ENGG 2310-B: Principles of Communication Systems 2016–17 First Term

Assignment 2 Solutions
Instructor: Wing-Kin Ma October 21, 2016

Problem 1 For each of the following message signals, do the following:

- determine the Fourier transforms of the resulting AM, DSB-SC and SSB modulated signals;

- sketch the corresponding AM, DSB-SC and SSB amplitude spectra, and determine their
transmission bandwidths;

- determine the largest possible amplitude sensitivity ka for AM.

(a) (20%) m(t) = cos(2πf1 t) cos(2πf2 t), where f1 = 10 Hz and f2 = 20 Hz.

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(b) (20%) m(t) = sinc(2W t), where W = 50 Hz.

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Some settings are described as follows: the carrier frequency is fc = 1000 Hz. The carrier

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amplitude Ac and AM amplitude sensitivity may be arbitrary. For SSB, you may use either upper
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sideband or lower sideband. However, you should mention which sideband you use in your answer.
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Also, we are allowed to use standard results and properties in Fourier transform; e.g., rect(t) ⇌
sinc(f ), and so forth.

Solution:
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(a) By trigonometric identities, we have

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m(t) = cos(2πf1 t) cos(2πf2 t)

1 1
= cos(2π(f2 − f1 )t) + cos(2π(f2 + f1 )t).
2 2
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Hence, the Fourier transform of m(t) is simply

1 1 1 1
M (f ) = δ(f − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f + (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f − (f2 + f1 )) + δ(f + (f2 + f1 )).
4 4 4 4
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(i) DSB-SC: The Fourier transform of the DSB-SC modulated signal is straightforward.
Since we have S(f ) = A2c M (f − fc ) + A2c M (f + fc ) for the DSB-SC modulation scheme,
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we get
Ac
S(f ) = {[δ(f − fc − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f − fc + (f2 − f1 ))
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+ δ(f − fc − (f2 + f1 )) + δ(f − fc + (f2 + f1 ))]
+ [δ(f + fc − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f + fc + (f2 − f1 ))
+ δ(f + fc − (f2 + f1 )) + δ(f + fc + (f2 + f1 ))]}.

Also, by noting that f2 − f1 = 10 Hz, f2 + f1 = 30 Hz, fc = 1, 000 Hz, the amplitude

spectrum is sketched as follows.

https://www.coursehero.com/file/25578087/2-hw-solpdf/
 (ii) AM: It is also straightforward. Since S(f ) = A2c (δ(f − fc ) + ka M (f − fc )) + Ac
2 (δ(f +
fc ) + ka M (f + fc )) for the AM scheme, we have
Ac
S(f ) = [δ(f − fc ) + δ(f + fc )]
2
Ac ka
+ {[δ(f − fc − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f − fc + (f2 − f1 ))
8
+ δ(f − fc − (f2 + f1 )) + δ(f − fc + (f2 + f1 ))]

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+ [δ(f + fc − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f + fc + (f2 − f1 ))

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+ δ(f + fc − (f2 + f1 )) + δ(f + fc + (f2 + f1 ))]}.

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The corresponding amplitude spectrum is sketched below.

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Also, we should consider the largest possible ka (without over-modulation). Since

|m(t)| ≤ 1 for all t, we determine from the condition |ka m(t)| ≤ 1 that the largest
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possible ka is ka = 1.
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(iii) SSB: Suppose that we choose upper sideband. Let us first consider the amplitude
spectrum. By removing the lower sideband components of the DSB-SC spectrum (see
above), we have
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Also, the Fourier transform is given by

Ac
S(f ) = {[δ(f − fc − (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f − fc − (f2 + f1 ))]
8
+ [δ(f + fc + (f2 − f1 )) + δ(f + fc + (f2 + f1 ))]}.

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 (b) The Fourier transform of m(t) is given by
 
1 f
M (f ) = rect
2W 2W
 1 1 1
= 2W , − W < f < W
0, otherwise;
see, for example, Handout 2, Section 2.4.

(i) DSB-SC:
   
Ac f − fc Ac f + fc
S(f ) = rect + rect
4W 2W 4W 2W
 Ac 1 1 1 1
= 4W , − W < f − fc < W or − W < f + fc < W
0, otherwise.

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(ii) AM:
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Ac Ac ka f − fc Ac Ac f + fc
S(f ) = δ(f − fc ) + rect + δ(f + fc ) + rect
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2 4W 2W 2 4W 2W
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Since |sinc(2W t)| ≤ 1, the largest possible ka should be ka = 1.

