴𝐵
−1line (ii) for Bywhich 𝑂𝑃 bisects
equating the anglefor
expressions 𝐵
𝐴𝑂cos . 𝐴𝑂
𝑃 and
𝐴𝐵
3 = 𝑂𝐵3 − 𝑂𝐴 0 Solution:
1 2 1 1 11 −2 Part (i)
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 in terms of 𝜆, find the value of 𝜆
𝐀𝐁 = ( 2 )= +( 1𝑠 )( −1
− () 2and
) =𝐋 (=−1
( 5)) + 𝑡 ( 1 ) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =𝑂𝑃
⃗⃗for= which
⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 𝜆𝐴𝐵 𝜆( bisects
𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴)the angle 𝐵
𝐴𝑂 .
3 3 0 3 02 −1 3 1 2 Solution:
Equating the1 two lines1 1 −2 Part (i) = 𝜆 ( 4) − ( 2) = ( 2 )
𝐀𝐁 = ( 2 ) 1++ 𝑠𝑠( −1 ) 1and − 2𝑡𝐋 = ( 5 ) + 𝑡 ( 1 )
⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃⃗⃗ 0= 𝜆𝐴𝐵 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗2 = 𝜆( 𝑂𝐵−2 − 𝑂𝐴)
3( 2 − 𝑠) =0 ( 5 + 𝑡 ) 2 −1 3 2𝜆1 2
Equating the two3lines 2−𝑡
=∴𝐴𝑃𝜆 ( 4=) (− 2𝜆 ( 2 )) = ( 2 )
Equation 1: 11 ++ 𝑠𝑠 = 1 − 12𝑡−so2𝑡𝑠 = −2𝑡 −2𝜆
2− 0 2 −2
Equation 2:( 2 − 𝑠𝑠)= =5 +( 𝑡5 + 𝑡 ) 2𝜆
3 2−𝑡 Page 9 of 17 ∴𝐴𝑃 = ( 2𝜆 )
Equation 1: 1 + 𝑠 = 1 − 2𝑡 so 𝑠 = −2𝑡 −2𝜆
Equation 2: 2 − 𝑠 = 5 + 𝑡

