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    Commands To Check Memory Usage On Linux

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    Anonymous gfw31FXbLv
    The document provides information on using the 'du' and 'df' commands in Linux to view disk usage and manage disk space. It discusses how to use du to see disk usage for specific directories, filter and sort the results, and exclude certain file types. It also covers using df to view disk space usage and available space for all filesystems or specific filesystems in various units (bytes, KB, MB, GB). Additionally, it discusses using the fdisk command to view partition tables, create, delete, and format partitions, and fix partition order issues.

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    Commands To Check Memory Usage On Linux

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous gfw31FXbLv
    164 views9 pages
    The document provides information on using the 'du' and 'df' commands in Linux to view disk usage and manage disk space. It discusses how to use du to see disk usage for specific directories, filter and sort the results, and exclude certain file types. It also covers using df to view disk space usage and available space for all filesystems or specific filesystems in various units (bytes, KB, MB, GB). Additionally, it discusses using the fdisk command to view partition tables, create, delete, and format partitions, and fix partition order issues.

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    Top amazing storage commands

    Original Title

    Commands to Check Memory Usage on Linux

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    The document provides information on using the 'du' and 'df' commands in Linux to view disk usage and manage disk space. It discusses how to use du to see disk usage for specific directories, filter and sort the results, and exclude certain file types. It also covers using df to view disk space usage and available space for all filesystems or specific filesystems in various units (bytes, KB, MB, GB). Additionally, it discusses using the fdisk command to view partition tables, create, delete, and format partitions, and fix partition order issues.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    164 views9 pages

    Commands To Check Memory Usage On Linux

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous gfw31FXbLv
    The document provides information on using the 'du' and 'df' commands in Linux to view disk usage and manage disk space. It discusses how to use du to see disk usage for specific directories, filter and sort the results, and exclude certain file types. It also covers using df to view disk space usage and available space for all filesystems or specific filesystems in various units (bytes, KB, MB, GB). Additionally, it discusses using the fdisk command to view partition tables, create, delete, and format partitions, and fix partition order issues.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 9

    The „du“ Command Line

    The „du“ (Disk Usage) command line is a standard command under Unix and Linux. It is used to
    list the disk space used by files on a machine and crucial for disk space management on unix and
    linux systems. Several paramaters enable users to format and filter the results.

    Using du is a good starting point when trying to clean up unused disk space under Unix.

    Many smaller machines run Microsoft Windows. There is a wide range of graphical disk space
    managers for Windows, but few will enable you to scan Linux and Unix servers without having
    to resort to Samba. The Enterprise Edition of SpaceObServer will scan Unix and Linux servers
    via SSH.

    Using du

    To analyze disk usage in a specific directory tree, simply enter the command line.
    # du

    Adding /* will show all directories and files at the top level of the file system:
    # du -s /*

    You can also specify which folder shall be scanned:


    # du -s /var

    There are several ways to filter the information and gain the insights required to proceed.

    Parameters
    A wide range of parameters can be used to refine the results. Many flags can be used in
    combination. This is a (by no means complete) selection of useful arguments.
    #du -s

    Display the disk space used by all files in the selected directory by adding -s. You cannot limit
    the folder depths while using this argument.
    r# du -s /*

    #du -h
    Adding the parameter -h shows the results in a human-readable format: It adds size information
    in Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte, and Petabyte.

    It is a useful argument to remember and can be attached to any other parameter.

    #du -c
    Use the -c argument to sum up the used disk space in the last line of the results.
    #du -ch /var

    Combine -h and -s for Detailed and easy-to-read Information


    -hs will show you all files in the folder and present the results in human-readable format:

    # du -hs *

    The disk space manager TreeSize Professional provides similar information in the „Details“
    view.

    Sort Results
    Add | sort to the command line to sort the output. | sort -rh sorts recursively and displays the
    biggest sizes on top.
    # du -s /* | sort -rh

    See the Top10


    Limit the output to the first ten lines with the | head command and see the ten largest files or
    folders.
    # du -sh /* | sort -rh | head

    Exclude File Types


    If you want to exclude certain file types from the equation, use the –exclude argument in
    combination with other flags. In this example, du will not count .BIN files.
    # du -sh /var

    # du -sh --exclude="*.bin" /var

    Useful “df” Commands to Check Disk Space in Linux


    Check File System Disk Space Usage
    The “df” command displays the information of device name, total blocks, total disk space, used
    disk space, available disk space and mount points on a file system.