(iii) SSB:
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 Ac 1 1
4W , fc < f < fc + W or − W − fc < f < −fc
S(f ) =
0, otherwise.
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 Problem 2 (20%) Consider a superheterodyne receiver for demodulation of DSB-SC signals in
Figure 1. Suppose that the received signal is given by

s(t) = m(t) · cos(2πfc t) + η(t) · cos(2πfo t)

| {z } | {z }
desired DSB-SC signal interference from another band

Here, m(t) is the desired message signal to be demodulated, fc is the carrier frequency we tune at,
η(t) is a undesired baseband signal that comes from a different frequency band, fo is the center
frequency of the undesired frequency band. The setting is as follows: fc = 100kHz, fo = 90kHz,
fLO = 95kHz, fIF = 5kHz, the bandwidth of both m(t) and η(t) is W = 1kHz, the bandpass filter
block in Figure 1 has its passband given by [4kHz, 6kHz], and the lowpass filter block in Figure 1
has its cut-off frequency at 1kHz. Show that the output of the receiver is

v2 (t) = m(t) + η(t).

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Figure 1: Problem 2.
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Solution: First, consider the RF section

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s(t)[2 cos(2πfLO t)] = 2m(t) cos(2πfLO t) cos(2πfc t) + 2η(t) cos(2πfLO t) cos(2πfo t)

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= m(t) cos(2π (fc − fLO ) t) + m(t) cos(2π (fc + fLO ) t)

| {z } | {z }
=5 kHz =195 kHz
+ η(t) cos(2π (fLO − fo ) t) + m(t) cos(2π (fLO + fc ) t).
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| {z } | {z }
=5 kHz =185 kHz
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The figure on the next page shows the spectrum.

Upon passing through the bandpass filter, we have

v1 (t) = [m(t) + η(t)] cos(2π × 5000 × t).

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Second, consider the IF section. This is standard as taught in class, and the result is

v2 (t) = m(t) + η(t).

Note: this problem shows you the so-called image frequency problem in superheterodyne receivers.
The lesson learnt is that we still need a bandpass filter in front of the RF section to reject a specific
band for avoiding the subsequent image frequency interference.

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 Problem 3 (20%) In this problem we consider a modified version of the DSB-SC scheme. We
assume that the message signal has zero DC; a specific diagram for the spectrum of the message
signal is shown in Figure 2.(a). When transmitting the DSB-SC modulated signal, we also insert a

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small amount of pilot carrier into the signal; i.e.,

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s(t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t) + A′c cos(2πfc t),

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where A′c cos(2πfc t) is the inserted pilot carrier signal. The spectrum of the resulting modulated

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signal is shown in Figure 2.(b). Note that this scheme is not AM; in particular the pilot amplitude A′c
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can take any (positive) value. At the receiver, we assume that we do not have a phase-synchronous
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local oscillator. Instead, we use the system in Figure 2.(c) to perform demodulation. Discuss why
the system in Figure 2.(c) would work. In the system in Figure 2.(c), the narrowband-pass filter
has a passband of [fc − fa , fc + fa ], the narrowband-stop filter has a stopband of [fc − fa , fc + fa ],
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and the lowpass filter has its cut-off frequency at fb .

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Figure 2: Problem 3.

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 Solution:

The narrow bandpass filter gives us

r(t) = A′c cos(2πfc t);

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see the amplitude spectra sketch above. Let vo (t) denote the narrow bandstop filter output. Simi-

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larly, the narrow bandstop filter gives us

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vo (t) = Ac m(t) cos(2πfc t).

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Since r(t) is the pure carrier (coherently), we can use it to perform coherent demodulation with
vo (t).
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Problem 4 A carrier wave of frequency 100 MHz is frequency-modulated by a sinusoidal wave
of amplitude 20 volts and frequency 100 kHz. The frequency sensitivity of the modulator is 25 kHz
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per volt.
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(a) (10%) Calculate the approximate bandwidth of the FM signal using Carson’s rule.

(b) (5%) Repeat the calculation when the amplitude of the modulating signal is doubled.

(c) (5%) Repeat the calculation when the modulation frequency is doubled.
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Solution: We have the following parameters: fc = 100 MHz, W = 100 kHz, |m|max = maxt |m(t)| =
20 volts, kf = 25 kHz/volt. Also, recall that Carson’s rule states that the FM bandwidth can be
approximated by
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BT = 2∆f + 2W = 2kf |m|max + 2W.

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(a) BT = 2 × 25 × 20 + 2 × 200 = 1, 200 kHz.

(b) The maximum amplitude changes to |m|max = 40 volts and consequently Carson’s bandwidth
estimate is
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BT = 2 × 25 × 40 + 2 × 200 = 2, 200 kHz.

(c) The bandwidth changes to W = 200 kHz and Carson’s estimated bandwidth estimate is

BT = 2 × 25 × 20 + 2 × 400 = 1, 400 kHz.

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