Namma Kalvi 10th Maths Chapter 2 Ganga Maths Guide em PDF

Namma Kalvi
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CHAPTER
2
NUMBERS AND
SEQUENCES
I. EUCLID'S DIVISION LEMMA AND ALGORITHM
Key Points
99 Let a and b (a > b) be any two positive integers. Then, there exist unqiue integers q and r such
that a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b. (Euclid's Division Lemma)
The remainder is always less than the divisor.
If r = 0 then a = bq so b divides a.
Similarly, if b divides a then a = bq.
99 If aand b are any two integers then there exist unique integers q and rsuch that a = bq + r,
where 0 ≤ r < | b |.
99 If a and b are positive integers such that a = bq + r, then every common divisor of a and b is
a common divisor of b and r and vice-versa. (Euclid's Division Algorithm)
99 If a, b are two positive integers with a > b then G.C.D of (a, b) = GCD of (a – b, b).
99 Two positive integers are said to be relatively prime or co prime if their. Highest Common
Factor is 1.
Example 2.2 (ii) a = 17 b=–3

Find the quotient and remainder when a is divid- By Eculid's division lemma
ed by b in the following cases (i) a = – 12, b = 5
(ii) a = 17, b = – 3 (iii) a = – 19, b = – 4. a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < | b |
Solution : 17 = (– 3) × (– 5) + 2, 0 ≤ r < | – 3 |
(i) a = – 12, b = 5 Therefore, Quotient q = – 5, Remainder r = 2.
By Euclid's division lemma (iii) a = –19 b=–4
a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < | b | By Eculid's division lemma
– 12 = 5 × (– 3) + 3 0 ≤ r < | 5 | a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < | b |
Therefore, Quotient q = – 3, Remainder r = 3. – 19 = (– 4) × (5) + 1, 0 ≤ r < | – 4 |

Therefore, Quotient q = 5, Remainder r = 1.
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GANGA - 10 Maths Numbers and Sequences
37
Example 2.3 Solution :

Show that the square of an odd integer is of the Since the remainders are 4, 5 respectively
form 4q + 1, for some integer q. the required number is the HCF of the number
445 – 4 = 441, 572 – 5 = 567.
Solution :
Let x be any odd integer. Since any odd in- Hence, we will determine the HCF of 441
teger is one more than an even integer, we have and 567. Using Euclid's Division Algorithm, we
x = 2k + 1, for some integer k. have
x2 = (2k + 1)2 567 = 441 × 1 + 126

441 = 125 × 3 + 63
= 4k2 + 4k + 1
126 = 63 × 2 + 0
= 4k (k + 1) + 1
Therefore HCF of 441,567 = 63 and so the
= 4q + 1, required number is 63.
where q = k (k + 1) is some integer. Example 2.6
Example 2.4 Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636.
If the Highest Common Factor of 210 and 55 is Solution :
expressible in the form 55x – 325, find x. To find HCF of 396 and 504
Solution : Using Euclid's division algorithm we get
Using Euclid's Division Algorithm, let us 504 = 396 × 1 + 108
find the HCF of given numbers The remainder is 108 ≠ 0
210 = 55 × 3 + 45 Again applying Euclid's division algorithm
55 = 45 × 1 + 10 396 = 108 × 3 + 72
45 = 10 × 4 + 5 The remainder is 72 ≠ 0,
10 = 5 × 2 + 0
Again applying Euclid's division algorithm
The remainder is zero.
108 = 72 × 1 + 36
So, the last divisor 5 is the Highest Com-
The remainder is 36 ≠ 0,
mon Factor (HCF) of 210 and 55.
Since, HCF is expressible in the form 55x – Again applying Euclid's division algorithm
325 = 5 72 = 36 × 2 + 0
gives 55x = 330 Here the remainder is zero. Therefore HCF
Hence x = 6 of 396, 504 = 36.
Example 2.5 To find the HCF of 636 and 36.