Page 9 of 17
2
ative to |𝐴𝑃||𝐴𝐵| √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 ×√2 9 + 2𝜆
=
11 + 14𝜆 Given a
1 3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2
−3𝑡 − 3 = √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 ×√2 Cancel out the denominator to give you o 𝐴( 1,2
𝐣 + 3𝐤 2 9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆
36𝑡 2 + 72𝑡 + 36 = 12𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 20 3
=
5 o Make
24𝑡 2 + 56𝑡 + 16 = 0 45 + 10𝜆 = 33 + 42𝜆 o Substi
1 3
12 = 32𝜆 and ∴𝜆 = o Repea
e line 𝑡 = − 3 or 𝑡 = −2 8
Given 2
7.6 Equation of a Plane o Find a
hat angle o Find 2
{W11-P31} Question:
o Repea
he With respect to the origin 𝑂, the position vectors of
two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 7.9 A Li
𝑡2 + and If a line
ossible ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑡 = 0 a
𝑂𝐵 = 3𝐢 + 4𝐣. The point 𝑃 lies on the line through 𝐴
substitu
and 𝐵, and ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ If a line
Solution: (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = ( 1 + 2𝜆) 𝐢 + ( 2 + 2𝜆) 𝐣 + ( 2 − direction
Scalar product form:
2𝜆) 𝐤 −4 7.10 Fin
(ii) By equating expressions for cos 𝐴𝑂 𝑃 and 𝐫̃. ( −5 ) = −13
−1 between
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 in terms of 𝜆, find the value of 𝜆 The vector after 𝐫̃ is the normal to the plane Form Ca
for which 𝑂𝑃 bisects the angle 𝐵𝐴𝑂 . The components of the normal vector of the plane are Form Ca
Solution: the coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in the Cartesian form. You Solve fo
−2 Part (i) must substitute a point to find 𝑑
Solutions: {S13-P
1 ) ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝜆( 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴)
Cartesian form:
The po
−1 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
3 1 2 and 5𝐢
= 𝜆 ( 4) − (
2) = ( 2 ) equatio
7.7 Cross Product Rule
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑛𝑞 (i)
0 2 −2 𝑙 𝑝
2𝜆 ( 𝑚) ×( 𝑞 ) = ( 𝑛𝑝 − 𝑙𝑟 )
∴𝐴𝑃 = ( 2𝜆 ) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑞 − 𝑚𝑝
(ii)
−2𝜆 7.8 Finding the Equation of a Plane
Given 3 points on a plane:
Page 9 of 17 o 𝐴( 1,2, −1) , 𝐵( 2,1,0) , 𝐶( −1,3,2)
CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709] o Use this equation: 𝑟̃. 𝑛̃ = 𝑎̃. 𝑛̃
2𝜆 1 2𝜆 o 𝑟̃is what we want to find
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + ( 2𝜆 ) = ( 2 ) + ( 2𝜆 ) Page 10 of 17
o 𝑛̃ is the cross product of 2 vectors parallel to the plane
−2𝜆 2 −2𝜆
Part (ii)
̃ and 𝐴𝐶
o If we use 𝐴𝐵 ̃ then 𝑎̃ = 𝑂𝐴
Interpreting the question gives the information that
𝐴𝑂 is equal to 𝐵𝑂𝑃 ∴cos 𝑃 𝐴𝑂𝑃 is equal to cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃. −4
o ∴𝑛̃ = 𝐴𝐵 ×𝐴𝐶 = ( −5 )
Now you can equate the two dot product equations
𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝑃 9 + 2𝜆 −1
cos 𝐴𝑂
𝑃 = = o Substitute point 𝐴 to get 𝑎̃. 𝑛̃
|𝑂𝐴||𝑂𝑃| 3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 −4
𝑂𝐵. 𝑂𝑃 11 + 14𝜆 o ∴𝑟̃. ( −5 ) = −13
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 = =
|𝑂𝐵||𝑂𝑃| 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 −1
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆 Given a point and a line on the plane:
=
3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆 2 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 2 −2
Cancel out the denominator to give you o 𝐴( 1,2,3) and 𝑟̃= ( 1 ) + 𝑠 ( 1 )
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆 0 1
= o Make 2 points on the line
3 5
45 + 10𝜆 = 33 + 42𝜆 o Substitute different values for 𝑠
3
12 = 32𝜆 and ∴𝜆 = o Repeat 3 point process
8
Given 2 lines on a plane:
7.6 Equation of a Plane o Find a point on one line
o Find 2 points on the other line
o Repeat 3 point process

