ENGLISH GRAMMAR IN SIGNS FOCUS ON GRAMMAR GRAMMAR CHARTS

CONTENTS
GRAMMAR CHART TRANSPARENCIES
PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME................................................................................................................................................... 3
PAST TIME .................................................................................................................................................................................. 4
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS ..................................................................................................................................................... 5
ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS / STATIVE VERBS ...........................................................................................................9
BE AND AUXILIARIES IN ADDITIONS, TAGS, AND SHORT ANSWERS ................................................................................ 11
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY............................................................................................................... 13
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY............................................................................................................... 14
NOUNS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 15
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES ...................................................................................................................................17
QUANTIFIERS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 18
ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER ................................................................................................................................................... 19
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES ............................................................................................................................................................ 20
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES AND PHRASES ...................................................................................................................................22
THE PASSIVE: REVIEW AND EXPANSION ........................................................................................................................... 24
THE PASSIVE TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS AND TO REPORT OPINIONS ........................................................................... 27
GERUNDS ................................................................................................................................................................................. 28
INFINITIVES .............................................................................................................................................................................. 29
ADVERBS: FUNCTIONS, TYPES, PLACEMENT, AND MEANING ........................................................................................ 33
ADVERB CLAUSES ..................................................................................................................................................................35
ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES .....................................................................................................................................36
CONNECTORS .........................................................................................................................................................................37
NOUN CLAUSES: SUBJECTS, OBJECTS, AND COMPLEMENTS ........................................................................................ 39
INDIRECT SPEECH ..................................................................................................................................................................40
CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY ............................................................................................... 44
MORE CONDITIONS: THE SUBJUNCTIVE ............................................................................................................................ 47
WORD ORDER ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 49
GRAMMAR CHART TRANSPARENCIES

The purpose of the grammar charts is to help students notice the form of the structure, to pre-teach some of the grammar notes that follow, and to familiarize
students with grammar terminology. The Focus on Grammar (FOG) transparencies are designed to help instructors use the charts more effectively in class
by engaging students as they tackle a new grammar point together.

Here are some suggestions for using the transparencies.

Ask questions that will help students become aware of the form of the structure.
For example, for modals to express degrees of certainty (FOG 5, Unit 6, pages 91-92), ask students to study the charts looking for examples where the
negative is expressed in the usual way (e.g., must, must not, may, may not, might, might not). Now have them look for examples where a modal doesn‘t
have a negative counterpart using the same modal (have [got] to, had to, should, ought to).
Have students use the examples in the charts to practice the form.
In the unit on modals to express degrees of certainty (FOG 5, Unit 6, pages 91-92), you might ask students for the opposites of:
It must be true. (It can‘t be true./ It couldn‘t be true./It must not be true.) It can‘t be true. (It must be true. not It can be true.)
Use the charts with Grammar in Context.
Ask students to look at Grammar in Context and find examples that illustrate the points in the grammar charts. Students can also use the grammar terms in
the charts to label items in Grammar in Context.
Compare charts.
For example, for the passive (FOG 5, Unit 13, p. 222-223), there are charts for active and passive sentences. Ask, ―What happens in a passive sentence to
the object of an active sentence?‖ (It becomes the subject of the passive sentence.) ―What happens in a passive sentence to the subject of the active
sentence?‖ (It becomes the object of by used to indicate the agent.) Ask, ―What happens in a passive sentence to the verb in the active sentence?‖ (It is
replaced by a form of be + the past participle.)
Help students understand grammar terminology through the use of the charts.
All Focus on Grammar charts are clearly labeled. (Simple Present, Present Progressive, Action Verbs, Most Non-Action Verbs, Statement, Tag, Short
Answer, Speculations about the Present, Speculations about the Past, etc.) Ask questions to make certain students understand what the labels mean.
Use the charts to practice items from a list. For example, in FOG 5, Unit 9, page 143, students could practice the quantifiers by making up sentences
about themselves and classmates. Instead of ―She bought a couple of gifts, ‖they could say, ―I read a couple of books,― ―I borrowed a few CDs,‖ ―I have many
friends,‖ ―I didn‘t use much salt,‖ etc.
Ask students to provide personal examples.
For example, Unit 15, page 260 of FOG 5, says, ―They enjoy kayaking. I went swimming.‖
Ask students to say what they enjoy and what they did (over the weekend, e.g.). (―I enjoy playing soccer. I went shopping.‖)

Guidelines provided by Irene E. Schoenberg

Focus on Grammar 5 Units 1-24 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
PRESENT AND FUTURE TIME

PRESENT TIME: In General or Now

Simple Present
 Tourists often spend a lot of money.
Present Progressive Be + -ing A tourist is looking for a souvenir.

PRESENT TIME: From a Time in the Past until Now

Present Perfect Have +  We have visited ten countries so far.

Present Perfect Progressive Have been +  -ing We‘ve been traveling for three weeks.

FUTURE TIME: A Time in the Future

Simple Future Will +  You’ll like the hotel.

Future Be going to +  You‘re going to like the hotel.
Future Progressive Will be + - ing A week from now, you‘ll be relaxing in the sun.
Simple Present
 The tour starts tomorrow at 4:00 p.m.
Present Progressive Be + - ing We‘re visiting our friends later this summer.
Future Perfect Will have +  We‘ll have arrived by 4:00 p.m.
Future Perfect Progressive Will have been + -ing We will have been flying for hours by then.
Two Actions in the Future I‘ll call you as soon as we land.

  - Base Form of the Verb  - Past Participle - ing - Base Form + -ing Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
PAST TIME
PAST TIME: General or Specific (Definite)
He needed to find a bride.
Simple Past  He advertised on the Internet.
Past Progressive Was / Were + - ing He was looking for someone special.

PAST TIME: Not Specific (Indefinite)

The couple has chosen the date for the party.
Present Perfect Has / Have +  They have already sent the invitations.

PAST TIME: Habitual or Repeated

Used To Used To +  She used to be a pharmacist.

Would Would +  Some days she would work 12 hours.

PAST TIME: Before a Time in the Past

Past Perfect Had +  He had met her before the wedding.

Past Perfect Progressive Had been +  -ing He had been planning the wedding for months.

PAST TIME: After a Time in the Past but Before Now (―Future in the Past‖)

Was / Were going to +  He knew he was going to marry soon.

Future in the Past Would +  He knew when the wedding would be.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 2 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS

TIME
PAST PRESENT FUTURE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1.   … 1.   (-s) … 1.  will  … 1.  would  …

INDEFINITE
( SIMPLE )

2.  did not … 2.  do not … 2.  will not … 2.  would not …

3. Did  …? 3. Does  …? 3. Will / Shall  …? 3. Would  ?
( CONTINUOUS )
PROGRESSIVE

1.  were  ing … 1.  am  ing … 1.  will be  ing … 1.  would be  ing …

2.  was not  ing 2.  is not  ing 2.  will not be  ing 2.  would not be  ing
3. Are   ing ? 3. Will / Shall  be  ing ?
3. Were   ing ? 3. Would  be ing ?

