B.M.

S COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING
Bull Temple Road, Basavanagudi, Bangalore - 560 019, Karnataka, India

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS

PRESENTATION REPORT

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for completion of

COMPUTER COMMUNICATION NETWORKS [12EC7DCCCN]

Submitted by

R.NITHYASREE
1BM12EC099

Under the guidance of

G.POORNIMA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

2015 – 16

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
 IGMP
[INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL]
INTRODUCTION:
• The Internet Protocol can be involved in two types of communication: unicasting and
multicasting. Unicasting is the communication between one sender and one receiver.
It is a one-to-one communication. However, some processes sometimes need to send
the same message to a large number of receivers simultaneously. This is called
Multicasting, one-to-many communication.
• Multicasting has many applications. For example, multiple stockbrokers can
simultaneously be informed of changes in a stock price, or travel agents can be
informed of a plane cancellation.
• The INTERNET GROUP MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL[IGMP] is one of the
necessary protocols that is involved in multicasting. IGMP is a companion to the IP
protocol.

GROUP MANAGEMENT:
• For multicasting in the internet we need routers that are able to route
multicast packets/signals. The routing tables of these routers must be
updated by using one of the multicasting routing protocols.
• IGMP is not a multicasting routing protocol; it is a protocol that manages
group membership. In any network, there are one or more multicast
routers that distribute multicast packets to hosts or other routers. The
IGMP protocol gives the multicast routers information about the
membership status of hosts(routers) connected to the network.
• IGMP helps a multicast router create and update a list of loyal members
related to each router interface. There by creating a solution to keep a list
of groups for at least one loyal member.
ARCHITECTURE:
• A network designed to deliver a multicast service using IGMP might use
this basic architecture:

• IGMP operates between the client computer and a local multicast

router. Switches featuring IGMP snooping derive useful information by
observing these IGMP transactions. Protocol Independent Multicast(PIM)
is then used between the local and remote multicast routers, to direct
multicast traffic from the multicast server to many multicast clients.
• IGMP operates on the Internet layer, just the same as other network
management protocols like ICMP [INTERNET CONTROL MESSAGE
PORT].
• The IGMP protocol is implemented on a particular host and within
a router. A host requests membership to a group through its local router
while a router listens for these requests and periodically sends out
subscription queries.
• IGMP is vulnerable to some attacks, and firewalls commonly allow the
user to disable it if not needed.
STANDARDS:
• There are three versions of IGMP, as defined by Request for
Comments (RFC) documents of the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF). IGMPv1 is defined by RFC 1112, IGMPv2 is defined
by RFC 2236 and IGMPv3 was initially defined by RFC 3376 and has
been updated by RFC 4604 which defines both IGMPv3 and MLDv2
[MULTIPLE LAN DISTRIBUTION]. IGMPv2 improves over IGMPv1
 by adding the ability for a host to signal desire to leave a multicast group.
IGMPv3 improves over IGMPv2 mainly by supporting source-specific
multicast.
IGMP MESSAGES:
• As we know IGMP has gone through three versions. In that
IGMPv1/v2/v3 has three types of messages: the query, the membership
report and the leave report.
• There are two types of query messages: general and special.

IGMP MESSAGE FORMAT:

 • TYPE: This is 8-bit field defines the type of the message. The values in
the below table is shown in both hexadecimal and binary notation.

• MAXIMUM RESPONSE TIME: This 8-bit field defines the amount of

time in which a query must be answered. The value is in tenths of a
second; for example, if the value is 100, it means 10secs. The value is
non-zero in the query message type.
• CHECKSUM: This is a 16-bit field carrying the checksum. The
checksum is calculated over the 8-byte message.
• GROUP ADDRESS: The value of this field is 0 for a general query
message. The value defines the groupID in the special query, the
membership report, and leave report messages.
IGMP OPERATION:
• IGMP operates locally. A multicast router connected to a network has a
list of multicast addresses of the groups with at least one loyal member in
that network.
• For each group, there is one router that has the duty of distributing the
multicast packets destined for that group. This means that if there are
three multicast routers connected to a network, their list of groupIDs are
mutually exclusive.
• For example, in the below example only router R distributes packets with
multicast address of 225.70.8.20.
 • A host or multicast router can have membership in a group. When a host
has membership, it means that one of its processes receives these
multicast packets from some group.
• When a router has membership, it means that a network is connected to
one of its other interfaces receives these multicast packets. We say that
the host or the router has an interest in that group.
• In both the cases, the host and the router keep a list of groupIDs and
relay their interest to the distributing router.
• For example in the above figure, router R is the distributing router. There
are two other multicast routers ( R1 and R2 ) that, depending on that
group list maintained by router R, the recipients of router R in this
network. Routers R1 and R2 maybe the distributors for some these groups
in other networks, but not on this network.
JOINING A GROUP
• A host or a router can join a group. A host maintains a list of processes
that have membership in a group. When a process wants to join a new
group, it sends its request to the host.
• The host adds the name of the process and the name of the requested
group to its list. If this is the first entry for this particular group, the host
sends a membership report message.
The protocol requires that the membership report be sent twice, one after the
other within a few moments. In this way, if the first one is lost or damaged, the
second one replaces it.
LEAVING A GROUP
• When a host sees that no process is interested in a specific group, it sends
a leave report. Similarly, when a router sees that none of the networks
connected to its interfaces is interested in a specific group, it sends a
leave report about that group.
• However, when a multicast router receives a leave report, it cannot
immediately purge that group from its list because the report comes from
just one host or router; there maybe other hosts or routers that are still
interested in that group. To make sure, the router sends a special query
message and inserts the groupID, or multicast address, related to the
group.
• The router allows a specified time for any host or router to respond. If,
during this time, no interest is received, the router assumes that there are
no loyal members in the network and purges the group from its list.
MOINTORING MEMBERSHIP
• A host or router can join a group by sending a membership report
message. It can leave a group by sending a leave report message.
However, sending these two types of reports is not enough.
• Consider only one host is interested in the group, but the host is shutdown
due to some reasons that moment the multicast router is responsible for
monitoring all the hosts or routers in a LAN to see if they want to
continue their membership in a group.
DELAYED RESPONSE
• To prevent unnecessary traffic, IGMP uses a delayed response strategy.
When a host receives a query message, it doesn't respond immediately; it
delays the response. That moment IGMP uses the strategy.
ENCAPSULATION:
• When a host transmits data across a network to another device, the data
goes through encapsulation- it is wrapped with protocol information at
each layer of the model.
• In IGMP message is encapsulated in an IP datagram.
We have two encapsulation techniques depending on the layers:
1. Encapsulation at network layer.
2. Encapsulation at data link layer.
ENCAPSULATION OF IGMP PACKET