7.9 A Line and a Plane


If a line lies on a plane then any two points on the line
(𝑡 = 0 and 𝑡 = 1) should satisfy the plane equation –
substitute and see if equation works
If a line is parallel to plane, the dot product of the
direction vector and normal of the plane is zero
Scalar product form:
−4 7.10 Finding the Point of Intersection
𝐫̃. ( −5 ) = −13
−1 between Line and Plane
The vector after 𝐫̃ is the normal to the plane Form Cartesian equation for line
The components of the normal vector of the plane are Form Cartesian equation for plane
the coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in the Cartesian form. You Solve for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧
must substitute a point to find 𝑑
{S13-P32} Question:
3
Cartesian form:
The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors 2𝐢 − 3𝐣 + 2𝐤
4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
and 5𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤 respectively. The plane 𝑝 has
equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5
7.7 Cross Product Rule
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑛𝑞 (i) Find position vector of the point of
𝑙 𝑝
o Repeat 3 point process
Given 2 lines on a plane:
Given
o Find2 alines onon
point a plane:
one line
ooFind a point on one
Find 2 points on the line
other line
ooFind 2 points on the other
Repeat 3 point process line
o Repeat 3 point process
7.9 A Line and a Plane
7.9 A Line and a Plane
If a line lies on a plane then any two points on the line
If(𝑡a =line
0 lies
and on
𝑡 =a 1)
plane then
should any two
satisfy the points on the line
plane equation –
= 0 and 𝑡and
(𝑡substitute = 1) should satisfy the
see if equation works plane equation –
substitute and see if equation works
If a line is parallel to plane, the dot product of the
Ifdirection
a line is parallel to plane,
vector and normalthe
of dot
the product
plane is of the
zero
direction vector and normal of the plane is zero
7.10 Finding the Point of Intersection
7.10 Finding the Point of Intersection
between Line and Plane
ane
between Line and Plane
Form Cartesian equation for line
ne Form Cartesian equation for line
plane are Form Cartesian equation for plane
ane
orm.are
You Form Cartesian equation for plane
Solve for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧
rm. You Solve for 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧
{S13-P32} Question:
{S13-P32}
The points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors 2𝐢Question:
− 3𝐣 + 2𝐤
The
andpoints
5𝐢 − 2𝐣𝐴 and
+ 𝐤 𝐵respectively.
have position plane 𝑝2𝐢has
Thevectors − 3𝐣 + 2𝐤
and 5𝐢 − 2𝐣 + 𝐤
equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 5 respectively. The plane 𝑝 has
equation 𝑥 + 𝑦position
(i) Find = 5 vector of the point of
(i) Find position
intersection vector
of the of
linethe point of
through 𝐴 and 𝐵 and
intersection of the line through 𝐴 and 𝐵 and
the plane 𝑝.
the plane 𝑝.
(ii) A second plane 𝑞 has an equation of the form
(ii) A second plane 𝑞 has an equation of the form
𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑. The plane 𝑞 contains the
𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑. The plane 𝑞 contains the
line 𝐴𝐵, and the acute angle between the
line 𝐴𝐵, and the acute angle between the
planes 𝑝 and 𝑞 is 60° . Find the equation of 𝑞.
planes 𝑝 and 𝑞 is 60° . Find the equation of 𝑞.

Page 10 of 17
Solution:
Page 10 of 17

4
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 2𝜆 − 1
Substitute the point 𝐴 into the equation because the Using the distance formula of a point to a plane, find
point lies on it the perpendicular distance of the general point on 𝑙
( 2) − 4( −3) − 2 = 𝑑 𝑑 = 12 from the plane 𝑚 and 𝑛
4 −8+ 4𝜆
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 12 𝐷𝑚 = | 3 | and 𝐷𝑛 = | 3 |
Equate them as they equal the same distance
7.11 Finding Line of Intersection of Two Non- 4 −8 + 4𝜆
| |= | | ⟹ |4| = |−8 + 4𝜆|
Parallel Planes 3 3
̃ 𝟏 ×𝐧
The direction vector of this line is 𝐧 ̃𝟐 Remove modulus sign by taking into consideration th
̃ 𝟏 is the normal of the first plane
𝐧
L-
L- MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 𝐧
[9709]
[9709]
̃ 𝟐 is the normal of the second plane
positive and negative
4 = −8 + 4𝜆 and −4 = −8 + 4𝜆
Solution: 7.12 ⊥Distance from a Point to a Plane 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜆 = 1
Solution: 7.12 ⊥Distance from a Point to a Plane
Page 11 of 17

|𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑|


tion 𝐷 = |𝑎𝑥1 + 𝑏𝑦1 + 𝑐𝑧1 + 𝑑|
tion 𝐷= √𝑎22 + 𝑏 22 + 𝑐 22
+ 𝑏 + 𝑐
√𝑎perpendicular
Point 𝐹 is the foot of the
Point 𝐹 is the foot of the perpendicular
CIE A LEVEL- MATH
{S12-P32} Question:
{S12-P32} Question: Substitute lambda values back into vector general line
he Two planes, 𝑚 and 𝑛, have equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 𝑙 equation to get the two points 𝑃1 and 𝑃2
he Two planes, 𝑚 and 𝑛, have equations 𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2𝑧 =
plane. 1 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7 respectively. The line 𝑙 has 7 3
plane. 1 and 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 7 respectively. The line 𝑙 has 𝑃1 = ( 4 ) and 𝑃2 = ( 2 )
means equation 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝜆( 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤)
means equation 𝐫 = 𝐢 + 𝐣 − 𝐤 + 𝜆( 2𝐢 + 𝐣 + 2𝐤) 5 1
(i) Show that 𝑙 is parallel to 𝑚 Use Pythagoras’s Theorem to find the distance
(i) Show that 𝑙 is parallel to 𝑚
(ii) A point 𝑃 lies on 𝑙 such that its perpendicular √4 2 + 2 2 + 4 2 = √36 = 6
(ii) A point 𝑃 lies on 𝑙 such that its perpendicular
distances from 𝑚 and 𝑛 are equal. Find the
distances from 𝑚 and 𝑛 are equal. Find the 7.13 Angle between Two Planes
position vectors of the two possible positions
position vectors of the two possible positions ̃ 𝟏. 𝐧
𝐧 ̃𝟐
𝑏 for 𝑃 and calculate the distance between cos 𝜃 =
t at an for 𝑃 and calculate the distance between |𝐧
̃ 𝟏 ||𝐧
̃ 𝟐|
t at an them. ̃ ’s here represent the normals of each plane
The 𝐧
them.
Solution: Ignore any negative signs
Solution:
Part (i)
Part (i)
If 𝑚 is parallel to 𝑙, then the direction vector of 𝑙 7.14 Angle between a Line and a Plane
If 𝑚 is parallel to 𝑙, then the direction vector of 𝑙
would be perpendicular to the normal of 𝑚 ∴their dot
would be perpendicular to the normal of 𝑚 ∴their dot
product is equal to zero
product is equal to zero
2 1
2 1
( 1) . ( 2 ) = 0
( 1) . ( 2 ) = 0
2 −2
0 Part (ii) 2 −2
0 Part (ii)
−1
−1
Any
Any point
point on on 𝑙𝑙 would
would havehave thethe value
value
we 11 ++ 2𝜆
we must
must 2𝜆
(( 1 + 𝜆 ))
1+ 𝜆 First find ∅ :
2𝜆
2𝜆 −− 11a point to a plane, find
Using the distance formula of ̃ . 𝐝̃
𝐧
use
use the
the Using the distance formula of a point to a plane, find cos ∅ =
̃ ||𝐝̃|
on 𝑙𝑙
the |𝐧
the perpendicular
perpendicular distance distance of of the
the general
general point
point on
22 from
from the plane 𝑚
the plane 𝑚
4
and 𝑛𝑛
and
−8+ 4𝜆
𝜃 = 90 − ∅
𝜃 is the angle between the line and the plane
𝐷𝑚𝑚 == ||3 || 𝐷𝑛𝑛 == || 3 ||
𝐷 4 and 𝐷 −8+ 4𝜆
and {W13-P32} Question:
3 3
Equate
Equate them
them as as they
they equal
equal the
the same
same distance
distance
wo
wo Non-
Non- 4 −8 + 4𝜆
|| 4|| == || −8 + 4𝜆|| ⟹ ⟹ |4||4| == |−8
|−8 ++ 4𝜆|
4𝜆|
33 33
Remove 5
Remove modulus
modulus sign sign by by taking
taking into
into consideration
considerationthe the
positive and negative
positive and negative
44 == −8 −8 ++ 4𝜆4𝜆 and and −4
−4 == −8−8 ++ 4𝜆4𝜆
𝜆𝜆 == 33 and 𝜆 =
and 𝜆 = 1 1
𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶 = 2𝑂𝐵 − 2𝑂𝐷
1 3 1
𝑂𝐷 = ( 2𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶) = ( 6 ) = ( 2 )
3
First find ∅ : 6 2
Part (iii)
̃ . 𝐝̃
𝐧
cos ∅ = Finding a perpendicular from 𝐴 to 𝑂𝐷; find the
̃ ||𝐝̃|
|𝐧 equation of the line 𝑂𝐴
𝜃 = 90 − ∅ 1
𝜃 is the angle between the line and the plane 𝑂𝐷 = 𝜆 ( 2 )
{W13-P32} Question: 2
A point 𝑄 lies on 𝑂𝐷 and is perpendicular to 𝐴. First
we must find the vector 𝐴𝑄
𝜆− 2
𝐴𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 2𝜆 + 1 )
2𝜆 − 2
Dot product of the point 𝐴𝑄 and the direction vector
of 𝑂𝐷 is equal to zero as it is perpendicular
𝜆−2 1
( 2𝜆 + 1 ) . ( 2 ) = 0
2𝜆 − 2 2
4
9𝜆 = 4 ∴𝜆 = 9
The diagram shows three points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 whose Substitute back into general equation of 𝑂𝐷 to find 𝑄
position vectors with respect to the origin 𝑂 are 4 8 8
𝑄= ( , , )
given by 9 9 9
2 0 3 To find the shortest distance, use Pythagoras theorem
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = ( −1 ) , ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐵 = ( 3 ) and ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐶 = ( 0 ) . to find the distance from point 𝐴 to 𝑄
2 1 4
The point 𝐷 lies on 𝐵𝐶, between 𝐵 and 𝐶, and is such 14 2 17 2 10 2 65 1
√( ) + ( − ) + ( ) = √ = √65
EL- MATHEMATICS [9709]
that 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝐷𝐵. 9 9 9 9 3

