MWE Lecture Notes

`Microwaves are the electromagnetic or radio waves having higher frequencies of order GHz.
Microwaves
Technology have many Applications in our daily life. Microwaves have many advantages over general
radio waves. General Radio waves have low frequencies while Microwaves are Waves having frequencies
laying in SHF i.e. Super High Frequency Band. Due to higher frequencies, Microwaves have advantages
like larger bandwidth and higher data rates
Electro Magnetic Spectrum
γ = Gamma rays EHF = Extremely high frequency

HX = Hard X-rays (Microwaves)
SX = Soft X-Rays SHF = Super high frequency (Microwaves)
EUV = Extreme ultraviolet UHF = Ultra high frequency
NUV = Near ultraviolet VHF = Very high frequency
Visible light HF = High frequency
NIR = Near infrared MF = Medium frequency
MIR = Mid infrared LF = Low frequency
FIR = Far infrared VLF = Very low frequency
VF/ULF = Voice frequency
SLF = Super low frequency
ELF = Extremely low frequency[
Microwave spectrum given by IEEE Standard
Frequency range Wavelength IEEE band
300KHz-3 MHz 1 km to 100 meters MF
3-30 MHz 100 meters to 10 meters HF
30-300 MHz 10 meters to 1 meter VHF
300 MHz -3 GHz* 1 meter to 10 cm UHF
1-2 GHz 30 cm to 15 cm L band
2-4 GHz 15 cm to 5 cm S band
4-8 GHz 5 cm to 3.75 cm C band
8-12 GHz 3.75 cm to 2.5 cm X band
12-18 GHz 2.5 cm to 1.6 cm Ku band
18-26 GHz 1.6 cm to 1.2 cm K band
26-40 GHz 1.6 cm to 750 mm Ka band
40-75 GHz 750 mm to 40 mm V band
75 to 111 GHz 40 mm to 28mm W band
"millimeter wave"
Above 111 GHz
Some of the Advantages of Microwaves are described below
Advantages of Microwaves
Large Bandwidth: The Bandwidth of Microwaves is larger than the common low frequency radio waves.
Thus more information can be transmitted using Microwaves. It is very good advantage, because of this,
Microwaves are used for Point to Point Communications
.
Better Directivity: At Microwave Frequencies, there are better directive properties. This is due to the
relation that As Frequency Increases, Wavelength decreases and as Wavelength decreases Directivity
Increases and Beam width decreases. So it is easier to design and fabricate high gain antenna in
Microwaves.
Small Size Antenna: Microwaves allows to decrease the size of antenna. The antenna size can be smaller
as the size of antenna is inversely proportional to the transmitted frequency. Thus in Microwaves, we have
waves of much higher frequencies and hence the higher the frequency, the smaller the size of antenna.
Low Power Consumption:The power required to transmit a high frequency signal is lesser than the power
required in transmission of low frequency signals. As Microwaves have high frequency thus requires very
less power.
Effect Of Fading: The effect of fading is minimized by using Line Of Sight propagation technique at
Microwave Frequencies. While at low frequency signals, the layers around the earth causes fading of the
signal.
Applications of Microwaves
There are many Industrial, Scientific, Medical and Domestic Applications of Microwaves. The great
example of Application of Microwaves is 'Microwave Oven' which we uses in our daily life. Following are
the other main application areas of Microwaves:
Communication:Microwave is used in broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions. As described

