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    02 Struktur Bidang

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    Frd doyt
    Seismograms detect and record seismic waves from earthquakes using instruments called seismographs. Seismographs have a weighted base anchored in bedrock and a rotating drum with a pen that makes zigzag tracings called seismograms when seismic waves pass. By analyzing seismograms, we can determine the travel times of P and S waves and use travel time curves to find the distance to the earthquake epicenter. With data from three seismograms, we can draw circles around each station of the determined radius and locate the epicenter where the circles intersect.

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    02 Struktur Bidang

    Uploaded by

    Frd doyt
    21 views30 pages
    Seismograms detect and record seismic waves from earthquakes using instruments called seismographs. Seismographs have a weighted base anchored in bedrock and a rotating drum with a pen that makes zigzag tracings called seismograms when seismic waves pass. By analyzing seismograms, we can determine the travel times of P and S waves and use travel time curves to find the distance to the earthquake epicenter. With data from three seismograms, we can draw circles around each station of the determined radius and locate the epicenter where the circles intersect.

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    Seismograms detect and record seismic waves from earthquakes using instruments called seismographs. Seismographs have a weighted base anchored in bedrock and a rotating drum with a pen that makes zigzag tracings called seismograms when seismic waves pass. By analyzing seismograms, we can determine the travel times of P and S waves and use travel time curves to find the distance to the earthquake epicenter. With data from three seismograms, we can draw circles around each station of the determined radius and locate the epicenter where the circles intersect.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    21 views30 pages

    02 Struktur Bidang

    Uploaded by

    Frd doyt
    Seismograms detect and record seismic waves from earthquakes using instruments called seismographs. Seismographs have a weighted base anchored in bedrock and a rotating drum with a pen that makes zigzag tracings called seismograms when seismic waves pass. By analyzing seismograms, we can determine the travel times of P and S waves and use travel time curves to find the distance to the earthquake epicenter. With data from three seismograms, we can draw circles around each station of the determined radius and locate the epicenter where the circles intersect.

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    HOW DO WE DETECT

    EARTHQUAKESHOW DO WE
    DETECT EARTHQUAKES?
    • SEISMIC WAVES ARE DETECTED AND RECORDED BY INSTRUMENTS
    CALLED SEISMOGRAPHSSEISMIC SEISMOGRAPHS.
    H OW T H E Y WO R K :
    • A heavy weight is attached to a base anchored in the bedrock. The
    weight stays still even when an earthquake starts. A record sheet
    called a seismogram is put on a rotating drum attached at the base.
    The drum turns slowly. A pen rests on the drum. When everything is
    cool, the pen makes a straight line. When an earthquake starts, the
    pen makes a jagged zig zag.
    • THE ZIG ZAG TRACINGS PRODUCED BY A SEISMOGRAPH ARE CALLED
    SEISMOGRAMS.
    • THE FIRST GROUP OF LINES RECORDED ARE ALWAYS P WAVES.
    • THE SECOND GROUP OF LINES RECORDED IS ALWAYS THE S WAVE.
    • The larger the zig zag the stronger the earthquake. The distance the
    pen travels from the center calm line is related to the size of the
    earthquake.
    HOW DO WE USE SEISMOGRAMS?
    • Seismograms are very useful. We need to be able to read them and
    use them with the ESRT to be able to:
    • FIND TRAVEL TIMES FOR P WAVES AND S WAVES
    • FIND THE DISTANCE TO THE EPICENTER
    • We're going to learn how to use this
    to answer a number of different
    regents questions, so lets get
    familiar with the graph itself.
    • THE X-AXIS OF THE GRAPH SHOWS US DISTANCE TO THE EPICENTER
    IN 1000S OF KM. EACH SMALL LINE ON THE GRAPH = 200KM.
    • THE Y-AXIS OF THE GRAPH SHOWS US TRAVEL TIME IN MINUTES.
    EACH SMALL LINE ON THE Y-AXIS = 20 SECONDS.
    FINDING TRAVEL TIMES
    • TO F I N D T H E T R AV E L T IME , W E MU S T K N OW T H E D I S TA N
    C E T H E WAV E H A S T R AV E L E D.
    • 1. Go to the given epicenter distance on the x-axis
    • 2. Move up the the correct curve (either P or S wave)
    • 3. Look straight to the left to find the travel time
    Let's Practice: How long does it take a P-wave to
    travel 4,000km?
    • 1. Go to 4,000 km on the X-axis
    • 2. Move up to the p wave curve
    • 3. Look to the left

    • travel time = 7 minutes 0 sec


    FINDING DISTANCE TO EPICENTER PART 1
    • This is just the reverse of what we just did. The question itself will tell
    you the travel time, and you must use it to find the epicenter
    distance.