1.  had … 1.  have  … 1.  will have  …

PERFECT

… 1.  would have
2.  had not … 2.  has not ... 2.  will not have … 2.  would not have …
3. Had  …? 3. Have  …? 3. Will / Shall  have …? 3. Would  have …?

1.  had been  ing… 1.  have been  ing… 1.  will have been  ing… 1.  would have been  ing…
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT

2.  had not beening 2.  has not been ing 2.  will not have been ing 2.  wouldn’t have been ing

3. Had  been  ing ? 3. Have  been  ing? 3. Will  have been  ing ? 3. Would  have been  ing ?

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS
PRESENT TIME
PAST PRESENT FUTURE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1.  … 1.   (-s) … 1.  will  … 1.  would  …

INDEFINITE
( SIMPLE )

2.  did not … 2.  do not … 2.  will not … 2.  would not …

3. Did  …? 3. Does  …? 3. Will / Shall  …? 3. Would  ?
( CONTINUOUS )
PROGRESSIVE

1.  were  ing ... 1.  am  ing … 1.  will be  ing … 1.  would be  ing …

2.  was not  ing 2.  is not  ing 2.  will not be  ing 2.  would not be  ing
3. Are   ing ? 3. Will / Shall  be  ing ? 3. Would  be ing ?
3. Were   ing ?

1.  had … 1.  have  … 1.  will have  …

PERFECT

… 1.  would have
2.  had not … 2.  has not ... 2.  will not have … 2.  would not have …
3. Had  …? 3. Have  …? 3. Will / Shall  have …? 3. Would  have …?

1.  had been  ing… 1.  have been  ing… 1.  will have been  ing… 1.  would have been  ing…
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT

2.  had not beening 2.  has not been ing 2.  will not have been ing 2.  would not have been ing

3. Had  been  ing ? 3. Have  been  ing? 3. Will  have been  ing ? 3. Would  have been  ing ?

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS
PAST TIME
PAST PRESENT FUTURE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1.  … 1.   (-s) … 1.  will  … 1.  would  …

INDEFINITE
( SIMPLE )

2.  did not … 2.  do not … 2.  will not … 2.  would not …

3. Did  …? 3. Does  …? 3. Will / Shall  …? 3. Would  ?
( CONTINUOUS )
PROGRESSIVE

1.  were  ing ... 1.  am  ing … 1.  will be  ing … 1.  would be  ing …

2.  was not  ing 2.  is not  ing 2.  will not be  ing 2.  would not be  ing
3. Are   ing ? 3. Will / Shall  be  ing ? 3. Would  be ing ?
3. Were   ing ?

1.  had … 1.  have  … 1.  will have  …

PERFECT

… 1.  would have
2.  had not … 2.  has not ... 2.  will not have … 2.  would not have …
3. Had  …? 3. Have  …? 3. Will / Shall  have …? 3. Would  have …?

1.  had been  ing… 1.  have been  ing… 1.  will have been  ing… 1.  would have been  ing…
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT

2.  had not beening 2.  has not been ing 2.  will not have been ing 2.  would not have been ing

3. Had  been  ing ? 3. Have  been  ing? 3. Will  have been  ing ? 3. Would  have been  ing ?

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ENGLISH TENSES IN SIGNS
FUTURE TIME
PAST PRESENT FUTURE FUTURE-IN-THE-PAST

1.  … 1.   (-s) … 1.  will  … 1.  would  …

INDEFINITE
( SIMPLE )

2.  did not … 2.  do not … 2.  will not … 2.  would not …

3. Did  …? 3. Does  …? 3. Will / Shall  …? 3. Would  ?
( CONTINUOUS )
PROGRESSIVE

1.  were  ing … 1.  am  ing … 1.  will be  ing … 1.  would be  ing …

2.  was not  ing 2.  is not  ing 2.  will not be  ing 2.  would not be  ing
3. Are   ing ? 3. Will / Shall  be  ing ? 3. Would  be ing ?
3. Were   ing ?

1.  had … 1.  have  … 1.  will have  …

PERFECT

… 1.  would have
2.  had not … 2.  has not ... 2.  will not have … 2.  would not have …
3. Had  …? 3. Have  …? 3. Will / Shall  have …? 3. Would  have …?

1.  had been  ing… 1.  have been  ing… 1.  will have been  ing… 1.  would have been  ing…
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT

2.  had not beening 2.  has not been ing 2.  will not have been ing 2.  would not have been ing

3. Had  been  ing ? 3. Have  been  ing? 3. Will  have been  ing ? 3. Would  have been  ing ?

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ACTION AND NON-ACTION VERBS / STATIVE VERBS

Action Verbs NON-ACTION / STATIVE VERBS

SIMPLE FORM PROGRESSIVE FORM
They normally drive to work. Today they‘re taking the bus.
Senses (verbs of perception)
Feelings & Emotions
Most Non-Action Verbs Opinion & Thinking
SIMPLE FORM NO PROGRESSIVE FORM Wants & Preferences
People know he is a good employee. and other …
They want to understand his problem.
This building belongs to the company.

Some Non-Action Verbs

SIMPLE FORM (Stative Use) PROGRESSIVE FORM (Active Use)
I have a new cell phone. I‘m having problems with it.
She appears very happy about the job. She is appearing in a new play.
They think they need a new car. Please don‘t bother me; I‘m thinking.

Action Verbs + Adverb

He works constantly. The computer is working well today.

Some Non-Action Verbs THERE + BE Simple Form

+ Adjective (Stative Use) + Adverb (Active Use) There were many requests for a new version.
Your car looks good. He looked thoughtfully at the message. There are some problems with the invention.
The soup tastes delicious. You should taste that carefully — it‘s hot! There won’t be an alternative technology.
She feels bad about what she said. The doctor felt the bruise gently. There appears to be a need for a simple
device.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 3 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 NON-ACTION / STATIVE VERBS

