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    Quantum

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    Thakuri Praveen Chand
    Pauli spin matrices are 2x2 complex matrices that have two eigenvalues (+1, -1), are traceless, Hermitian, unitary, and anti-commute with a determinant of -1. They together with the identity matrix form a basis in 2x2 matrix spin space. The Pauli spin matrices exhibit anti-commutation relations and obey the canonical anti-commutation relation, corresponding to the anti-symmetric nature of fermionic wave functions like electrons.

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    Quantum

    Uploaded by

    Thakuri Praveen Chand
    220 views15 pages
    Pauli spin matrices are 2x2 complex matrices that have two eigenvalues (+1, -1), are traceless, Hermitian, unitary, and anti-commute with a determinant of -1. They together with the identity matrix form a basis in 2x2 matrix spin space. The Pauli spin matrices exhibit anti-commutation relations and obey the canonical anti-commutation relation, corresponding to the anti-symmetric nature of fermionic wave functions like electrons.

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    Pauli spin matrices are 2x2 complex matrices that have two eigenvalues (+1, -1), are traceless, Hermitian, unitary, and anti-commute with a determinant of -1. They together with the identity matrix form a basis in 2x2 matrix spin space. The Pauli spin matrices exhibit anti-commutation relations and obey the canonical anti-commutation relation, corresponding to the anti-symmetric nature of fermionic wave functions like electrons.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    220 views15 pages

    Quantum

    Uploaded by

    Thakuri Praveen Chand
    Pauli spin matrices are 2x2 complex matrices that have two eigenvalues (+1, -1), are traceless, Hermitian, unitary, and anti-commute with a determinant of -1. They together with the identity matrix form a basis in 2x2 matrix spin space. The Pauli spin matrices exhibit anti-commutation relations and obey the canonical anti-commutation relation, corresponding to the anti-symmetric nature of fermionic wave functions like electrons.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Pauli spin matrices are complex, traceless,

    Hermitian, unitary, anti-commuting with the


    determinant '-1' and have two eigenvalues +1
    and -1. Explain the physical meaning of each.
    AND
    Show that Pauli spin matrix together with
    identity matrix make basis in 2 x 2 matrix spin
    space.
    We already discussed it!

    State sixth postulate of Quantum


    Mechanics and set up eigenvalue
    equations for the components of
    spin vectors. Use these eigenvalue
    equations and find Pauli Spin
    matrices.
    6th postulate

    Identical property
    of ladder operator
    Basic
    Two eigenvalues
    Properties
    >> Pauli matrices have two
    eigenvalues: +1 and -1.
    They are traceless.
    >> Sum of the eigenvalue is the
    trace (sum of the diagonal
    elements is zero).
    Determinant is ‘-1’
    >> Product of eigenvalue is the
    determinant.
    Linear, Hermitian & Unitary
    Properties (1) sx2 = sy2 = sz2 = I 1
    (2) s2 = sx2 + sy2 + sz2= 3I
    (3) sx sy sz= iI 2
    (4) s+2 = s-2 = 0 (s± = sx ± isy)
    (5) s+s- = (I + sz) 3
    (6) s-s+ = (I - sz)
    (7) s+s- + s-s+ = 4I 4
    You can see here that the multiplication of Pauli
    spin matrices yield identity matrix in various ways.
    Therefore, the identity matrix is sometimes called
    zeroth Pauli matrix (s0)
    Show that Pauli spin matrix together with identity matrix
    make basis in 2x2 matrix spin space.
    The set {sx, sy, sz, I} forms a basis in 2 x 2 matrix
    spin space only when
    (a) These are linearly independent with each other.
    (b) These vectors should span matrix space.
    (a) Consider a equation,
    5
    Here sx, sy, sz, and I are linearly independent if
    a=b=g=k=0
    On solving,
    we get >>
    Therefore, sx, sy, sz, and I are linearly
    independent.
    (b) Consider an arbitrary matrix of 2 x 2 matrix space,

    If the set {sx, sy, sz, I} span the above matrix space, then A
    must uniquely be expressed as a linear combination of
    On solving, we get

    Thus we can uniquely express A as,

    Therefore, Pauli spin matrix together with identity matrix


    span basis in 2 x 2 matrix spin space.
    Commutation??
    (1) sxsy= -sysx = isz
    (2) sysz= -szsy = isx 1
    (3) szsx= -sxsz = isy

    Anti-commutation
    sxsy + sysx = 0
    Lets try to understand [sxsy]+= 0
    anti-commutation
    property………………..
    [sysz]+= 0 & [szsx]+= 0
    All of them (equ. 1) can be written in a compact form,
    2
    Anti-symmetric part Symmetric part
    All of them (equ. 1) can be written in a compact form,
    2
    Anti-symmetric part Symmetric part
    Here,

    Even permutation: Odd permutation:


    ijk = 123, 312, 231 ijk = 213, 132, 321
    Also,
    represents permutation
    tensor and is anti-
    symmetric with respect
    to all pairs of indices.
    Let us consider two matrices A and B, their product AB is,

    3
    Commutator Anti-commutator
    Similarly, for Pauli spin matrices,

    4
    Commutator Anti-commutator
    On comparing (2) and (4), we have commutation and
    anti-commutation relations for Pauli spin matrices.
    We can verify anti-commutation relation using eigenvalue
    equations for sx, sy and sz, i.e.,

    Find the value of


    Taking arbitrary ket, say,

    Therefore,

    Since, , its coefficient must vanish to satisfy eq. (6).


    We can verify:

    Therefore, the fermionic (electron) field obey


    canonical anti-commutation relation rather than
    canonical commutation relation. This corresponds to
    the fact that the fermions exhibit anti-symmetric
    wave function in the fermionic field. This gives the
    basis for spin statistics theorem: Fermi-Dirac .
    Today you studied…..

    Discuss properties of Pauli spin


    matrices

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