    # df

    Display Information of all File System Disk Space Usage

    The same as above, but it also displays information of dummy file systems along with all the file
    system disk usage and their memory utilization.

    # df -a

    Show Disk Space Usage in Human Readable Format


    Have you noticed that above commands displays information in bytes, which is not readable yet
    all, because we are in a habit of reading the sizes in megabytes, gigabytes etc. as it makes very
    easy to understand and remember.

    The df command provides an option to display sizes in Human Readable formats by using ‘-h’
    (prints the results in human readable format (e.g., 1K 2M 3G)).

    # df -h

    Display Information of /home File System


    To see the information of only device /home file system in human readable format use the
    following command.
    # df -hT /home

    Display Information of File System in Bytes


    To display all file system information and usage in 1024-byte blocks, use the option ‘-k‘ (e.g. –
    block-size=1K) as follows.

    # df -k

    Display Information of File System in MB


    To display information of all file system usage in MB (Mega Byte) use the option as ‘-m‘.

    # df -m

    Display Information of File System in GB


    To display information of all file system statistics in GB (Gigabyte) use the option as ‘df -h‘.

    # df -h

    Display File System Inodes


    Using ‘-i‘ switch will display the information of number of used inodes and their percentage for
    the file system.
    # df -i

    Display File System Type


    If you notice all the above commands output, you will see there is no file system type mentioned
    in the results. To check the file system type of your system use the option ‘T‘. It will display file
    system type along with other information.
    # df -T

    Include Certain File System Type


    If you want to display certain file system type use the ‘-t‘ option. For example, the following
    command will only display ext3 file system.
    # df -t ext3
    Exclude Certain File System Type
    If you want to display file system type that doesn’t belongs to ext3 type use the option as ‘-x‘.
    For example, the following command will only display other file systems types other than ext3.
    # df -x ext3

    View all Disk Partitions in Linux


    The following basic command list all existing disk partition on your system. The ‘-l‘ argument
    stand for (listing all partitions) is used with fdisk command to view all available partitions on
    Linux. The partitions are displayed by their device’s names. For example: /dev/sda, /dev/sdb or
    /dev/sdc.

    # fdisk -l

    View Specific Disk Partition in Linux


    To view all partitions of specific hard disk use the option ‘-l‘ with device name. For example, the
    following command will display all disk partitions of device /dev/sda. If you’ve different device
    names, simple write device name as /dev/sdb or /dev/sdc.
    # fdisk -l /dev/sda

    Check all Available fdisk Commands

    If you would like to view all commands which are available for fdisk. Simply use the following
    command by mentioning the hard disk name such as /dev/sda as shown below. The following
    command will give you output similar to below.

    # fdisk /dev/sda

    Type ‘m‘ to see the list of all available commands of fdisk which can be operated on /dev/sda
    hard disk. After, I enter ‘m‘ on the screen, you will see the all available options for fdisk that you
    can be used on the /dev/sda device.

    # fdisk /dev/sda

    Print all Partition Table in Linux


    To print all partition table of hard disk, you must be on command mode of specific hard disk say
    /dev/sda.

    # fdisk /dev/sda

    From the command mode, enter ‘p‘ instead of ‘m‘ as we did earlier. As I enter ‘p‘, it will print
    the specific /dev/sda partition table.

    Command (m for help): p

    How to Delete a Partition in Linux


    If you would like to delete a specific partition (i.e /dev/sda9) from the specific hard disk such as
    /dev/sda. You must be in fdisk command mode to do this.

    # fdisk /dev/sda

    Next, enter ‘d‘ to delete any given partition name from the system. As I enter ‘d‘, it will prompt
    me to enter partition number that I want to delete from /dev/sda hard disk. Suppose I enter
    number ‘4‘ here, then it will delete partition number ‘4‘ (i.e. /dev/sda4) disk and shows free
    space in partition table. Enter ‘w‘ to write table to disk and exit after making new alterations to
    partition table. The new changes would only take place after next reboot of system. This can be
    easily understood from the below output.

