Programming for Robotics

Introduction to ROS
Course 1

Dominic Jud, Martin Wermelinger, Marko Bjelonic, Péter Fankhauser

Prof. Dr. Marco Hutter

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Overview
▪ Course 1 ▪ Course 3 ▪ Course 5
▪ ROS architecture & philosophy ▪ TF Transformation System ▪ Case study
▪ ROS master, nodes, and topics ▪ rqt User Interface
▪ Console commands ▪ Robot models (URDF)
▪ Catkin workspace and build system ▪ Simulation descriptions (SDF)
▪ Launch-files
▪ Gazebo simulator

▪ Course 2 ▪ Course 4
▪ ROS package structure ▪ ROS services
▪ Integration and programming with Eclipse ▪ ROS actions (actionlib)
▪ ROS C++ client library (roscpp) ▪ ROS time
▪ ROS subscribers and publishers ▪ ROS bags
▪ ROS parameter server
▪ RViz visualization

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Course Structure
Course 1 Course 2 Course 3 Course 4 Course 5
Deadline for Ex. 1. Deadline for Ex. 2. Deadline for Ex. 3. Deadline for Ex. 4.
Lecture 1
Lecture 2 Lecture 3 Lecture 4 Multiple Choice Test
Exercise 1 Intro.
Exercise 2 Intro. Exercise 3 Intro. Exercise 4 Intro.
Case Study

Exercise 5 Intro.

Exercise 1 Exercise 2 Exercise 3 Exercise 4

Exercise 5

Deadline for Ex. 5.

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Evaluation – Exercises

▪ Each exercise has several check questions

▪ Each exercise counts for 10% of the final grade (50 % in total)
▪ We encourage team work, but every student has to show the results on his own
PC and is evaluated individually
▪ Exercises are checked by the teaching assistants when you are ready, but latest
the following course day in the morning (08:15–08:45, except for exercise 5)
▪ Let the teaching assistant know once you are ready to present your results
▪ The lectures start at 08:45

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Evaluation – Multiple Choice Test

▪ The test counts for 50 % of the final grade

▪ The multiple choice test takes place at the last course day:

01.03.2019 at 08:45, HG G1

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Overview Course 1

▪ ROS architecture & philosophy

▪ ROS master, nodes, and topics
▪ Console commands
▪ Catkin workspace and build system
▪ Launch-files
▪ Gazebo simulator

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What is ROS?
ROS = Robot Operating System

ros.org

▪ Process ▪ Simulation ▪ Control ▪ Package organization

management ▪ Visualization ▪ Planning ▪ Software distribution
▪ Inter-process ▪ Graphical user ▪ Perception ▪ Documentation
communication interface ▪ Mapping ▪ Tutorials
▪ Device drivers ▪ Data logging ▪ Manipulation

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History of ROS

▪ Originally developed in 2007 at the

Stanford Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory
▪ Since 2013 managed by OSRF
▪ Today used by many robots,
universities and companies
▪ De facto standard for robot
programming
ros.org

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ROS Philosophy

▪ Peer to peer
Individual programs communicate over defined API (ROS messages, services, etc.).
▪ Distributed
Programs can be run on multiple computers and communicate over the network.
▪ Multi-lingual
ROS modules can be written in any language for which a client library exists (C++, Python,
MATLAB, Java, etc.).
▪ Light-weight
Stand-alone libraries are wrapped around with a thin ROS layer.
▪ Free and open-source
Most ROS software is open-source and free to use.

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ROS Master

▪ Manages the communication between nodes (processes) ROS Master

▪ Every node registers at startup with the master

Start a master with

> roscore

More info
http://wiki.ros.org/Master

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ROS Nodes

▪ Single-purpose, executable program ROS Master

▪ Individually compiled, executed, and
Registration Registration
managed
▪ Organized in packages

Run a node with Node 1 Node 2

> rosrun package_name node_name

See active nodes with

> rosnode list

Retrieve information about a node with

More info
> rosnode info node_name http://wiki.ros.org/rosnode

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ROS Topics

▪ Nodes communicate over topics ROS Master

▪ Nodes can publish or subscribe to a topic
Registration Registration
▪ Typically, 1 publisher and n subscribers
Informs about
▪ Topic is a name for a stream of messages connection

Node 1 Messages Node 2

Publisher Subscriber
List active topics with
> rostopic list
Publish Subscribe
Subscribe and print the contents of a topic with topic
Subscribe
> rostopic echo /topic
Show information about a topic with
More info
> rostopic info /topic http://wiki.ros.org/rostopic

