A Levels Maths
A Levels Maths
A Levels Maths
Page 9 of 17
2
ative to |𝐴𝑃||𝐴𝐵| √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 ×√2 9 + 2𝜆
=
11 + 14𝜆 Given a
1 3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2
−3𝑡 − 3 = √6𝑡 2 + 8𝑡 + 10 ×√2 Cancel out the denominator to give you o 𝐴( 1,2
𝐣 + 3𝐤 2 9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆
36𝑡 2 + 72𝑡 + 36 = 12𝑡 2 + 16𝑡 + 20 3
=
5 o Make
24𝑡 2 + 56𝑡 + 16 = 0 45 + 10𝜆 = 33 + 42𝜆 o Substi
1 3
12 = 32𝜆 and ∴𝜆 = o Repea
e line 𝑡 = − 3 or 𝑡 = −2 8
Given 2
7.6 Equation of a Plane o Find a
hat angle o Find 2
{W11-P31} Question:
o Repea
he With respect to the origin 𝑂, the position vectors of
two points 𝐴 and 𝐵 are given by ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝐴 = 𝐢 + 2𝐣 + 2𝐤 7.9 A Li
𝑡2 + and If a line
ossible ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ (𝑡 = 0 a
𝑂𝐵 = 3𝐢 + 4𝐣. The point 𝑃 lies on the line through 𝐴
substitu
and 𝐵, and ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃 ⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ If a line
Solution: (i) ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑂𝑃 = ( 1 + 2𝜆) 𝐢 + ( 2 + 2𝜆) 𝐣 + ( 2 − direction
Scalar product form:
2𝜆) 𝐤 −4 7.10 Fin
(ii) By equating expressions for cos 𝐴𝑂 𝑃 and 𝐫̃. ( −5 ) = −13
−1 between
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 in terms of 𝜆, find the value of 𝜆 The vector after 𝐫̃ is the normal to the plane Form Ca
for which 𝑂𝑃 bisects the angle 𝐵𝐴𝑂 . The components of the normal vector of the plane are Form Ca
Solution: the coefficients of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧 in the Cartesian form. You Solve fo
−2 Part (i) must substitute a point to find 𝑑
Solutions: {S13-P
1 ) ⃗⃗⃗
𝐴𝑃⃗⃗ = 𝜆𝐴𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ =
𝜆( 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴)
Cartesian form:
The po
−1 4𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 𝑧 = 13
3 1 2 and 5𝐢
= 𝜆 ( 4) − (
2) = ( 2 ) equatio
7.7 Cross Product Rule
𝑚𝑟 − 𝑛𝑞 (i)
0 2 −2 𝑙 𝑝
2𝜆 ( 𝑚) ×( 𝑞 ) = ( 𝑛𝑝 − 𝑙𝑟 )
∴𝐴𝑃 = ( 2𝜆 ) 𝑛 𝑟 𝑙𝑞 − 𝑚𝑝
(ii)
−2𝜆 7.8 Finding the Equation of a Plane
Given 3 points on a plane:
Page 9 of 17 o 𝐴( 1,2, −1) , 𝐵( 2,1,0) , 𝐶( −1,3,2)
CIE A LEVEL- MATHEMATICS [9709] o Use this equation: 𝑟̃. 𝑛̃ = 𝑎̃. 𝑛̃
2𝜆 1 2𝜆 o 𝑟̃is what we want to find
𝑂𝑃 = 𝑂𝐴 + ( 2𝜆 ) = ( 2 ) + ( 2𝜆 ) Page 10 of 17
o 𝑛̃ is the cross product of 2 vectors parallel to the plane
−2𝜆 2 −2𝜆
Part (ii)
̃ and 𝐴𝐶
o If we use 𝐴𝐵 ̃ then 𝑎̃ = 𝑂𝐴
Interpreting the question gives the information that
𝐴𝑂 is equal to 𝐵𝑂𝑃 ∴cos 𝑃 𝐴𝑂𝑃 is equal to cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃. −4
o ∴𝑛̃ = 𝐴𝐵 ×𝐴𝐶 = ( −5 )
Now you can equate the two dot product equations
𝑂𝐴. 𝑂𝑃 9 + 2𝜆 −1
cos 𝐴𝑂
𝑃 = = o Substitute point 𝐴 to get 𝑎̃. 𝑛̃
|𝑂𝐴||𝑂𝑃| 3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 −4
𝑂𝐵. 𝑂𝑃 11 + 14𝜆 o ∴𝑟̃. ( −5 ) = −13
cos 𝐵𝑂𝑃 = =
|𝑂𝐵||𝑂𝑃| 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 −1
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆 Given a point and a line on the plane:
=
3√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆 2 5√9 + 4𝜆 + 12𝜆2 2 −2
Cancel out the denominator to give you o 𝐴( 1,2,3) and 𝑟̃= ( 1 ) + 𝑠 ( 1 )
9 + 2𝜆 11 + 14𝜆 0 1
= o Make 2 points on the line
3 5
45 + 10𝜆 = 33 + 42𝜆 o Substitute different values for 𝑠
3
12 = 32𝜆 and ∴𝜆 = o Repeat 3 point process
8