    How to Create a New Partition in Linux

    If you’ve free space left on one of your device say /dev/sda and would like to create a new
    partition under it. Then you must be in fdisk command mode of /dev/sda. Type the following
    command to enter into command mode of specific hard disk.
    # fdisk /dev/sda
    After entering in command mode, now press “n” command to create a new partition
    under /dev/sda with specific size. This can be demonstrated with the help of following
    given output.

    While creating a new partition, it will ask you two options ‘extended‘ or ‘primary‘ partition
    creation. Press ‘e‘ for extended partition and ‘p‘ for primary partition. Then it will ask you to
    enter following two inputs.

    First cylinder number of the partition to be create.


    Last cylinder number of the partition to be created (Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size).
    You can enter the size of cylinder by adding “+5000M” in last cylinder. Here, ‘+‘ means
    addition and 5000M means size of new partition (i.e 5000MB). Please keep in mind that after
    creating a new partition, you should run ‘w‘ command to alter and save new changes to partition
    table and finally reboot your system to verify newly created partition.

    Command (m for help): w


    The partition table has been altered!

    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

    How to Format a Partition in Linux

    After the new partition is created, don’t skip to format the newly created partition using
    ‘mkfs‘ command. Type the following command in the terminal to format a partition.
    Here /dev/sda4 is my newly created partition.

    [root@tecmint ~]# mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda4

    How to Check Size of a Partition in Linux


    After formatting new partition, check the size of that partition using flag ‘s‘ (displays size
    in blocks) with fdisk command. This way you can check size of any specific device.

    [root@tecmint ~]# fdisk -s /dev/sda2

    5194304

    How to Fix Partition Table Order

    If you’ve deleted a logical partition and again recreated it, you might notice ‘partition out of
    order‘ problem or error message like ‘Partition table entries are not in disk order‘.
    For example, when three logical partitions such as (sda4, sda5 and sda6) are deleted, and new
    partition created, you might expect the new partition name would be sda4. But, the system would
    create it as sda5. This happens because of, after the partition are deleted, sda7 partition had been
    moved as sda4 and free space shift to the end.

    To fix such partition order problems, and assign sda4 to the newly created partition, issue the ‘x‘
    to enter an extra functionality section and then enter ‘f‘ expert command to fix the order of
    partition table as shown below.

    [root@tecmint ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

    Command (m for help): x

    Expert command (m for help): f


    Done.

    Expert command (m for help): w


    The partition table has been altered!

    Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

    After, running ‘f‘ command, don’t forget to run ‘w‘ command to save and exit from fdisk
    command mode. Once it fixed partition table order, you will no longer get error messages.

    How to Disable Boot Flag (*) of a Partition

    By default, fdisk command shows the boot flag (i.e. ‘*‘) symbol on each partition. If you want to
    enable or disable boot flag on a specific partition, do the following steps.
    [root@tecmint ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

    Press ‘p‘ command to view the current partition table, you see there is a boot flag (asterisk (*)
    symbol in orange color) on /dev/sda1 disk as shown below.

    [root@tecmint ~]# fdisk /dev/sda

    Command (m for help): p

    Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes

    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders

    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

    Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System

    /dev/sda1 * 1 13 104391 83 Linux


    /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux
    /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux
    /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended
    /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux
    /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux
    /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux
    /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
    /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM
    Next enter command ‘a‘ to disable boot flag, then enter partition number ‘1‘ as (i.e. /dev/sda1) in
    my case. This will disable boot flag on the partition /dev/sda1. This will remove the asterisk (*)
    flag.

    Command (m for help): a


    Partition number (1-9): 1

    Command (m for help): p

    Disk /dev/sda: 637.8 GB, 637802643456 bytes


    255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 77541 cylinders
    Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes

    Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System


    /dev/sda1 1 13 104391 83 Linux
    /dev/sda2 14 2624 20972857+ 83 Linux
    /dev/sda3 2625 4582 15727635 83 Linux
    /dev/sda4 4583 77541 586043167+ 5 Extended
    /dev/sda5 4583 5887 10482381 83 Linux
    /dev/sda6 5888 7192 10482381 83 Linux
    /dev/sda7 7193 7845 5245191 83 Linux
    /dev/sda8 7846 8367 4192933+ 82 Linux swap / Solaris
    /dev/sda9 8368 77541 555640123+ 8e Linux LVM

    Command (m for help):

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