SENSES
FEELINGS & EMOTIONS OPINION & THINKING
(verbs of perception)
catch*(=understand) admire* hope* (dis)agree hope*
(can) distinguish adore (it) impress* appreciate* hear of (= know about)
feel (it) appeal to* (it) interest* assume* imagine (= think) *
(can) hear* appreciate* like* (dis)believe know
(can) make out (it) astonish love* bet (informal) * mean
notice (it) attract* mean* (can't) comprehend, presume*(= suppose)
observe* believe in mind* (can't) conceive of realize*
perceive care about (it) please consider* recognize*
(can) see* dare* prefer (can't) credit recollect*
(can) smell* detest prize estimate* regard *
(can) taste* dislike regret* expect* remember
doubt respect* feel* see (= understand) *
WANTS & PREFERENCES
enjoy (can't) stand figure (AmE) see through*
desire
envy swear by* find* suppose*
fancy
esteem trust gather* suspect*
need
fear value* get it (= understand) (can't) tell*
prefer
feel* guess* (AmE) think (= believe) *
require
forgive hear* (= be told) understand
want
hate* hear about(= get to know) wonder
wish
OTHER constitute fit* measure* seem
add up (= make sense) contain happen to merit signify
(can) afford correspond to/with* have / have got number*(= reach total) (it)smell(of) *
appear (= seem) * cost* hold (= contain) * own, (it)sound(=seem) *
belong (to) count* (it) include* possess (it) stand for*
chance* depend* (it) involve* prove* (it) suit (= be suitable)
come about deserve keep –ing (it) read* (it) taste (of) *
come from (origin) differ from lack* represent* tend*
comprise equal look (= appear) * resemble weigh *
(it)concern exceed* (it) matter (it)result from
consist of excel in (it) mean (it)say
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
BE AND AUXILIARIES IN ADDITIONS, TAGS, AND SHORT ANSWERS

Additions Referring to Preceding Information

Statement Addition
You might think this is crazy. It is.
It sounds like it’s a ridiculous idea. It isn’t.
You wonder if he might be wrong. He is.
Some people believe in you. I‘m not sure I do.
See if you can solve it. Michael thinks you can.
He is working on this problem right now. At least he says he is.
Many of us have worked on this. All my friends have.

Additions of Similarity with So, Too, Neither, Not Either

Statement Addition
Michael is a good leader. So is Dennis.
Dennis is too.
Carolyn isn’t jealous of her siblings. Neither is Alice.
Alice isn’t either.
Annie doesn’t play sports. Karen doesn’t either.
George can’t ski. Neither can Martin.
George is studying engineering. So is Martin.
Annie has visited Japan several times. Karen has too.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 4 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 4 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc .

Additions of Contrast and Emphasis

Statement Addition
They‘re not rich, but they ARE* successful.
They‘re rich; however, they AREN’T powerful.
She‘s never studied Italian, but she CAN speak it fairly well.
He‘s had many years of German; he CAN’T speak it, though.
I don’t have a computer at home, but I DO use one at work.
We have a lot of money; still, we DON’T manage to be happy.
My mother is never home; she DOES keep in touch, however.
They didn’t go to college; they DID become successful, though.
* CAPITAL LETTERS are used here to show which words are stressed for emphasis.

Tag Questions
Statement Tag Short Answers
That‘s a good idea, isn’t it? it is.
I‘m late, aren’t I? you are.
You‘re working with Sam, aren’t you? I am.
Yes,
Jeff has worked hard for this, hasn’t he? he has.
We can visit your office, can’t we? you can.
Annie works at the lab, doesn’t she? she does.
That‘s not a good idea, is it? it‘s not.
I‘m not doing well, am I? you‘re not.
Jason hasn’t called, has he? No, he hasn’t.
They can’t come now, can they? they can’t.
Megan didn’t study, did she? she didn’t.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 4 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF NECESSITY
(RANGING FROM OBLIGATION TO NO OBLIGATION)

OBLIGATION (Necessity) NECESSITY

must must not 100%
You have to call them. You can’t call them.
have got to are not allowed to
couldn’t
You had to call them. You weren’t allowed to
call them.

ADVICE
had better
had better not
You should leave early. You shouldn’t
leave early.
ought to
should have
You ought to have left early. You shouldn’t have left early.

EXPECTATION
are supposed to are not supposed to
You are to take a gift. You are not to
do this.
were supposed to were not supposed to
You were to take a gift. You were not to
do this.

SUGGESTION
You could / might give roses.
could have
You might have given roses.

NO OBLIGATION (No Necessity)

You don’t have to call them. 0%
You didn’t have to call them. Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 5 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
MODALS TO EXPRESS DEGREES OF CERTAINTY

Speculations about the Present

must can’t / couldn’t
It be true. It be true.
has (got) to must not
may / might may not
It be true. It be true.
could might not

Speculations about the Past

can’t have
must have
It been true. It couldn’t have been true.
had to have
must not have
may have
may not have
It might have been true. It been true.
might not have
could have

Speculations about the Future

should
We solve it soon.
ought to
may
may not
We might solve it soon. We solve it soon.
might not
could

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 6 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
NOUNS

COMMON NOUNS PROPER NOUNS

The professor teaches nutrition. Professor Lee heads the Nutrition Institute.

Countable and Non-Countable Nouns

COUNT NOUNS NON-COUNT NOUNS
Article or Number Noun Verb Noun Verb
A / One snack is Rice nourishing.
refreshing. is
The / Two snacks are Nutrition important.
Nouns with Count and Non-Count Meanings
Count Meaning Non-Count Meaning
There‘s a hair in my soup! Sandra has black hair.
A chicken escaped from the henhouse. We had chicken for dinner.
My favorite works of art are from China. It takes work to prepare a meal.

Non-Count Nouns in Countable Form

Non-Count Noun Countable Form
I‘ll have tea. I‘ll have a cup of tea.
You need advice. Let me give you a piece of advice.
Let‘s play tennis. Let‘s play a game of tennis.
The stew needs more spice. There are several spices in this stew.
Fruit is nutritious. Many different fruits are grown in California.

Non-Count Nouns in Uncountable Use Non-Count Nouns in Countable Use

I‘d like some coffee. Please bring us two coffees.
Cheese is produced in France. Brie is a soft cheese.
The sun provides light. I see a light in the window.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 7 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
NON-COUNTABLE NOUNS

Non-count nouns are things that you cannot count Abstract words courage, education, time
separately. For example, in English you can say gold,
but you cannot say a gold or two golds. Activities exploring, sailing, farming
Fields of study geography, history
Non-count nouns usually have no plural forms.
Food corn, chocolate, fish
We usually do not use a/an with non-count nouns.
Gases air, oxygen, steam
To the right are some categories and examples of Liquids water, milk, coffee, gasoline
non-count nouns.
Materials cotton, plastic, silk
Natural forces cold, electricity, weather

Particles dust, sand, sugar, salt, rice

Some common non-count nouns do not fit into these advice furniture jewelry money
categories. clothing garbage luggage news
You must memorize nouns such as the ones to the equipment homework mail work
right. food information

► Be careful! Reed is a good material for boats.

Non-count nouns take singular verbs and pronouns. It floats in the heaviest storm.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
INDEFINITE AND DEFINITE ARTICLES

A/An: INDEFINITE ARTICLE

Non-Specific Generic
Singular Count Nouns He saw a statue at an exhibition. A statue is a three-dimensional figure.