above, they have shorter wavelengths and allows to use smaller antennas. The cellular networks like GSM,
also uses Microwave frequencies of range 1.8 to 1.9 GHz for communication. Microwaves are also used
for transmitting and receiving a signal from earth to satellite and from satellite to earth. Military or Army
also makes use of Microwaves in their communication system. They uses X or Ku band for their
communication.
Remote Sensing: Most of you may be familiar with this Application. The most common application of
Microwave is its use in RADAR and SONAR. RADAR is used to illuminate an object by using a
transmitter and receiver to detect its position and velocity. Radiometry is also one of the Remote Sensing
Applications.
Heating: You all are familiar with this application. We uses Microwave Oven to bake and cook food. It is
very convenient electronic machine which performs the heating task very cleanly and in a very less time. If
you Want to know How Does a Microwave Works? then you may wonder that is based on the vibration of
electrons present in the Food Particles. That is why Microwave Oven heats the food uniformly without
heating the container.
Medical Science: Microwave's heating properties are also used in Medical Science. Microwaves also have
Medical Applications such as it is used in diagnosis and various therapies. There are also some other
applications of heating property of microwave such as Drying, Precooking and Moisture Levelling.
WAVE EQUATIONS
If we assume all the field vectors vary with respect to time ‘t’ in a sinusoidal manner.
E = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 ......... (1)

Eo is the Maximum value of the electric field intensity , w = 2пf differentiating eq 1 wrt to t we get
𝜕𝐸
= 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑗𝑤 ......... (2)
𝜕𝑡
= 𝑬 𝑗𝑤
𝜕
we can define an operator = 𝑗𝑤
𝜕𝑡
differentiating eq 2 wrt to t again we get
𝜕2 𝑬
= 𝑗𝑤 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 𝑗𝑤
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2 𝑬
= −𝑤 2 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 = −𝑤 2 𝑬
𝜕𝑡 2
𝜕2
we can define another operator = −𝑤 2
𝜕𝑡 2
consider a medium which does not contain any free charges and is also non conducting, i.e air or free
space. Then we have ρ = 0, σ = 0
𝜕𝐷 𝜕
from Maxwells 1st equation ∇×𝐻 =𝐽+ = 𝜎𝐸 + (𝜖𝐸)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝐸
∇×𝐻 =0+𝜖 = 𝜖𝑗𝑤𝐸 = 𝑗𝑤𝜖𝐸
𝜕𝑡
∇ × 𝐻 = 𝑗𝑤𝜖𝐸
From Maxwells 2nd equation
𝜕𝐵 𝜕
∇×𝐸 =− = − (𝜇𝐻) = −𝑗𝑤𝜇𝐻
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
∇ × 𝐸 = −𝑗𝑤𝜇𝐻
taking curl of ∇ × 𝐸 we get
∇ × ∇ × 𝐸 = ∇ × (−𝑗𝑤𝜇𝐻 ) = −𝑗𝑤𝜇(∇ × 𝐻)
𝑗𝑤𝜇 (∇ × 𝐻) = −𝑗𝑤𝜇(jw𝜖𝐸)
∇ × ∇ × 𝐸 = 𝑤 2 𝜇𝜖𝐸
from vector analysis ∇ × ∇ × 𝐸 = ∇(∇ ∙ 𝐸 ) − ∇2 𝐸

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`Microwaves are the electromagnetic or radio waves having higher frequencies of order GHz.

Electro Magnetic Spectrum

γ = Gamma rays EHF = Extremely high frequency

Frequency range Wavelength IEEE band

300KHz-3 MHz 1 km to 100 meters MF

3-30 MHz 100 meters to 10 meters HF

30-300 MHz 10 meters to 1 meter VHF

300 MHz -3 GHz* 1 meter to 10 cm UHF

1-2 GHz 30 cm to 15 cm L band

2-4 GHz 15 cm to 5 cm S band

4-8 GHz 5 cm to 3.75 cm C band

8-12 GHz 3.75 cm to 2.5 cm X band

12-18 GHz 2.5 cm to 1.6 cm Ku band

18-26 GHz 1.6 cm to 1.2 cm K band

26-40 GHz 1.6 cm to 750 mm Ka band

40-75 GHz 750 mm to 40 mm V band

75 to 111 GHz 40 mm to 28mm W band

Communication:Microwave is used in broadcasting and telecommunication transmissions. As described

E = 𝐸𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝑤𝑡 ......... (1)

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