    • 1. Go to the given travel time on the y-axiGo axis


    • 2. Cross over to the correct curve (P wave or S wave)
    • 3. Look straight down to find the distance to epicenter
    Let's Practice: How far will an S-wave travel in 5
    minutes 20 seconds?
    • Go to 5 min 20s on the y-axis
    • Cross to the S wave curve
    • Look straight down
    • Distance = 1,200 km
    FINDING EPICENTER DISTANCE PART 2
    • We can also find the distance to the epicenter by looking at
    seismograms. In this case we can find the distance to the epicenter by
    examining the difference in time between the arrival of the P wave
    and S wave.
    • In general, the closer together the p-wave and s-wave are closer the
    station is the epicenter
    Let's Practice: Which of the seismograms to the
    right is the closest to the epicenter?
    • Choice 1 - Waves are 4 minutes apart
    • Choice 2 - Waves are 5 minutes 40 sec apart
    • Choice 3 - Waves are 2 minutes apart
    • Choice 4 - Waves are 4 minutes 40 sec apart.

    • Choice 3 is the closest to the epicenter!


    FINDING DISTANCE TO EPICENTER PART
    FINDING DISTANCE TO EPICENTER PART 3
    • Sometimes we will be given just one seismogram, and be asked to
    find exactly how far it is from the epicenter. When we analyze
    seismograms, there are only 2 points of interest for us. The only
    points that matter are the arrival of the P wave and S wave. The
    arrival of a wave is where the seismogram first begins to zig zag.
    How to Find the Distance to the Epicenter:
    • 1. Subtract to find the difference in arrival times
    • 2. Line up a piece of paper with the travel time axis of the ESRT.
    • 3. On the paper, mark 0 minutes and the difference in arrival ties you
    just found.
    • 4. Slide your scrap paper across the graph until the two marks you
    made, match the P wave and S wave curves perfectly
    • 5. Follow the edge of your paper straight down to find the distance to
    the epicenter.
    • 1. Subtract to find the difference in arrival
    times
    11:05 - 11:01 = 4 minutes
    • 2. Line up a piece of paper with the travel
    time axis of the ESRT.
    • 3. On the paper, mark 0 minutes and the
    difference in arrival ties you just found.
    • 4. Slide your scrap paper across the
    graph until the two marks you made,
    match the P wave and S wave curves
    perfectly
    • 5. Follow the edge of your paper
    straight down to find the distance to
    the epicenter.
    • In this example the distance to the
    epicenter = 2,800km
    HOW DO WE LOCATE THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKHOW
    DO WE LOCATE THE EPICENTER OF AN EARTHQUAKE?

    • TO FIND THE LOCATION OF THE EPICENTER WE NEED 3


    SEISMOGRAMS
    • STEP 1: FIND DISTANCES TO THE EPICENTER
    • THE FIRST THING WE NEED TO DO IS FIGURE OUT THE DISTANCE
    FROM EACH SEISMOGRAM TO THE EPICENTER.

    • STEP 2: DRAW CIRCLES


    • Now that we know the distance from each location to the epicenter,
    we need to mark those distances on a map. However, since we don't
    know the direction to the epicenter, we need to DRAW CIRCLES
    AROUND EACH STATION WITH A RADIUS EQUAL TO THE DISTANCE WE
    JUST FOUND.
    • STEP 3: MARK THE EPICENTER
    • T H E T H R E E C I R C L E S T H AT W E D R E W S H O U L D I N T E R S
    EC T, O R N E A R LY I N T E R S EC T, AT O N E P O I N T. T H AT P O I N T
    I S T H E E P I C E N T E R O F T H E E A RT H Q UA K E . M A R K T H E E
    PICENTERWITHABIGX.
    • Seismogram 1:
    • Difference in arrival times = 4 min 0 sec
    • Distance to epicenter = 2,800 km
    • Seismogram 2:
    • Difference in arrival times = 5 min 40 sec
    • Distance to epicenter = 4,000 km
    • Seismogram 3:
    • Difference in arrival times = 3 min 0 sec
    • Distance to epicenter = 1,800 km

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