Zero Article (NO ARTICLE)

Non-Specific Generic
Plural Count Nouns Easter Island has impressive statues. Statues are made in all shapes and sizes.
Non-Count Nouns The statues are made of stone. Stone is an important building material.
Ms. Johnson spent a year on Easter Island.
Proper Nouns She worked in Egypt and Hawaii.
She now lives in New York City.

The: DEFINITE ARTICLE

Specific Generic
He finally got a computer.
Singular Count Nouns The computer he got is good. The computer is a great invention.
It‘s the best computer in the world.
Plural Count Nouns The rain forests in America are being cut down. The rain forests are in danger everywhere.
Non-Count Nouns The stone from that quarry is very soft.
Proper Nouns She crossed the Sahara, visited the Pyramids, and sailed down the Nile.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 8 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
QUANTIFIERS

QUANTIFIERS with Count Nouns with Non-Count Nouns

One One store is open. X*
Each Each coin is valuable. X
Every Every bank is closed. X
Two Two stores are open. X
Both Both stores are nearby. X
A couple of She bought a couple of gifts. X
Several She bought several gifts. X
Few They have few investments. X
A few She has a few investments. X
Many Does he own many buildings? X
A great many He owns a great many buildings. X
Little X They have little money.
A little X She has a little money.
Much X Does he have much property?
A great deal of X He owns a great deal of property.

No They have no bonds. They have no insurance.

Any They don‘t have any bonds. They don‘t have any insurance.
Some They have some stocks. They have some cash.
Enough You have enough stocks. You have enough cash.
A lot of / Lots of He has a lot of / lots of clients. He has a lot of / lots of patience.
Plenty of He has plenty of clients. He has plenty of patience.
Most Most banks are safe. Most work is useful.
All All banks are insured. All work is tiring.

X = quantifier not used

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 9 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
MODIFICATION OF NOUNS / ADJECTIVES WORD ORDER

Adjective Modifier Noun Modifier Head Noun

Winter Olympics.
wonderful athletes.
I remember the
amazing hockey games.
unexpected U.S. victory.

Order of Adjective Modifiers

Opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin Material
I saw a great new French movie.
I met its fascinating young Chinese director.
She had large round jade earrings.
She wore a long red silk dress.

Several Adjective Modifiers

Different Modifier Categories Same Modifier Category
A serious, profound, and heartwarming movie
A great new epic movie A serious, profound, heartwarming movie
A heartwarming, profound, serious movie

Compound Modifiers
scenes.
The movie has lots of computer-generated strange-looking
creatures.
girl.
The main character is a 10-year-old long-haired, short-legged
boy.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 10 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES:
REVIEW AND EXPANSION

Adjective Clauses: Placement

Main Clause Adjective Clause
Noun / Pronoun Relative Pronoun
They met a woman who teaches psychology.
I‘ve read everything that discusses her work.

Main . . . Adjective Clause . . . Clause

Noun / Pronoun Relative Pronoun
The woman who teaches psychology is also a writer.
Everything that discusses her work is very positive.

Relative Pronouns: Who, Whom, Which, That

Subjects: Who, Which, That
PEOPLE THINGS
I have a friend who loves to talk. This is a book which is useful.
I have friends that love to talk. These are books that are useful.

Objects: Who, Which, That

PEOPLE THINGS
who(m) which
This is the doctor that we consulted. This is the test that he gave us.
Ø Ø

Ø – no pronoun
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 11 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Whose to Indicate Possession

Whose + Noun
PEOPLE THINGS
She is the woman whose son is so famous. It‘s the book whose reviews were so good.

She is the woman whose son I am tutoring. It‘s the book whose reviews I have just read.

Where and When in Adjective Clauses

WHERE WHEN
Place Time
(when)
I remember the café where we met. I remember the day (that) we parted.
Ø

Adjective Clauses: Identifying or Nonidentifying

Identifying Clause Nonidentifying Clause

NO COMMAS COMMAS
The woman who / that created the test studied Katharine Briggs, who created the test, studied
psychology. psychology.
The test which / that / Ø she created describes The Myers-Briggs test, which she created, describes
personality types. personality types.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 11 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
WITH PREPOSITIONS, QUANTIFIERS, OR NOUNS; ADJECTIVE PHRASES
Adjective Clauses with Prepositions
Main Clause Adjective Clause
People / Things Preposition Relative Pronoun Preposition
to whom she was talking.
who(m)
He‘s the actor
that she was talking to.
Ø*
for which he works.
which
It‘s the studio
that he works for.
Ø
That‘s the director whose movies I told you about.
That‘s the movie director I spoke of. Ø = no pronoun

Adjective Clauses with Quantifiers

Main Clause Adjective Clause
People / Things Quantifier Of Relative Pronoun
all
I have many friends, most whom are actors.
a number
I was in a lot of movies, some which were successes.
of
a few
That‘s the director, whose movies are classics.
several
That‘s the movie, a couple actors got awards.
two
(continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc. GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

Adjective Clauses with Nouns

Main Clause Adjective Clause

Things Noun Of Which
He made comedies, an example is Some Like It Hot.
of which
I love that series, an episode she directed.

Reducing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases

Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase
He‘s the actor who’s from the film school. He‘s the actor from the film school.
I saw the film which is based on that book. I saw the film based on that book.
That‘s the man who was in charge of lighting. That‘s the man in charge of lighting.
I read the scripts that are on my desk. I read the scripts on my desk.

Changing Adjective Clauses to Adjective Phrases

Adjective Clause Adjective Phrase

He‘s the actor who plays the king. He‘s the actor playing the king.
Troy is an epic which stars Brad Pitt. Troy is an epic starring Brad Pitt.
It‘s a love story that takes place in Rome. It‘s a love story taking place in Rome.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 12 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
THE PASSIVE: REVIEW & EXPANSION

ACTIVE SENTENCES PASSIVE SENTENCES

Subject Verb Object Subject Be +  (Past Participle)
(By + Agent)

Cooper hijacked the plane. The plane was hijacked by Cooper.

Someone found the bills. The bills were found.

PASSIVE VERB FORMS

Be (not)  (Past Participle)

Simple Present is (not)

Present Progressive is (not) being
Simple Past was (not)
Past Progressive was (not) being
will (not) be
Future The crime investigated (by the new team).
is (not) going to be
Present Perfect has (not) been
Past Perfect had (not) been
Future Perfect will (not) have been

Focus on Grammar
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
PASSIVE VOICE IN SIGNS

to BE + 
PASSIVE ▲ - to BE as a help verb  SAMPLE SENTENCES

PRESENT INDEFINITE / SIMPLE AM / IS / ARE Every day English texts are translated by our students.

PAST INDEFINITE / SIMPLE WAS / WERE This exercise was written yesterday.