Find the greatest number that will divide 445 and Using Euclid's division algorithm we get
572 leaving remainders 4 and 5 respectively. 636 = 36 × 17 + 24
The remainder is 24 ≠ 0
38
Again applying Euclid's division algorithm 25

36 = 24 × 1 + 12 21 532
The remainder is 12 ≠ 0 42
Again applying Euclid's division algorithm 112
24 = 12 × 2 + 0 105
Here the remainder is zero. Therefore HCF 7
of 636, 36 = 12 ⇒ 532 = 21 × 25 + 7
Therefore Highest Common Factor of 396, ∴ Number of completed rows = 25
504 and 636 is 12.
Number of flower pots left out = 7
EXERCISE 2.1 3. Prove that the product of two consecu-
tive positive integers is divisible by 2.
1. Find all positive integers, when divided Solution :
by 3 leaves remainder 2.
Let the 2 consecutive positive integers be
Solution:
To find all positive intergers which when x, x + 1
divided by 3 leaves remainder 2. ∴ Product of 2 integers = x (x + 1)
i.e. a ≡ 2 (mod 3) = x2 + x
⇒ a − 2 is divisible by 3 Case (i)
⇒ a = 3K + 2 If x is an even number
∴ a takes the following values Let x = 2k
a = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, .............. when K = 0, 1,
∴ x2 + x = (2k)2 + 2k
2, 3, 4, ........
= 2k (2k + 1), divisible by 2
2. A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to
arrange them in rows such that each row Case (ii)
contains 21 flower pots. Find the number If x is an odd number,
of completed rows and how many flower
pots are left over Let x = 2k + 1
Solution : x2 + x = (2k + 1)2 + (2k + 1)

No. of flower pots = 532 = 4k2 + 4k + 1 + 2k + 1
All pots to be arranged in rows = 4k2 + 6k + 2
& each row to contain 21 flower pots. = 2 (2k2 + 3k + 2) divisible by 2
∴ 532 = 21q + r ∴ Product of 2 consecutive positive inte-
gers is divisible by 2.
39
4. When the positive integers a, b and c are = 4 (n2 + n) + 1 leaves remainder 1 when
divided by 13, the respective remainders divided by 4.
are 9,7 and 10. Show that a + b + c is
Hence proved.
divisible by 13.
Solution : 6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find
the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
When a is divided by 13, remainder is 9
(i) 340 and 412 (ii) 867 and 255
i.e., a = 13q + 9 ........ (1)
(iii)10224 and 9648 (iv) 84, 90 and 120
When b is divided by 13, remainder is 7 Solution :
i.e., b = 13q + 7 ......... (2) i) HCF of 340, 412 by Euclid’s algorithm.
When c is divided by 13, remainder is 11 First we should divide 412 by 340.
i.e., c = 13q + 11 ......... (3) 412 = 340 × 1 + 72

340 = 72 × 4 + 52
Adding (1), (2) & (3)
72 = 52 × 1 + 20
a + b + c = 39q + 26
52 = 20 × 2 + 12
= 13 (2q + 2) 20 = 12 × 1 + 8
= divisible by 13 12 = 8 × 1 + 4
Hence proved. 8 = (4) × 2 + 0
∴ The last divisor “4” is the HCF.
5. Prove that square of any integer leaves
the remainder either 0 or 1 when divided ii) HCF of 867 and 255.
by 4. 867 = 255 × 3 + 102
Solution : 255 = 102 × 2 + 51
Case (i) 102 = (51) × 2 + 0
Let x be the even number ∴ The last divisor “51” is the HCF.
iii) HCF of 10224 and 9648
Let x = 2n
10224 = 9648 × 1 + 576
x2 = (2n)2
9648 = 576 × 16 + 432
= 4n2, which leaves remainder 0 when
divided by 4. 576 = 432 × 1 + 144
Case (ii) 432 = (144) × 3 + 0
Let x be the odd number ∴ The last divisior “144” is the HCF.
∴ Let x = 2n + 1 iv) HCF of 84, 90, and 120
x2 = (2n + 1)2 First we find HCF of 84 & 90
= 4n2 + 4n + 1 90 = 84 × 1 + 6
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84 = (6) × 14 + 0 = 32 − (28 × 1) [From (2)]

