Trompenaars's Dimensions: Universalism vs. Particularism

Trompenaars’s Dimensions
Universalism vs. Particularism
Universalism is the belief in:
rules or laws that can be applied to everyone;

agreements and contracts are used as the basis for doing business;
rules are used to determine what is right;
contracts should not be altered.
Particularism is the belief in:
placing emphasis on friendships and looking at the situation to determine what is

right or ethically
acceptable
deals are made based upon friendships;
agreements are changeable;
different people hold different views about reality.
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Individualism is characterized by:
frequent use of “I”,

decision are made on the spot by representatives,
people ideally achieve alone and assume personal responsibility,
vacations taken in pairs or even alone vs. group orientation.
Collectivism is characterized by:
frequent use of “we”

decisions referred back by the delegates to the organization
people ideally achieve objectives in groups and assume joint responsibility
vacations are taken in organized groups of with extended family
Neutral vs. Affective Relationships
Neutral is characterized by:
not revealing what one is thinking or feeling

only accidental revelation of tension in face and posture
hidden emotions that may occasionally explode out
cool and self-possessed conduct that is admired
lack of physical contact, gesturing or strong facial expressions
monotone oral delivery of written materials
Affective is characterized by:
nonverbal and verbal display of thoughts and feelings
transparency and expressiveness in release of tensions
easy flow of emotions sometimes effusively, vehemently and without inhibition
the admiration and display of heated, vital, animated expressions
fluent and dramatic delivery of statements
Specific vs. Diffuse Relationships
Specific is characterized by:
a small private life that is kept private;

large social/public life that is very open to others;
extroversion;
“no nonsense” - direct in communications;
clear distinction between work and personal life.
Diffuse is characterized by:
a large private life that includes a relatively large number of people;

small public space that is difficult to enter (e.g. an outsider needs a formal
introduction from a
mutual friend in order to do business with a particular manager);
indirect communication - does not always say what is really meant;
no clear distinction between work and private life.
Achievement vs. Ascription
Achievement – awarding status based upon accomplishments. This is characterized

by:
use of titles only when relevant to the competence brought to the task
respect for superior in the hierarchy is based on how effectively his or her job is
performed and the adequacy of their knowledge
a company where most senior managers are of varying ages and genders and have
obtained their positions through accomplishments
Ascription – ascribing status based upon social position, age, etc.
extensive use of titles, especially when these clarify status in the organization
respect for superior in the hierarchy is seen as a measure of commitment to the
organization and
its mission a company where most senior managers are male, middle-age, and
qualified by their backgrounds
Time Orientation (Past, Present, Future)
Past orientation
talk about history, origin of family, business and nation

motivated to recreate a golden age
respect shown for ancestors, predecessors and older people
everything is viewed in the context of tradition or history
Present orientation
activities and enjoyments of the moment are most important

good at making plans but poor on execution
intense interest in present relationships, focus on here and now
everything is viewed in terms of its contemporary impact and style
Future orientation
much talk of prospects, potentials, aspirations, future achievements
planning and strategizing done enthusiastically
great interest in the youthful and future potentials
present and past used, even exploited for future advantage
Examples of Country Ratings on Trompenaars’ Dimensions
Country Universalism
Particularism
Individualism
Collectivism
Neutral
Affective
Specific
Diffuse
Achievement
Ascription
China High P Collectivistic Affective Extreme Diffuse Ascription

France Middle Collectivistic Low Affective Specific Middle
Germany High U Collectivistic Middle Middle Achievement
Japan Middle High Collect. Extreme Neutral Low Diffuse Low Ascription
Mexico Low P. Individualistic Extreme Affect. Low Diffuse Achievement
Russia Extreme P Individualistic Affective Diffuse Ascription
Spain Middle Low Individ. Affective Diffuse Low Ascription
USA Extreme U Extreme Ind. Low Affective High Specific Extreme ACH

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Trompenaars’s Dimensions

Universalism vs. Particularism

Universalism is the belief in:

rules or laws that can be applied to everyone;

Particularism is the belief in:

placing emphasis on friendships and looking at the situation to determine what is

Individualism vs. Collectivism

Individualism is characterized by:

frequent use of “I”,

Collectivism is characterized by:

frequent use of “we”

Neutral vs. Affective Relationships

Neutral is characterized by:

not revealing what one is thinking or feeling

Specific is characterized by:

a small private life that is kept private;

Diffuse is characterized by:

a large private life that includes a relatively large number of people;

Achievement vs. Ascription

Achievement – awarding status based upon accomplishments. This is characterized

Ascription – ascribing status based upon social position, age, etc.

Time Orientation (Past, Present, Future)

talk about history, origin of family, business and nation

activities and enjoyments of the moment are most important

Examples of Country Ratings on Trompenaars’ Dimensions

China High P Collectivistic Affective Extreme Diffuse Ascription

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