eneral line (i) Find the equation of the plane 𝐴𝐵𝐶, giving Page 12 of 17
your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
(ii) Find the position vector of 𝐷.
(iii) Show that the length of the perpendicular
1
ce from 𝐴 to 𝑂𝐷 is √65
3
Solution:
Part (i)
First find two vectors on the plane e.g. 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶
−2 1
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 4 ) and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 1 )
−1 2
plane Find the common perpendicular of the two
−2 1 9
( 4 ) ×( 2 ) = ( 3 )
ne −1 2 −6
We have now found the normal to the plane and now
must find 𝑑
9𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 𝑑
Substitute a point that lies on the plane e.g. 𝐴
9( 2) + 3( −1) − 6( 2) = 𝑑 𝑑= 3
9𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 3
Part (ii)
(i) 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝐷𝐵
𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶 = 2𝑂𝐵 − 2𝑂𝐷
1 3 1
𝑂𝐷 = ( 2𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶) = ( 6 ) = ( 2 )
3
Part (iii)
6 2 CIE A LEVEL- MATH
Finding a perpendicular from 𝐴 to 𝑂𝐷; find the 7.15 Angles 8
equation of the line 𝑂𝐴 When using dot product rule to fine an angle,
1
e 𝑂𝐷 = 𝜆 ( 2 ) Question asks Question asks Question asks
for acute angle for obtuse angle for both angles
Question:
2
A point 𝑄 lies on 𝑂𝐷 and is perpendicular to 𝐴. First
we must find the vector 𝐴𝑄 Use +ve and -
Use +ve value Use -ve value
ve value of dot
𝜆− 2 of dot product of dot product
product
𝐴𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 2𝜆 + 1 )
2𝜆 − 2
Dot product of the point 𝐴𝑄 and the direction vector 8. COMPLEX NUMBERS
of 𝑂𝐷 is equal to zero as it is perpendicular
𝜆−2 1 8.1 The Basics
( 2𝜆 + 1 ) . ( 2 ) = 0
𝑖 2 = −1
2𝜆 − 2 2
4 General form for all complex numbers:
9𝜆 = 4 ∴𝜆 =
9 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
whose Substitute back into general equation of 𝑂𝐷 to find 𝑄
4 8 8 From this we say:
are 𝑄= ( , , ) 6
𝑅𝑒( 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑎 & 𝐼𝑚( 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑏 8
9 9 9
3 To find the shortest distance, use Pythagoras theorem Conjugates:
0) . to find the distance from point 𝐴 to 𝑄 o The complex number 𝑧 and its conjugate 𝑧 ∗
4 2 2 2 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 & 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
nd is such 14 17 10 65 1
7

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