∴ HCF of 84, 90 is 6 = 32 × 1 (60 − 32) [From (1)]
Next, we find HCF of 120 and 6. = 32 − (1 × 60 − 1 × 32)
120 = 6 × 20 + 0 = 32 − 1 × 60 + 1 × 32
∴ HCF of 84, 90 and 120 = 6 = 32 (1 + 1) + 60 (−1)
7. Find the largest number which divides d = 32 (2) + 60 (−1)
1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in ⇒ 32x + 60y = 32 (2) + 60 (−1)
each case.
∴ x = 2, y = −1
Solution :
To find the largest number which dividies 9. A positive integer when divided by 88
1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 gives the remainder 61. What will be the
remainder when the same number is di-
i.e., HCF of 1230 - 12 and 1926 - 12 vided by 11?
i.e., HCF of 1218 and 1914 Solution :
First we divide 1914 by 1218 The standard form is a = bq + r
1914 = 1218 × 1 + 696 ⇒ a = 88q + 61
a = (11 × 8q) + (55 + 6)
1218 = 696 × 1 + 522
a = 11 [8q + 5] + 6
696 = 522 × 1 + 174
∴ When the same positive integer is divid-
522 = (174) × 3 + 0 ed by 11 the remainder is 6.
∴ HCF = 174 10. Prove that two consecutive positive inte-
∴ The required largest number = 174. gers are always coprime.
Solution :
8. If d is the Highest Common Factor of 32
and 60, find x and y satisfying d = 32x + Let x, x + 1 be two consecutive integers.
60y. Let G.C.D. of (x, x + 1) be ‘n’
Solution : Then ‘n’ divides x + 1 − x
Given d is the HCF of 32 and 60 i.e., n = 1
∴ 60 = 32 × 1 + 28 ......... (1) G.C.D. of (x, x + 1) = 1
x & x + 1 are Co-prime.
32 = 28 × 1 + 4 ......... (2)
28 = (4) × 7 + 0
∴d=4
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II. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC :
Key Points
99 Every natural number except 1 can be factorized as a product of primes and this factorization
is unique except for the order in which the prime factors are written.
99 If a prime number p divides ab then either p divides a or p divides b. That is p divides at least
one of them.
99 If a composite number n divides ab, then n neither divide a nor b. For example, 6 divides
4 × 3 but 6 neither divide 4 nor 3.
Example 2.7 Example 2.9

In the given factor tree, find the numbers Is 7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 a composite number ? Justify
m and n. your answer.
Solution : Solution :
Yes, the given number is a composite num-
ber, because
7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 = 3×(7×5×2+1) = 3 × 71
Since the given number can be factorized in
terms of two primes, it is a composite number.
Example 2.10
Value of the first box from bottom = 5 × 2 = 10 'a' and 'b' are two positive integers such that
Value of n = 5 × 10 = 50 ab × ba = 800. Find 'a' and 'b'.
Value of the second box from bottom
Solution :
= 3×50 = 150
Value of m = 2×150 = 300 The number 800 can be factorized as
Thus, the required numbers are m = 300, n = 50. 800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 25 × 52
Example 2.8 Hence, ab × ba = 25 × 52
Can the number 6n, n being a natural number end This implies that a = 2 and b = 5 (or) a = 5
with the digit 5 ? Give reason for your answer. and b = 2.
Solution :
Since 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n,
2 is a factor of 6n. So, 6n is always even.
But any number whose last digit is 5 is
always odd.
Hence, 6n cannot end with the digit 5.
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363636 = 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 3 × 7 × 481
EXERCISE 2.2
∴ HCF = 3 × 7 × 481
1. For what values of natural number n, 4 n
= 10,101
can end with the digit 6?
Solution : 4. If 13824 = 2a × 3b then find a and b.
Solution :
4n = (2 × 2)n
Given 2a × 3b = 13824
= 2n × 2n ⇒ 2a × 3b = 29 × 32
Since 2 is a factor of 4, 4n is always even. ∴ a = 9, b = 2
2 13824
∴ If 4n is to be end with 6, n should be even.
2 6912
∴ For the even powers of ‘n’, 4n will be ended 2 3456
with even no. 2 1728
2. If m, n are natural numbers, for what 2 864
values of m, does 2n × 5m ends in 5? 2 432
Solution : 2 216
Let x = 2n × 5m 2 108
Since m and n are natural, numbers and 2n is 2 54
even. 3 27
3 3
for any value of m, 2n × 5m will not be ended
in 5. 5. If p1x × p2x × p3x × p4x = 113400 where p1,
1 2 3 4
p2, p3, p4 are primes in ascending order