FUTURE INDEFINITE WILL / SHALL BE The book will be read next week by him.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS AM / IS / ARE BEING The window is being cleaned by her now.

PAST CONTINUOUS WAS / WERE BEING The flowers were being watered when I came in.

PRESENT PERFECT HAVE / HAS BEEN

+  This task has already been done by us.

PAST PERFECT HAD BEEN The room had been cleaned before she returned.

FUTURE PERFECT WILL HAVE BEEN By Monday the work will have been finished by him.

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS HAS / HAVE BEEN BEING I have been being told (by her) for ages about it.

WOULD BE They said the work would be finished the next day.
FUTURE-IN-THE PAST FORMS
WOULD HAVE BEEN She said the work would have been finished by 7 p.m.

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

The Passive with Modals

Modals Be / have been  (Past Participle)
can (not)
may (not)
might (not)
The case should (not) be reopened in the future.
ought (not) to
must (not)
had better (not)
could (not)
might (not)
The case must (not) have been reopened years ago.
should (not)
ought (not) to

The Passive Causative

Subject Have / Get Object  (Past Participle)
(By + Agent)
We had the evidence checked by experts.
She has had the note analyzed.
They got the report printed by professionals.
He is going to get a copy made.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 13 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
THE PASSIVE TO DESCRIBE SITUATIONS AND TO REPORT OPINIONS
DESCRIBING SITUATIONS or STATES (Stative Passive)
ACTIVE SENTENCES PASSIVE SENTENCES
Subject Be + Past Participle Prepositional Phrase (By + Agent)
The people are related (to each other).
NOT USED The country is composed of two regions.
The island is connected to the mainland. Ø*
The capital was located in the south.
Ø = these forms do not occur.
REPORTING OPINIONS or IDEAS
Active Sentences
Subject Verb That Clause
say
think
Some anthropologists believe (that) the people came from the East.
allege
Passive Sentences with It + That Clause
It Be+ Past Participle (By + Agent) That Clause
is said
is thought
It is believed
(by some anthropologists) (that) the people came from the East.
is alleged
Passive Sentences with To Phrase
Subject Be + Past Participle (By + Agent) To Phrase
are said
are thought
The people are believed (by some anthropologists) to have come from the East.
are alleged
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
GERUNDS
Gerund as Subject Gerund as Object
Gerund (Subject) Verb Object Subject Verb Gerund (Object)
Kayaking involves some risks. They enjoy kayaking.
Swimming builds endurance. I went swimming.
Not inviting him will cause resentment. We don‘t advise not inviting him.
Gerund as Subject Complement Gerund as Object Complement
Subject Verb Gerund (Subject Complement) Subject Verb Object Gerund (Object Complement)
My sport is skiing. He spends time reading.
His problem is not exercising. She found him not working.
Gerund as Object of a Preposition
Preposition Gerund
She insists on going out every weekend.
He‘s accustomed to giving parties.
They have a reason for not inviting Michael.

Possessive + Gerund Possessive Gerund

Emily‘s
her
Bob and Helen worry about having so few friends.
the children‘s
their
Active and Passive Gerunds
ACTIVE GERUNDS PASSIVE GERUNDS
SIMPLE Inviting them to her wedding was a nice gesture on her part. Being invited to her wedding was a great surprise to them.
PAST Having invited them to her wedding made her feel good. Having been invited to her wedding is a fond memory for them.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 15 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
INFINITIVES
Infinitive as Subject Infinitive as Object
Infinitive (Subject) Verb Object Subject Verb Infinitive (Object)
To procrastinate causes a lot of problems. Not everyone wants to procrastinate.
Not to go ahead proved a mistake. He decided not to go ahead.
Infinitive as Subject Complement
Subject Verb Infinitive (Subject Complement)
His job is to motivate people.
Their real intention is not to succeed.

It + Infinitive
It Be Adjective (For / Of+ Noun / Pronoun) Infinitive
It is foolish (for Alice / her) to procrastinate.
It was wrong (of Hal / him) not to go ahead.

Verbs Followed by Infinitives

Verb (Noun / Pronoun) Infinitive
They decided / hoped / neglected, etc. Ø*
convinced / told / urged, etc. Steve / him to call.
expected / needed / wanted, etc. (Steve / him) Ø = not used

Adjectives Followed by Infinitives

Adjective Infinitive
Hal is reluctant to complete his work on time.
He‘s careful not to make mistakes.
They‘re happy to hear the test has been postponed.
 Nouns Followed by Infinitives
Noun Infinitive
He can always think of reasons to put off studying.
It seems like the thing to do.
She always shows reluctance to finish a job.

Too / Enough with Infinitives

Too + Adjective / Adverb Infinitive
The project is too complicated to finish on time.
Alice types too slowly to meet the deadline.
Adjective / Adverb + Enough Infinitive
Steve is intelligent enough to understand the situation.
He didn‘t call quickly enough to get the job.
Enough + Noun Infinitive
enough intelligence
They have to pass the test.
intelligence enough

Active and Passive Infinitives

Active Infinitives Passive Infinitives
Simple She plans to invite them. They expect to be invited.
Past She was glad to have invited them. They were happy to have been invited.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 16 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund (Base Form of Verb + -ing)
acknowledge consider endure give up (stop) miss quit resist
admit delay enjoy imagine postpone recall risk
advise deny escape justify practice recommend suggest
appreciate detest explain keep (continue) prevent regret support
avoid discontinue feel like mention prohibit report tolerate
can't help discuss finish mind (object to) propose resent understand
celebrate dislike forgive

Common Verbs Followed by the Infinitive (To + Base Form of Verb)

afford can('t) afford expect hurry neglect promise volunteer
agree can('t) wait fail intend offer refuse wait
appear choose grow learn pay request want
arrange consent help manage plan seem wish
ask decide hesitate mean prepare struggle would like
attempt deserve hope need pretend swear yearn

Verbs Followed by Objects and the Infinitive

advise challenge encourage get need* persuade require want*
allow cheese* expect* help* order promise* teach warn
ask* convince forbid hire pay* remind tell wish*
cause enable force invite permit request* urge would like*

* These verbs can also be followed by the infinitive without an object (example: ask to leave or ask someone to leave).
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
Common Verbs Followed by the Gerund or the Infinitive
begin continue hate love remember* stop*
can't stand forget* like prefer start try
* These verbs can be followed by either the gerund or the infinitive but there is a big difference in meaning.