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ROS Messages

▪ Data structure defining the type of a topic ROS Master

▪ Comprised of a nested structure of integers,
Registration Registration
floats, booleans, strings etc. and arrays of
objects
▪ Defined in *.msg files Node 1 Node 2
Publisher Subscriber
See the type of a topic
> rostopic type /topic Publish Subscribe
topic
Publish a message to a topic Subscribe
*.msg Message definition
> rostopic pub /topic type data
int number
double width
More info
string description
etc. http://wiki.ros.org/Messages

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ROS Messages
Pose Stamped Example

geometry_msgs/PoseStamped.msg
geometry_msgs/Point.msg
float64 x std_msgs/Header header
float64 y uint32 seq
float64 z time stamp
string frame_id
geometry_msgs/Pose pose
geometry_msgs/Point position
sensor_msgs/Image.msg float64 x
std_msgs/Header header float64 y
uint32 seq float64 z
time stamp geometry_msgs/Quaternion orientation
string frame_id float64 x
uint32 height float64 y
uint32 width float64 z
string encoding float64 w
uint8 is_bigendian
uint32 step
uint8[] data

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 1 – Starting a roscore

Start a roscore with

> roscore

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 2 – Starting a talker node

Run a talker demo node with

> rosrun roscpp_tutorials talker

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 3 – Analyze talker node
See the list of active nodes
> rosnode list

Show information about the talker node

> rosnode info /talker

See information about the chatter topic

> rostopic info /chatter

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 3 – Analyze chatter topic

Check the type of the chatter topic

> rostopic type /chatter

Show the message contents of the topic

> rostopic echo /chatter

Analyze the frequency

> rostopic hz /chatter

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 4 – Starting a listener node

Run a listener demo node with

> rosrun roscpp_tutorials listener

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 3 – Analyze

See the new listener node with

> rosnode list

Show the connection of the nodes over the

chatter topic with
> rostopic info /chatter

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Example
Console Tab Nr. 3 – Publish Message from Console

Close the talker node in console nr. 2 with Ctrl + C

Publish your own message with

> rostopic pub /chatter std_msgs/String
"data: 'ETH Zurich ROS Course'"

Check the output of the listener in console nr. 4

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ROS Workspace Environment

▪ Defines context for the current workspace This is

▪ Default workspace loaded with already
setup in the
> source /opt/ros/kinetic/setup.bash provided
installation.

Overlay your catkin workspace with

> cd ~/catkin_ws See setup with
> source devel/setup.bash
> cat ~/.bashrc
Check your workspace with
> echo $ROS_PACKAGE_PATH
More info
http://wiki.ros.org/kinetic/Installation/Ubuntu
http://wiki.ros.org/catkin/workspaces

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catkin Build System

▪ catkin is the ROS build system to generate

executables, libraries, and interfaces
The catkin
▪ We suggest to use the Catkin Command Line Tools command line
tools are pre-
➔ Use catkin build instead of catkin_make installed in the
provided
Navigate to your catkin workspace with installation.
> cd ~/catkin_ws

Build a package with

> catkin build package_name

Whenever you build a new package, update your environment More info

! > source devel/setup.bash

http://wiki.ros.org/catkin/Tutorials
https://catkin-tools.readthedocs.io/

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catkin Build System
The catkin workspace contains the following spaces

Work here Don’t touch Don’t touch

The source space contains The build space is where The development (devel)
the source code. This is where CMake is invoked to build the space is where built targets
you can clone, create, and packages in the source are placed (prior to being
edit source code for the space. Cache information and installed).
packages you want to build. other intermediate files are
kept here.

If necessary, clean the entire build and devel space with

More info
> catkin clean http://wiki.ros.org/catkin/workspaces

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catkin Build System
The catkin workspace setup can be checked with
> catkin config

For example, to set the CMake build type to Release

(or Debug etc.), use
> catkin build --cmake-args
-DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release

Already
setup in the
More info provided
http://catkin-tools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/verbs/catkin_config.html
http://catkin-tools.readthedocs.io/en/latest/cheat_sheet.html installation.

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Example

Open a terminal and browse to your git folder https://github.com/leggedrobotics/ros_best_practices

> cd ~/git

Clone the Git repository with

> git clone https://github.com/leggedrobotics/
ros_best_practices.git

Symlink the new package to your catkin workspace

> ln -s ~/git/ros_best_practices/ ~/catkin_ws/src/

Note: You could also directly clone to your catkin workspace, but using a
common git folder is convenient if you have multiple catkin workspaces.