∴ No value of m will make x true.
and x1, x2, x3, x4 are integers, find the val-
3. Find the HCF of 252525 and 363636. ue of p1, p2, p3, p4 and x1, x2, x3, x4.
Given numbers are 252525, 363636 p1x1 × p2x2 × p3x3 × p4x4 = 113400
By using prime factorization 2 113400

5 252525 2 363636 2 56700
5 50505 2 181818 2 28350
3 10101 3 90909 3 14175
7 3367 3 30303 3 4725
481 3 10101 3 1575
7 3367 3 525
481 5 175
5 35
∴ 252525 = 5 × 5 × 3 × 7 × 481
7
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∴ 113400 = 23 × 34 × 52 × 71
360 999999 277
∴ p1 = 2, p2 = 3, p3 = 5, p4 = 7 and 720
x1 = 3, x2 = 4, x3 = 2, x4 = 1 2799
6. Find the LCM and HCF of 408 and 170 2520
by applying the fundamental theorem of 2799
arithmetic. 2520
Solution : 279
Given no’s are 408, 170
∴ Required greatest number
2 408 2 170 = 999999 − 279 (remainder)
2 204 5 85
= 999720
2 102 17
3 51 8. What is the smallest number that when
17 divided by three numbers such as 35, 56
and 91 leaves remainder 7 in each case?
∴ 408 = 23 × 3 × 17
Solution :
170 = 2 × 5 × 17 The required number is the LCM of (35, 56,
∴ H.C.F = 2 × 17 = 34 91) + remainder 7
L.C.M = 23 × 17 × 5 × 3 = 2040 35 = 7 × 5
7. Find the greatest number consisting of 6 56 = 7 × 2 × 2 × 2
digits which is exactly divisible by 24, 15, 91 = 7 × 13
36? ∴ L.C.M = 7 × 5 × 13 × 8
= 3640
Solution :
∴ The required number is 3640 + 7
First, we find the L.C.M of 24, 15, 36 = 3647
3 24, 15, 36 9. Find the least number that is divisible by
2 8, 5, 12 the first ten natural numbers.
2 4, 5, 6 Solution :
2, 5, 3 The required number is the LCM of
L.C.M = 5 × 3 × 2 2 3 (1, 2, 3, ........ 10)
=5×9×8 2 = 2 × 1
= 360 4 = 2 × 2
The greatest 6 digit no. is 999999 6 = 3 × 2
8 = 2 × 2 × 2
9 = 3 × 3
10 = 5 × 2 and 1, 3, 5, 7
L.C.M = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7
= 2520
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III. MODULAR ARITHMETIC :
Key Points
99 Two integers a and b are congruence modulo n if they differ by an integer multiple of n. That
b – a = kn for some integer k. This can also be written as a ≡ b (mod n).
99 Here the number n is called modulus. In other words, a ≡ b (mod n) means a – b is divisible
by n.
99 The equation n = mq + r through Euclid's Division lemma can also be written as n ≡ r
(mod m).
99 Two integers a and b are congruent modulo m, written as a ≡ b (mod m), if they leave the same
remainder when divided by m.
99 a, b, c and d are integers and m is a positive integer such that if a ≡ b (mod m) and c ≡ d
(mod m) then
(i) (a + c) ≡ (b + d) (mod m) (ii) (a – c) ≡ (b –d) (mod m) (iii) (a × c) ≡ (b × d) (mod m)
99 If a ≡ b (mod m) then
(i) ac ≡ bc (mod m) (ii) a ± c ≡ b ± c (mod m) for any integer c
Find the remainders when 70004 and 778 is di- Determine the value of d such that 15 ≡ 3 (mod
vided by 7. d).
Since 70000 is divisible by 7 15 ≡ 3 (mod d) means 15 – 3 = kd, for some
70000
≡ 0 (mod 7) integer k.
70000 + 4 ≡ 0 + 4 (mod 7) 12 = kd. gives d divides 12.
70004
≡ 4 (mod 7) The divisors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12. But d
Therefore, the remainder when 70004 is should be larger than 3 and so the possible values
divided by 7 is 4. for d are 4, 6, 12.
Since 777 is divisible by 7 Example 2.13
777
≡ 0 (mod 7) Find the least positive value of x such that
777 + 1 ≡ 0 + 1 (mod 7)
(i) 67 + x ≡ 1 (mod 4) (ii) 98 ≡ (x + 4) (mod 5)
778
≡ 1 (mod 7)
Solution :
Therefore, the remainder when 778 is di-
vided by 7 is 1. (i) 67 + x ≡ 1 (mod 4)
67 + x – 1 = 4n, for some integer n
66 + x = 4n
45
66 + x is a multiple of 4. Example 2.16