Common Verb + Preposition Combinations

admit to believe in count on insist on plan on talk about
advise against choose between deal with look forward to rely on think about
apologize for among dream about / of object to resort to wonder about
approve of complain about feel like / about pay for succeed in worry about

Common Adjective + Preposition Combinations

accustomed to bored with / by famous for opposed to sick of
afraid of capable of fed up with pleased about slow at
amazed at / by careful of fond of ready for sorry for / about
angry at concerned about glad about responsible for surprised at / about / by
ashamed of content with good at sad about terrible at
aware of curious about happy about safe from tired of
awful at different from interested in satisfied with used to
bad at excited about nervous about shocked at / by worried about

Common Adjectives that Can Be Followed by the Infinitive*

afraid anxious depressed disturbed encouraged happy pleased reluctant surprised
alarmed ashamed determined eager excited hesitant proud sad touched
amazed curious disappointed easy fortunate likely ready shocked upset
angry delighted distressed embarrassed glad lucky relieved sorry willing

• Example: I'm happy to hear that.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ADVERBS: FUNCTIONS, TYPES, PLACEMENT, AND MEANING

Adverb Functions
To Modify Verbs The topic often causes controversy.
To Modify Adjectives The topic is extremely controversial.
To Modify Other Adverbs He treated the topic very fairly.
To Modify Entire Sentences Unfortunately, the topic is controversial.

Adverb Types
Manner Some think he presents issues dishonestly.
Time Military service for women has become controversial recently.
Place The director found a new position there.
Frequency The program‘s subjects are often unpopular.

Sentence Adverbs: Placement

Beginning Clearly, these are bitter controversies.
Middle These are clearly bitter controversies.
End These are bitter controversies, clearly.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 17 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 Focus Adverbs: Placement and Meaning
just don‘t They think he‘s wrong.
They support what he says.
don‘t just They agree with him 100%.
Even she can do that. Anyone can do that task.
She can do even that. It‘s amazing how many things she can do.
Only men can Women can‘t.
participate.
Men can only They can‘t do anything else.

Negative Adverbs: Placement and Inversion

We rarely
agree on such things.
Rarely do we
I have seldom
heard that idea.
Seldom have I
They never disagreed
with him.
Never did they disagree

Adverbs and Adverbials

Adverbs Adverbials
The participants came here.
downtown.
The debate was broadcast recently.
this morning.
Everyone talked excitedly.
with enthusiasm.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 17 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ADVERB CLAUSES
PLACEMENT and PUNCTUATION
Main Clause Adverb Clause
We watched TV a lot when the Olympics were on.
Tickets cost more because athletes earn so much.
Adverb Clause Main Clause
When the Olympics were on, we watched TV a lot.
Because athletes earn so much, tickets cost more.
TYPES
Adverb Clauses of TIME
Before I played basketball, I was a soccer player.
The coach met with her players after the game was over.
While the team was on the field, the fans cheered continuously.
Adverb Clauses of PLACE
I‘ve seen children playing soccer everywhere I’ve been outside the U.S.
Anywhere you go, sports stars are national heroes.
I work out at a gym wherever I travel.
Adverb Clauses of REASON
Since she plays well, I want her on our team.
He was unable to play in the final game as he had hurt his ankle.
Now that television covers the games, billions of people can see the Olympics.
Adverb Clauses of CONDITION
Unless the tickets cost too much, we‘ll go to the game next Saturday.
You‘ll be comfortable inside the dome even if it’s cold and raining outside.
Only if she wins the gold medal will she get a professional contract.
Adverb Clauses of CONTRAST
They won the game, though they didn’t really deserve the victory.
Although their team is talented, they just didn‘t win.
Swimmers are rarely injured, whereas hockey players are often hurt.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
ADVERB AND ADVERBIAL PHRASES
Reducing Adverb Clauses of TIME to Adverb Phrases
Adverb Clause Adverb Phrase
While they were in Italy, While in Italy,
they had trouble. they had trouble.
While I was in Italy, Ø*
When I am traveling, When traveling,
I keep a journal. I keep a journal.
When Sue is traveling, Ø Ø = no change possible

Changing Adverb Clauses of TIME to Adverb Phrases

Adverb Clause Adverb Phrase
Before we left, Before leaving,
we visited Rome. we visited Rome.
Before Ann left, Ø
After investigating, the police identified the
After they (had) investigated, the police identified the killers.
After having investigated, killers.
On / Upon seeing Reg many Italians were
When they saw Reg speak, many Italians were moved.
speak, moved.

Changing Adverb Clauses of TIME to Adverbial Phrases

Adverb Clause Adverbial Phrase
While they waited at the hospital, they were deeply troubled. Waiting at the hospital, they were deeply troubled.
After they heard the news, they decided what to do. Hearing the news, they decided what to do.

Changing Adverb Clauses of REASON to Adverbial Phrases

Adverb Clause Adverbial Phrase
As he saw the guns, he chose to flee. Seeing the guns, he chose to flee.
Because they were unable to catch him, the pursuers fired several shots. Being unable to catch him, the pursuers fired ….
Because I’ve been to Bari, I hope to return. I hope to return.
Having been to Bari,
Because I’d been to Bari, I hoped to return. I hoped to return.
Since they were accused by the police, they had to appear in court. Accused by the police, they had to appear in court.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 19 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
CONNECTORS

Connectors: PLACEMENT and PUNCTUATION

TYPE OF CONNECTOR EXAMPLES
Coordinating Conjunction I was worried, so I did some research.
Because I was worried, I did some research.
Subordinating Conjunction
I did some research because I was worried.
I was worried. Therefore, I did some research.
Transition I was worried. I, therefore, did some research.
I was worried. I did some research, therefore.

Connectors: FUNCTIONS
FUNCTION COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS TRANSITIONS

besides, furthermore, indeed,

Addition and, nor, or
in addition, moreover
Condition or if, even if, only if, unless otherwise
however, nevertheless,
although, though, while,
Contrast but, or, yet nonetheless, on the contrary,
even though, whereas,
on the other hand
Cause / Reason for as, because, since
consequently, otherwise,
Effect/ Result so
therefore, thus
Time after, before, when, while afterwards, meanwhile, next
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 20 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Transitions: CONNECTING SENTENCES

FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES
She couldn‘t remember names. Furthermore, she forgot addresses.
Addition
Human brains lose mass. Indeed, they may lose 10 percent a year.
Condition Older people should eat several small meals a day. Otherwise, their memory might deteriorate.
I often have trouble with names. However, I always remember faces.
Contrast
We all forget things. Nevertheless, we shouldn‘t worry.
I wasn‘t concentrating when we met. Consequently, I couldn‘t recall her name.
Effect/ Result
He wanted to improve his memory. Therefore, he took a memory course.
He studied for his course. Meanwhile, his wife read a book.
Time
She completed the book. Next, she bought a memory video.