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Example
Go to your catkin workspace
> cd ~/catkin_ws

Build the package with

> catkin build ros_package_template

Re-source your workspace setup

> source devel/setup.bash

Launch the node with

> roslaunch ros_package_template
ros_package_template.launch

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 Example console output for
ROS Launch roslaunch roscpp_tutorials talker_listener.launch

▪ launch is a tool for launching multiple nodes

(as well as setting parameters)
▪ Are written in XML as *.launch files
▪ If not yet running, launch automatically starts
a roscore

Browse to the folder and start a launch file with

> roslaunch file_name.launch

Start a launch file from a package with

> roslaunch package_name file_name.launch

More info
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch

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ROS Launch
File Structure

talker_listener.launch ! Attention when copy & pasting code from the internet

<launch> Notice the syntax difference

<node name="listener" pkg="roscpp_tutorials" type="listener" output="screen"/>
<node name="talker" pkg="roscpp_tutorials" type="talker" output="screen"/>
</launch>
! for self-closing tags:
<tag></tag> and <tag/>

▪ launch: Root element of the launch file

▪ node: Each <node> tag specifies a node to be launched
▪ name: Name of the node (free to choose)
▪ pkg: Package containing the node
▪ type: Type of the node, there must be a corresponding executable with the same name
▪ output: Specifies where to output log messages (screen: console, log: log file)
More info
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/XML
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/Tutorials/Roslaunch%20tips%20for%20larger%20projects

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ROS Launch
Arguments
range_world.launch (simplified)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<launch>
<arg name="use_sim_time" default="true"/>
▪ Create re-usable launch files with <arg> tag, <arg name="world" default="gazebo_ros_range"/>
<arg name="debug" default="false"/>
which works like a parameter (default optional) <arg name="physics" default="ode"/>
<arg name="arg_name" default="default_value"/>
<group if="$(arg use_sim_time)">
<param name="/use_sim_time" value="true" />
</group>
▪ Use arguments in launch file with
<include file="$(find gazebo_ros)
$(arg arg_name) /launch/empty_world.launch">
<arg name="world_name" value="$(find gazebo_plugins)/
test/test_worlds/$(arg world).world"/>
▪ When launching, arguments can be set with <arg name="debug" value="$(arg debug)"/>
<arg name="physics" value="$(arg physics)"/>
> roslaunch launch_file.launch arg_name:=value </include>
</launch>

More info
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/XML/arg
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ROS Launch
Including Other Launch Files
range_world.launch (simplified)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<launch>
<arg name="use_sim_time" default="true"/>
<arg name="world" default="gazebo_ros_range"/>
▪ Include other launch files with <include> tag to <arg name="debug" default="false"/>
organize large projects <arg name="physics" default="ode"/>

<include file="package_name"/> <group if="$(arg use_sim_time)">

<param name="/use_sim_time" value="true" />
</group>
▪ Find the system path to other packages with
<include file="$(find gazebo_ros)
$(find package_name) /launch/empty_world.launch">
<arg name="world_name" value="$(find gazebo_plugins)/
▪ Pass arguments to the included file test/test_worlds/$(arg world).world"/>
<arg name="debug" value="$(arg debug)"/>
<arg name="arg_name" value="value"/> <arg name="physics" value="$(arg physics)"/>
</include>
</launch>

More info
http://wiki.ros.org/roslaunch/XML/include
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Gazebo Simulator
Object tree Toolbar (to navigate and new objects)
▪ Simulate 3d rigid-body dynamics
▪ Simulate a variety of sensors including noise
▪ 3d visualization and user interaction
▪ Includes a database of many robots and
environments (Gazebo worlds)
▪ Provides a ROS interface
▪ Extensible with plugins

Run Gazebo with

> rosrun gazebo_ros gazebo Properties Start and pause simulation
More info
http://gazebosim.org/
http://gazebosim.org/tutorials

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Further References

▪ ROS Wiki ▪ ROS Cheat Sheet

▪ http://wiki.ros.org/ ▪ https://www.clearpathrobotics.com/ros-robot-
▪ Installation operating-system-cheat-sheet/
▪ http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Installation ▪ https://kapeli.com/cheat_sheets/ROS.docset/
Contents/Resources/Documents/index
▪ Tutorials
▪ ROS Best Practices
▪ http://wiki.ros.org/ROS/Tutorials
▪ https://github.com/leggedrobotics/
▪ Available packages ros_best_practices/wiki
▪ http://www.ros.org/browse/
▪ ROS Package Template
▪ https://github.com/leggedrobotics/ros_best_
practices/tree/master/ros_package_template

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Contact Information

ETH Zurich Lecturers

Robotic Systems Lab Dominic Jud (dominic.jud@mavt.ethz.ch)
Prof. Dr. Marco Hutter Martin Wermelinger (martin.wermelinger@mavt.ethz.ch)
LEE H 303 Marko Bjelonic (marko.bjelonic@mavt.ethz.ch)
Leonhardstrasse 21 Péter Fankhauser (pfankhauser@anybotics.com)
8092 Zurich
Switzerland Course website: http://www.rsl.ethz.ch/education-
students/lectures/ros.html
http://www.rsl.ethz.ch

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