Therefore, the least positive value of x must Find the number of integer solutions of 3x ≡ 1
be 2, since 68 is the nearest multiple of 4 more (mod 15).
than 66. Solution : 3x ≡ 1 (mod 15) can be written as
(ii) 98 ≡ (x + 4) (mod 5) 3x – 1 = 15k for some integer k
98 – (x + 4) = 5n, for some integer n. 3 x = 15k + 1
94 – x = 5n 15k + 1
x=
94 – x is a multiple of 5. 3
Therefore, the least positive value of x must 1
x = 5k +
be 4 3 1
Since 94 – 4 = 90 is the nearest multiple of Since 5k is an integer, 5k + cannot be an
3
5 less than 94. integer.
Example 2.14 So there is no integer solution.
Solve 8x ≡ 1 (mod 11) Example 2.17
Solution : A man starts his journey from Chennai to Delhi
8x ≡ 1 (mod 11) can be written as 8x – 1 = by train. He starts at 22.30 hours on Wednesday.
11k, for some integer k. If it takes 32 hours of travelling time and assum-
ing that the train is not late, when will he reach
11k + 1 Delhi ?
x=
8
Solution :
When we put k = 5, 13, 21, 29, ... then 11k Starting time 22.30, Travelling time 32
+ 1 is divisible by 8. hours. Here we use modulo 24.
11 × 5 + 1 The reaching time is
x= =7
8 22.30 + 32 (mod 24) ≡ 54.30 (mod 24)
11 × 13 + 1
x= = 18 ≡ 6.30 (mod 24)
8 (Since 32 = (1 × 24) + 8
Therefore, the solutions are 7, 18, 29, 40, .....
Thursday Friday)
Compute x, such that 104 ≡ x (mod 19) Kala and Vani are friends, Kala says, "Today is
Solution : my birthday" and she asks Vani, "When will you
102 = 100 ≡ 5 (mod 19) celebrate your birthday?" Vani replies, "Today is
Monday and I celebrated my birthday 75 days
104 = (102)2 ≡ 52 (mod 19)
ago". Find the day when Vani celebrated her
104 = 25 (mod 19) birthday.
104 = 6 (mod 19) ( since 25 = 6 (mod 19))
Therefore, x = 6.
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Solution : iii) 89 ≡ (x + 3) (mod 4)