Transitions: CONNECTING BLOCKS of TEXT

FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES

Listing Ideas in Order of Time / Importance First of all, we need to distinguish between two types of memory.
Giving Examples For example, you need to stay mentally active.
Summarizing To summarize: Memory improvement requires work.
Adding a Conclusion In conclusion, we can prevent the deterioration of memory.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 20 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
NOUN CLAUSES: SUBJECTS, OBJECTS, AND COMPLEMENTS
Noun Clauses beginning with That
Subject Object
That she loves them is obvious. You can see (that) she loves them.
That they give gifts is unfortunate. She knows (that) they give gifts.
Complement
Subject Complement The problem was (that) the car was so expensive.
Adjective Complement It is important (that) people develop a sense of humor.
Noun Clauses beginning with Question Words
Subject Object
What I should give her is obvious. I wonder what I should give her.
Why he did that wasn‘t evident. Can you explain why he did that?
Complement
Subject Complement The mystery is how he could afford the car.
Adjective Complement It‘s amusing what she did with the bird.
Noun Clauses beginning with Whether or If
Subject Object
Whether she’ll like it is hard to tell. I wonder whether / if she’ll like it.
I care whether / if it’s useful (or not).
Whether it’s useful or not matters to me.
about whether (or not) it’s useful.
Complement
Subject Complement The issue is whether she needs such costly gifts.
Adjective Complement He‘s uncertain whether she‘ll like it.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
INDIRECT SPEECH
Direct and Indirect Speech: STATEMENTS
DIRECT SPEECH
Subject Reporting Verb Direct Statement
―The report is wrong.‖
She said, ―Candidate A leads in the polls.‖
―The Blues were defeated.‖

INDIRECT SPEECH
Subject Reporting Verb Noun / Pronoun Indirect Statement
said Ø* the report was wrong.
She (that) Candidate A led in the polls.
told Aaron / him
the Blues had been defeated. * Ø = not used.

Direct and Indirect Speech: QUESTIONS

Direct Speech: YES / NO QUESTIONS
Subject Reporting Verb Direct Question
―Have you read the paper?‖
The reporter asked,
―Do you think they are going to win?‖

Indirect Speech: YES / NO QUESTIONS

Subject Reporting Verb Noun / Pronoun Indirect Question
if she had read the paper.
The reporter asked (Juana) (her) whether
(or not) she thought they were going to win.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 22 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

Direct Speech: Wh- Questions

Subject Reporting Verb Direct Question
―Where do you vote?‖
The mayor asked,
―Who is ahead in the race?‖

Indirect Speech: Wh- Questions

Subject Reporting Verb Noun / Pronoun Indirect Question
(Mr. Andrews) (him) where he voted.
The mayor asked
who was ahead in the race.

VERB CHANGES in Indirect Speech

DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Verb Verb
report reported
am reporting was reporting
reported
have reported had reported
He said, ―I had reported the news.‖ He said (that) he the news.

will report would report

can report could report
should report should report

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 22 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
OTHER CHANGES in INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT SPEECH INDIRECT SPEECH
Pronouns ―Andy, are you listening?‖ Mary asked. Mary asked Andy if he was listening.
Possessives The boss said, ―Sue, bring your camera.‖ The boss told Sue to bring her camera.
This ―Can I have this film?‖ Sam asked. Sam asked if he could have that film.
Here Mrs. Brown asked, ―Will you be here?‖ Mrs. Brown asked if I would be there.
Ago ―We came a year ago,‖ Jim said. Jim said (that) they had come one year previously / before.
Now Bob asked, ―Are you leaving now?‖ Bob asked if I was leaving then.
Today ―I need to work today,‖ Jack said. Jack said (that) he needed to work that day.
Yesterday He asked, ―Did you call yesterday?‖ He asked if I had called the previous day / the day before.
Tomorrow ―Are you arriving tomorrow?‖Sarah asked. Sarah asked if we were arriving the next day.

place here  there time now  then, immediately

this  that today  that day
these  those tonight  that night
this week  that week
verbs can  could tomorrow  the next day, the following day
may  might next week  the following week
must  must, had to the day after tomorrow  two days later
will  would ago  before
come  go yesterday  the day before, the previous day
bring  take the day before yesterday  two days before

Focus on Grammar English Grammar in Signs

 REQUESTS, ORDERS GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

told 1 She told him to call on her as soon as possible.

asked 2 He asked me to give him a hand.
warned 3 She warned them not to walk on the ice as it wasn‘t thick.
She me
to 
begged 4 He begged me not to tell them the truth about the accident.
He invited us 5 They invited us to come in and look round.
advised not to  6 She reminded me to switch all the lights.
reminded 7 I have been told to wait for her.
instructed 8 He said not to wait for him. (the informal use)

STATEMENTS
said 1 He said (that) he found the book interesting.
told (me)   2 She told him she was going home.
He pointed out  was ing 3 Ann pointed out that I had made a mistake in my test.
exclaimed 4 He exclaimed with delight that he had passed the exam.
She admitted that
 had  5 She hoped we would have a good time in the mountains.
6
 would 
agreed I remarked that my door was being painted at the moment.
Ann 7 He explained that the bus had broken down.
hoped
remarked  should  8 She complained the alarm clock had stopped the day before.
explained 9 He suggested that we should leave the town at once.

QUESTIONS
 () … . No inversion in the ‗question‘ clause
if
…the cold wind was still blowing.
He asked (me) whether …the apples in the orchard were ripe.
…we had done our lessons.
She wondered what …she was going to be.
Ann wanted to know where …they had been all that time.
why …we didn‘t want to go there.
how …she would go to Spain.
who …had done the task.
English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
CONDITIONALS: OTHER WAYS TO EXPRESS UNREALITY

PRESENT and FUTURE REAL CONDITIONALS (ZERO / TYPE I)

PRESENT CONDITIONALS FUTURE CONDITIONALS
If Clause Result Clause If Clause Result Clause
If it is hot, I drink iced tea. If it rains, we will close the windows.
If it isn’t hot, I don’t drink iced tea. If it doesn’t rain, we won’t close the windows.

PRESENT UNREAL CONDITIONALS (TYPE II)

Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause Result Clause
It is rarely hot in Antarctica. If it were hot in Antarctica,
It is usually hot in Egypt. If it weren’t hot in Egypt,
it would be unusual.
It rarely rains in the Sahara. If it rained in the Sahara,
It usually rains in the jungle. If it didn’t rain in the jungle,

PAST UNREAL CONDITIONALS (TYPE III)

Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause Result Clause
They stopped, so they were late. If they hadn’t stopped, they wouldn’t have been late.
They didn’t stop, so they weren’t late. If they had stopped, they would have been late.
They helped the man, so he sent a gift. If they hadn’t helped the man, he wouldn’t have sent a gift.
They didn’t help the man, so he didn’t send a gift. If they had helped the man, he would have sent a gift.

Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 23 (continued) Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.

