Raghuram Rajan: Financial sector reforms

Talk by Dr Raghuram Rajan, Governor of the Reserve Bank of India, at the Delhi Economics
Conclave 2013, Delhi, 11 December 2013.

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The economy is stabilizing, but there is no room for complacency. Some part of improvement
in the CAD has happened due to suppressing gold imports. Not all the measures to reduce
fiscal deficit are of high quality. We have considerable work to do still. At the same time the
country faces elections next year. A stable government post elections, while likely, cannot be
taken for granted. This implies that all parties have to work together today to ensure that any
government that emerges post-election has the time to come to terms with the challenges of
managing the Indian economy. Otherwise, markets and rating agencies may not be willing to
cut the new government any slack.
More generally, it would be overly complacent and possibly dangerous for parties to
postpone necessary legislation with the idea that they will pass bills post-election. Post-
election politics may become even more challenging, whoever assumes power. Similarly,
any slowdown in putting large stalled projects back on track before the elections or any fiscal
slippage, will only amplify the already large challenges the new government will have to face.
It will benefit the nation enormously if parliament passes key bills and if the current
authorities continue to take actions to improve growth and fiscal health, including raising
diesel prices to market levels and eliminating other poorly targeted subsidies.
This Conclave, however, is about the medium term. Looking to the medium term, our
measure of success should be the jobs that are created; Created not by giving government
subsidies or protections to labour-intensive industries or sectors but by developing a
facilitating, competitive, environment that will encourage efficiency and creativity.
The job agenda requires a disciplined focus on 4 issues:
1) We need to improve the quality of our infrastructure, especially the logistical support
and power that industry and services need. Grand plans are on the anvil, such as
the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor. We need to complete such projects on time,
and within budget. The success of the New Delhi Metro suggests that timeliness and
cost control are not foreign to the Indian psyche.
2) Our youth need education and training for the jobs that will be created. Some of this
will be higher degrees, not just computer science but also design or civil
engineering. Some of it will be appropriate vocational education that teaches them
to be good plumbers and electricians rather than unemployable low-skilled
engineers. In fact, teaching our citizens can be a stepping stone to teaching the
world. India can be at the forefront of providing mass technology-enabled education
with our professors providing appropriate human inputs to achieve the best mix of
automation and customisation for learning.
3) We need better business regulation. This does not always mean less regulation but
it means regulation that is appropriate to the objective and, that is enforced.
Entrepreneurs tell me about boiler inspectors showing up at software outfits, asking
for the location of the boiler. The lack of change may be sheer inertia, but it may be
more sinister rent-seeking. All too often, we have too much regulation on the books
and too little regulation in practice, with the worst of the regulated finding
unscrupulous ways around the regulation while the honest are stymied.
Even opening a business legitimately requires an enormous number of clearances
and paperwork. In the same way as we have Saral form for filing income tax, could
we have a Saral one page disclosure for opening a small business, with a single
authority giving all necessary permissions?

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4) And finally, we need a better financial system, which will finance the needed
infrastructure and the expansion of every producer ranging from the kirana shop
owner to the industrialist. But finance is not only about credit. Equally important is for
households to be able to save safely with positive real returns, insure themselves
against health emergencies or old age costs, and borrow at low cost to finance
consumption. They should be able to make remittances cheaply and pay at low cost.
Importantly, the financial system should not require constant subsidies to bail it out.
In the rest of this talk, I want to focus on what we, at the Reserve Bank, are doing to improve
the financial system. We plan to build the Reserve Bank’s developmental measures over the
next few quarters on five pillars. These are:
1. Clarifying and strengthening the monetary policy framework.
2. Strengthening banking structure through new entry, branch expansion, encouraging
new varieties of banks, and moving foreign banks into better regulated
organizational forms.
3. Broadening and deepening financial markets and increasing their liquidity and
resilience so that they can help allocate and absorb the risks entailed in financing
India’s growth.
4. Expanding access to finance for small and medium enterprises, the unorganized
sector, the poor, and remote and underserved areas of the country through
technology, new business practices, and new organizational structures; that is, we
need financial inclusion.
5. Improving the system’s ability to deal with corporate distress and financial institution
distress by strengthening real and financial restructuring as well as debt recovery.
Let me elaborate on each of these measures a little.
First, we are among the large countries with the highest consumer price inflation in the world,
even though growth is weaker than we would like it to be. Much of the inflation is
concentrated in food and services. Our households are turning to gold because they find
financial investments unattractive. At the same time, many industrial corporations are
complaining about high interest rates because they cannot pass through their higher costs
into higher prices for their products.
We can spend a long time debating the sources of this inflation. But ultimately, inflation
comes from demand exceeding supply, and it can be curtailed only by bringing both in
balance. We need to reduce demand somewhat without having serious adverse effects on
investment and supply. This is a balancing act, which requires the Reserve Bank to act firmly
so that the economy is disinflating, even while allowing the weak economy more time than
one would normally allow for it to reach a comfortable level of inflation. The weak state of the
economy, the recent stability of the rupee, as well as the good Kharif and Rabi harvest this
year, will generate disinflationary forces that will help, and we await data to see how these
forces are playing out. No single data point or number will determine our next move.
I think the market understands what we are trying to do. But we do need a more carefully
spelled out monetary policy framework than we currently have. Action on the framework will
follow the submission of the Dr. Urjit Patel Committee report, which is expected to submit its
report by end December 2013.
Second, we have already announced measures to free bank branching. We also want to
incentivize foreign banks to incorporate domestically, which RBI has been planning since
2005. This will allow us to regulate them better and reduce the risks of contagion, stemming
from foreign shores. This is a necessary measure to ensure the stability of our banking
system. It is a measure which many other countries have embarked. Going forward, we have
to give our public sector banks, which are a national asset, the means to improve their
competitiveness. Many of them have made enormous strides in the last decade – for