Given 2 lines on a plane:
7.6 Equation of a Plane o Find a point on one line
o Find 2 points on the other line
o Repeat 3 point process
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Solution:
Page 10 of 17
4
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 0 2𝜆 − 1
Substitute the point 𝐴 into the equation because the Using the distance formula of a point to a plane, find
point lies on it the perpendicular distance of the general point on 𝑙
( 2) − 4( −3) − 2 = 𝑑 𝑑 = 12 from the plane 𝑚 and 𝑛
4 −8+ 4𝜆
𝑥 − 4𝑦 − 𝑧 = 12 𝐷𝑚 = | 3 | and 𝐷𝑛 = | 3 |
Equate them as they equal the same distance
7.11 Finding Line of Intersection of Two Non- 4 −8 + 4𝜆
| |= | | ⟹ |4| = |−8 + 4𝜆|
Parallel Planes 3 3
̃ 𝟏 ×𝐧
The direction vector of this line is 𝐧 ̃𝟐 Remove modulus sign by taking into consideration th
̃ 𝟏 is the normal of the first plane
𝐧
L-
L- MATHEMATICS
MATHEMATICS 𝐧
[9709]
[9709]
̃ 𝟐 is the normal of the second plane
positive and negative
4 = −8 + 4𝜆 and −4 = −8 + 4𝜆
Solution: 7.12 ⊥Distance from a Point to a Plane 𝜆 = 3 and 𝜆 = 1
Solution: 7.12 ⊥Distance from a Point to a Plane
Page 11 of 17
eneral line (i) Find the equation of the plane 𝐴𝐵𝐶, giving Page 12 of 17
your answer in the form 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐𝑧 = 𝑑
(ii) Find the position vector of 𝐷.
(iii) Show that the length of the perpendicular
1
ce from 𝐴 to 𝑂𝐷 is √65
3
Solution:
Part (i)
First find two vectors on the plane e.g. 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐴𝐶
−2 1
𝐴𝐵 = 𝑂𝐵 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 4 ) and 𝐴𝐶 = 𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 1 )
−1 2
plane Find the common perpendicular of the two
−2 1 9
( 4 ) ×( 2 ) = ( 3 )
ne −1 2 −6
We have now found the normal to the plane and now
must find 𝑑
9𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 𝑑
Substitute a point that lies on the plane e.g. 𝐴
9( 2) + 3( −1) − 6( 2) = 𝑑 𝑑= 3
9𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 6𝑧 = 3
Part (ii)
(i) 𝐶𝐷 = 2𝐷𝐵
𝑂𝐷 − 𝑂𝐶 = 2𝑂𝐵 − 2𝑂𝐷
1 3 1
𝑂𝐷 = ( 2𝑂𝐵 + 𝑂𝐶) = ( 6 ) = ( 2 )
3
Part (iii)
6 2 CIE A LEVEL- MATH
Finding a perpendicular from 𝐴 to 𝑂𝐷; find the 7.15 Angles 8
equation of the line 𝑂𝐴 When using dot product rule to fine an angle,
1
e 𝑂𝐷 = 𝜆 ( 2 ) Question asks Question asks Question asks
for acute angle for obtuse angle for both angles
Question:
2
A point 𝑄 lies on 𝑂𝐷 and is perpendicular to 𝐴. First
we must find the vector 𝐴𝑄 Use +ve and -
Use +ve value Use -ve value
ve value of dot
𝜆− 2 of dot product of dot product
product
𝐴𝑄 = 𝑂𝑄 − 𝑂𝐴 = ( 2𝜆 + 1 )
2𝜆 − 2
Dot product of the point 𝐴𝑄 and the direction vector 8. COMPLEX NUMBERS
of 𝑂𝐷 is equal to zero as it is perpendicular
𝜆−2 1 8.1 The Basics
( 2𝜆 + 1 ) . ( 2 ) = 0
𝑖 2 = −1
2𝜆 − 2 2
4 General form for all complex numbers:
9𝜆 = 4 ∴𝜆 =
9 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖
whose Substitute back into general equation of 𝑂𝐷 to find 𝑄
4 8 8 From this we say:
are 𝑄= ( , , ) 6
𝑅𝑒( 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑎 & 𝐼𝑚( 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖) = 𝑏 8
9 9 9
3 To find the shortest distance, use Pythagoras theorem Conjugates:
0) . to find the distance from point 𝐴 to 𝑄 o The complex number 𝑧 and its conjugate 𝑧 ∗
4 2 2 2 𝑧 = 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑖 & 𝑧 ∗ = 𝑎 − 𝑏𝑖
nd is such 14 17 10 65 1
7