“MIXED” CONDITIONALS
Actual Situations Conditionals
If Clause Result Clause
past present
He didn’t have children, so he is alone.
If he had had children, he wouldn’t be alone.
His memory is not good, so he didn’t buy his present past
medicine. If his memory were good, he would have bought his medicine.

type III type I

He would have been rich by now … if he is as clever as you think him to be.
type III type II
She wouldn’t have said that …….. if she knew you better.
type II type III
He would be better off now …….. if he had had your advantages.
type I type II
She won’t be on time …………... if she missed the bus.

Other Ways to Express Unreality

Actual Situations Wish / If only Statement
She wishes (that) she wouldn’t miss the sale.
She will miss the sale.
If only she wouldn’t miss the sale.
They wish (that) they could buy the chest of drawers.
They can’t buy the chest of drawers.
If only they could buy the chest of drawers.
They wish (that) they hadn’t arrived late.
They arrived late.
If only they hadn’t arrived late.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 23 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

ACTION

TYPE
TIME MAIN CLAUSE if - CLAUSE CONDITIONALS IN SIGNS
Universal
ALWAYS

Truth
My father gives me a lift if I get up late.
   (-s) if   (-s) If she can’t fall asleep, she reads a book

if   (-s) We‘ll go for a walk if the weather is fine.

condition
REAL

will 
FUTURE / PRESENT

I  when They will do it when she arrives.

unless They will do it before she arrives.
as soon as They will do it as soon as she arrives.

  She would go abroad if she lost her job.

HALF-REAL

would
 If he was / were taller, he would become a policeman.
condition

could if 
If she were here now, she could be helping us.
II might
I wish I knew her phone number.
-- I wish   I wish they would stop playing the music so loudly.
 would have

UNREAL
condition

if  had We would have saved time if we had gone by car.


PAST

could have
III
-- I wish  had  I wish it had been warmer yesterday.

 would have  if   (-s)

 would have  if  
MIXED
 would  if  had 
 will  if  
English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg
 GRAMMAR PRESENTATION
MORE CONDITIONS: THE SUBJUNCTIVE
IMPLIED CONDITIONS
Nonstandard Condition (= Implied Condition) Result Clause
With a bit of luck, (If we have a bit of luck,) we‘ll find a place for her.
Without your help, (If you hadn’t helped,) I wouldn’t have succeeded.
But for his pension, (If he didn’t have a pension,) he‘d have no income.
She might be lucky; if so, (If she is lucky,) she‘ll meet some new friends.
He might get the chance; if not, (If he doesn’t get the chance,) he won’t retire.
She is lonely; otherwise, (If she weren’t lonely,) she wouldn’t need company.
INVERTED CONDITIONS
Inverted Condition (= Standard Condition) Result Clause
Were he in love, (If he were in love,) he would get married.
Were he not in love, (If he weren’t in love,) he wouldn’t get married.
Had I seen her, (If I had seen her,) I would have called you.
Should we do it, (If we should do it,) we will celebrate.
The SUBJUNCTIVE in Noun Clauses
Verbs of Advice, Necessity, and Urgency + SUBJUNCTIVE
Main Clause Noun Clause
The doctor suggested (that) Frank switch medications.
The boss demanded (that) Rosa arrive at work by 9:00.
The fireman insisted (that) she leave the burning building immediately.
Adjectives of Advice, Necessity, and Urgency + SUBJUNCTIVE
Main Clause Noun Clause
It is advisable (that) he arrive one-half hour before the appointment.
It is mandatory (that) no one enter the building without a permit.
It is urgent (that) she get to the hospital at once.
Focus on Grammar 5 Unit 24 Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.
 Action referred to
MOOD MEANING PAST PRESENT FUTURE
NOTES

мала імовірність  If …
Suppositional GB If you should meet her, tell her to phone me.
SHOULD
„щоб не‖ SHOULD  Lest … She closed the door lest the children should catch cold.

1. It is necessary (that) he should go there at once.

SHOULD It is ordered
сумнівна, але
бажана дія, що має HAVE  SHOULD  necessary It is necessary (that) he go there at once.

відбутися згідно important

наказу, прохання desirable
Subjunctive I USA

recommended He demanded that we should be attentive.

необхідна, that… He demanded that we be attentive.
бажана дія,

He proposes It was important that he remain at school.
яка може
2. відбутись
requests
/ be, have, be done / advises that…

,,щоб не‖ /рідко/ Lest … Mary dreaded lest he come in.

нереальне бажання I wish … I wish you were here.
„Час / Пора…‖ It‘s time… It‘s (high) time we went home.
Subjunctive II

„наче, ніби‖ As if … As though… They spoke as if she were not there.

3. бажана дія, що
суперечить
дійсності
HAD   If only … If only he looked different.

нереальна дія If … If I were you I wouldn‘t think about it.

нездійсненна умова SHOULD If you hadn‘t come we would never have met.
WOULD
дія не відбулася SHOULD / WOULD  …but… He’d have bought a map but the shop was closed.

Conditional

„якби не...‖ HAVE But for … But for the rain we would work in the garden today.
„наче, ніби...‖ WOULD  As if… The sky looked as if it would never clear…
4.
малоймовірно- WOULD I wish she would come home.
здійсненне I wish …
бажання COULD  I wish you could give it to me.

English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg

 WORD ORDER GRAMMAR PRESENTATION

1. (+) affirmative 1.  () ….

2. ( - ) negative 2.   not ….
3. (?) interrogative 3.   …?

 ()  (whom) (what ) (how) (where ) (when ). 1. She spoke English fluently at the lesson yesterday.
+ affirmative
   ( )  … . 2. Yesterday she spoke English fluently at the lesson.
Declarative

  not … . 3. He does not speak English fluently.

.  () never … . 4. I have never been to Paris.
- negative
 () hardly… . 5. She can hardly read English.
  no …. 6. The boy has no friends at school.
general   … ? 7. Did she speak English at the lesson yesterday?
alternative   … or … ? 8. Did she speak English or Russian ?
Interrogative

 ()  …, not ? 9. The boy is speaking English, isn’t he ?

disjunctive
?   not  …,  ? 10. You have never been to Paris, have you ?
When
11. Where have you been all this time ?
special Where    … ?
Who (What) (-s)… ? 12. Who has been to Paris ?
…! 13. Go out ! You go out!
+ Let‘s …! 14. Let’s go to the cinema !

Do  … !! 15. Do go out !!
Imperative

!? Will you  …, please ? 16. Will you go out, please?!

? Would you  … ? 17. Would you go out and ask him to wait ?

Let‘s not  … ! 18. Let’s not go to the disco tonight !

- Don‘t …! 19. Don’t go there tonight !!
What a lovely girl (nice weather) ! 20. What a pretty woman ! What nasty weather !
! Exclamatory
How beautiful it was there ! 21. How nice of you !
English Grammar in Signs Copyright © 2009 by lanagreg