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instance, the extent to which they have digitized their operations is extremely praiseworthy –
but because competition in the banking sector is likely to increase in the next few years, they
cannot rest on their laurels. In the coming months, we will discuss with stakeholders in public
sector banks about what needs to be done to further improve their stability, efficiency and
productivity.
Third, we need to enlist markets in the aid of financial institutions. Liquid markets will help
banks offload risks they should not bear, such as interest rate or exchange risk. They will
also allow banks to sell assets that they have no comparative advantage in holding, such as
long term loans to completed infrastructure projects, which are better held by infrastructure
funds, pension funds, and insurance companies. Liquid markets will help promoters raise
equity, which is sorely needed in the Indian economy to absorb the risks that banks
otherwise end up absorbing. Rather than seeing markets as being inimical to the
development of the banking sector, we have to see them as complimentary.
In the coming weeks, we will roll out more measures to improve the liquidity and depth of the
G-Sec market. We will then turn to money markets and corporate debt markets. We have
introduced new variants of interest rate futures and products like inflation indexed
certificates, and we will continue to work to improve liquidity in derivative markets. As the
exchange markets became unstable, we imposed restrictions on participation in these
markets. We will remove these restrictions in a calibrated fashion.
Fourth, we have to reach everyone, however remote or small, with financial services.
Financial inclusion does not just mean credit for productive purposes, it means credit for
paying a doctor to heal your child or to pay lumpy school or college fees. It means a safe
mode of remunerated savings, and an easy way to make payments and remittances. It
means insurance and pensions. It also means financial literacy and consumer protection.
We have made great strides in inclusion, but we are still some distance from our goal. We
have adopted a branch based strategy for inclusion, but it is not enough. Too many poor
people in so-called “over-branched” urban areas still do not have access to banking services.
We have many experiments under way to use technology, mobile phones, new products
such as mobile wallets, and new entities as business correspondents to link people up to the
formal financial system. Much as with cell phones where we created a frugal Indian model,
we need a frugal, trustworthy, and effective Indian model for financial inclusion. The
Dr. Nachiket Mor Committee is helping us think through possible models, and I am hopeful
that when we outline measures based on its recommendations, our fine banks, NBFCs, IT
companies and mobile players will rise to the occasion. The key will be to encourage entities
to compete to serve the customers at the bottom of the pyramid. We should tolerate their
making profit but not profiteering, and we will enhance our efforts in consumer protection and
consumer literacy accordingly.
And last but not the least, we have to deal better with distress; We have to ensure that the
system recognizes financial distress early, takes steps to resolve it, and ensures fair
recovery for lenders and investors. We could wish for a more effective judicial process or a
better bankruptcy system, but while we await that, we have to improve the functioning of
what we have. Next week, we propose to put out a paper for discussion that will focus on
putting real assets back to work in their best use. The key elements to deal with distressed
borrowers will include:
(i) Early formation of a lender committee with timelines for reaching agreement on a
plan for resolution.
(ii) Stronger incentives for lenders to agree collectively and quickly to a plan – this will
involve better regulatory treatment of stressed assets if a resolution plan is
formulated and agreed to, accelerated provisioning if no agreement can be reached.

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(iii) A mandated independent evaluation of large value restructurings, with a focus on
plan viability and a fair sharing of losses (and future possible upside) between
promoters and creditors.
(iv) More expensive future borrowing for wilful defaulters or uncooperative defaulters
who do not work with lenders to achieve an efficient and equitable resolution of
distressed assets.
(v) More liberal regulatory treatment of asset sales and more encouragement for new
entities to purchase or refinance assets.
The lesson of every period of financial stress across economies has been that early
recognition and resolution of problems gives the economy its best chance of robust recovery.
Through the measures that will be outlined next week, the RBI intends to help promoters and
banks deal effectively with the financial stress that has built up.
Let me conclude. I will depart from the usual conservatism of a central banker to predict that
the best of India is yet to come. We will be a healthier, better educated, and richer nation, not
just in absolute terms, but even relative to other countries. This is not a jingoistic statement
based on some intrinsic Indian superiority but a sober recognition that we are still much
poorer than other countries, and catching up is always easier than drawing away from the
pack. But we can achieve these outcomes only if we go about addressing the challenges we
face methodically, with discipline and a sense of national purpose. In the coming years, I
hope that is what we will do.

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