Demography STRUCTURE

• The scientific study of the determinants and

consequences of human population trends. TYPES
• Greek “Demo” = the people • Stationary – the percentage of population
• English “graphy” = writing, description, or remains constant over time.
measurement
Importance of Demographic data
• Helps the government and society better
prepare in dealing with the issues and demands
of population growth, aging and migration.
• Demographic data aid in the development of
adequate school systems, estimate the required
funding for government services and develop
workable healthcare systems.
Elements of Demography
a. Population size (increasing or decreasing)
b. Geographic distribution (territory)
c. Composition (sex and age group)

Methods of demographic data collection • Expansive – very wide at the younger ages.
Direct - The process of collecting data straight from • High birth rate and low life expectancy.
statistical registries which are responsible for tracking • Population is fast growing
all birth records, death records, records pertaining to
marital status and migration.
ex. Census, Vital Statistics
Indirect – required in countries and periods where full
data are not available, such as is the case in much of the
developing world, and most of historical demography.
ex. The Sister Method (survey researchers ask
women how many of their sisters have died or had
children and what age.), asking people about siblings,
parents, and children

Population Pyramids
• A population pyramid is two back-to-back bar
• Constrictive – narrowed at the bottom.
graphs, one showing the number of males and one
• Population is generally older on average
showing females in a particular population in five-
year age groups (also called cohorts).
• A great deal of information about the population
broken down by age and sex can be read from a
population pyramid, and this can shed light on the
extent of its development.
• Birth rate trends
• Death rate trends
• Number of economic dependents
 Scope of Demography - Agricultural and industrial productivity
• Macro Demography increases, means of transportation and
- Studies demography in a large scale. communication develops.
- Studies the causes of slow or rapid grow - There is a great mobility of labor.
of birth rate, population, sex ratio, and - Education expands.
health conditions, etc. - Income increases.
• Micro Demography - More and better quality of food products.
- Studies demography in a narrow scale. - Medical and health facilities are expanded.
- Studies demography as a small unit like - Many of least developed countries today are in
individual, family, or group. In fact stage 2.
these units constitute the primary -
elements of macro scale analysis. Stage 3 (LATE EXPANDING)
- - Birth rate as compared to death rate declines
THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION more rapidly.
• A theory that explains the transition from high - Population growth continues, but at a lower
birth and death rates to lower birth and death rate.
rates as a country or region develops from pre- - Most of developing countries are in stage 3.
industrial to an industrialized economic system. - Birth rate falls due to access to contraception,
• Proposed by an American demographer Warren increase in wages, urbanization, increase in the
Thompson in 1929 status and education of women, and increase in
• Most developed countries have completed the educational investment.
demographic transition and have low birth rates -
while most developing countries are in the STAGE 4 (LATE STATIONARY)
process of this transition. - Birth and death rate are both at a low level and they
• BIRTH RATE – total percentage of babies being are again near balance.
born in a country relative to its population. - Have stronger economies, higher levels of
(annual) education, better healthcare, a higher
• FERTILITY RATE – average number of children proportion of working women, and a fertility
born to a woman over her lifetime rate hovering around 2 children per woman.
• DEATH RATE (MORTALITY RATE) - the - Most of developed countries are in stage 4.
percentage of people who die relative to the - STAGE 5 (DECLINING)
country’s population. (annual) - - A possible stage 5 would include countries in
• which fertility rates have fallen significantly
STAGES OF DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION below replacement level (2 children) and the
elderly population is greater than the youthful
STAGE 1 (HIGH STATIONARY) population.
- High and fluctuating birth and death rates which will -
almost neutralize each other.
- People mostly live in rural areas and their main
occupation is agriculture which is in the stage of
backwardness.
- - Population size remains fairly constant but can
have major swings with events such as war or
pandemics.
-
STAGE 2 (EARLY EXPANDING)
- Death rate is decreasing while the birth rate
remains constant at a high level.
- Rapid population growth.
 POPULATION CHANGE • Our earth has a limited carrying capacity
MIGRATION meaning it can only sustain a specific amount of
• As a result of social, economic and political people before its natural systems start to fall
changes migration as a worldwide issue has apart.
brought about 80 million migrants and 20 • Many scientist believe that we have already
million of them are refugees. exceeded the earth’s carrying capacity.
• The movement of people from one region to • Mass species extinction
another for the purpose of settlement. • Global climate change
CATEGORIES OF PEOPLE WHO MIGRATE • Air quality
• Emigrant – a person who is leaving one country • Desertification
to live in another. • Loss of fishes
• Immigrant – a person who is entering a country
from another to make a new home.
• Refugee – a person who has moved to a new
country because of a problem in their former
home.
FOUR MODEL OF MIGRATION
• Classic Model: Immigration is encouraged by
the countries of destination like USA, Canada
and Australia. The only restriction is annual
quotas.
• Colonial Model: Countries are more tolerant to
immigration coming from their ex-colonies than
other countries of origin. (i.e. immigration to
England from the former British colonies)
• Worker Model: Immigrants are accepted
temporarily as guests workers to fulfil the
demand within the labour market without
citizenship.
• Illegal Model: Entering an industrialized country
secretly and work without legal permission.
FACTORS BEHIND MIGRATION
• Push Factors are the dinamics within the
country of origin which force people to
emigrate such as war, famine, political
oppression or population pressures.
• Pull Factors are characteristics of destination
countries that attract immigrant who wish to
get better living and working conditions.
IS POPULATION GROWTH A PROBLEM? WHY
• In 1950 there were 2.5 billion people on the
planet. Now in 2019, there are 7.7 billion. By
the end of the century the UN expects a global
population of 11.2 billion.
• The more people on earth, the more resources
are required.