Let us associate the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ⇒ 89 − x − 3 = 4n
5, 6 to represent the weekdays from Sunday to ⇒ 86 − x is a multiple of 4
Saturday respecitvely. ∴ The least +ve value is 2
Vani says today is Monday. So the number (∵ 86 − 2 = 84 is the nearest multiple of 4
for Monday is 1. Since Vani's birthday was 75 less than 86)
days ago, we have to subtract 75 from 1 and take x
the modulo 7, since a week contain 7 days. iv) 96 ≡ (mod 5)
7
– 74 (mod 7) ≡ – 4 (mod 7) ≡ 7 – 4 (mod 7) ≡ x
⇒ 96 − = 5n
3 (mod 7) 7
(Since, – 74 – 3 = – 77 is divisible by 7) x
⇒ 96 − is a multiple of 5
7
Thus, 1 – 75 ≡ 3 (mod 7)
∴ The least +ve value of x is 7
The day for the number 3 is Wednesday.
(∵ 96 − 1 = 95 is a multiple of 5)
Therefore, Vani's birthday must be on
v) 5x ≡ 4 (mod 6)
Wednesday.
⇒ 5x − 4 = 6n
EXERCISE 2.3 ∴ 5x − 4 is a multiple of 6
1. Find the least positive value of x such (∵ 5(2) − 4 = 6 is a multiple of 6)
that
2. If x is congruent to 13 modulo 17 then 7x
(i) 71 ≡ x (mod 8) (ii) 78 + x ≡ 3 (mod 5) − 3 is congruent to which number modu-
(iii) 89 ≡ (x + 3) (mod 4) lo 17?
x Solution :
(iv) 96 ≡ (mod 5) (v) 5x ≡ 4 (mod 6)
7
Solution : Given x ≡ 13 (mod 17)
i) 71 ≡ x (mod 8) ⇒ x − 13 is a multiple of 17
71 − x = 8n ∴ The least +ve value of x is 30
∴ 71 − x is a multiple of 8 ∴ 7x − 3 ≡ y (mod 17)
∴ The least +ve value of x is 7 ⇒ 7(30) − 3 ≡ y (mod 17)
(∵ 71 − 7 = 64 is the nearest multiple of 8) ⇒ 207 ≡ y (mod 17)
less than 71. ∴ y = 3 (∵ 207 − 3 = 204 is divisible by 17)
ii) 78 + x = 3 (mod 5)
3. Solve 5x ≡ 4 (mod 6)
⇒ 78 + x − 3 = 5n
Solution :
⇒ 75 + x is a multiple of 5
Given 5x ≡ 4 (mod 6)
⇒ 5x − 4 is divisible by 6
(∵ 75 + 5 = 80, is the nearest multiple of 5
above 75) ∴ x = 2, 8, 14, ......... (by assumption)
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4. Solve 3x − 2 ≡ 0 (mod 11) 8. Prove that 2n + 6 × 9n is always divisible

Solution : by 7 for any positive integer n.
Given 3x − 2 ≡ 0 (mod 11) Solution :
When n = 1, 2n + 6 × 9n
∴ 3x − 2 is divisible by 11
= 2 + (6 × 9) = 56, divisible by 7.
∴ The possible values of x are 8, 19, 30, ........
9. Find the remainder when 281 is divided
5. What is the time 100 hours after 7 a.m.?
by 17.
Solution :
Solution :
Formula :
To find the remainder when 281 is divided
t + n = f (mod 24) by 17.
t → current time 24 = 16 = −1 (mod 17)
n → no. of hrs. ⇒ 280 = (24)20 = (−1)20 = 1
f → future time ∴ 281 = 280 × 21
100 + 7 = f (mod 24) =1×2
⇒ 107 − f is divisible by 24 =2
∴ f = 11 so that 107 − 11 = 96 is divisible 10. The duration of flight travel from Chen-
by 24. nai to London through British Airlines
∴ The time is 11 A.M. is approximately 11 hours. The airplane
6. What is the time 15 hours before 11 begins its journey on Sunday at 23:30
p.m.? hours. If the time at Chennai is four and
half hours ahead to that of London’s
Solution : time, then find the time at London, when
Formula : will the flight lands at London Airport.
t − n ≡ p (mod 24) t → Current time Solution :
⇒ 11 − 15 = − 4 ≡ − 1 × 24 + 20 n → no of hrs Formula :
≡ 20 (mod 24) p → past time t + n ≡ f (mod 24) t → present time
∴ The time 15 hours in the past was 8 p.m. ⇒ 23.30 + 11 = f (mod 24) n → no of hours
7. Today is Tuesday. My uncle will come af- ⇒ 34.30 = f (mod 24) f → future time
ter 45 days. In which day my uncle will ∴ 34.30 − f is divisible by 24
be coming? ⇒ f = 10.30 (a.m)
Solution : But the time difference between London &
Today is Tuesday Chennai is 4.30 hrs.
Day after 45 days = ? ∴ Flight reaches London Airpot at
When we divide 45 by 7, remainder is 3. = 10.30 hrs − 4.30 hrs
∴ The 3rd day from Tuesday is Friday = 6 AM next day i.e. 6 AM on Monday
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IV. SEQUENCES :
Key Points
99 A real valued sequence is a function defined on the set of natural numbers and taking real
values.
99 A sequence can be considered as a function defined on the set of natural numbers.
99 Though all the sequences are functions, not all the functions are sequences.
Example 2.19 0.01
a4 = = 0.001
Find the next three terms of the sequences. 10
1 1 1
(i) , , ,...... (ii) 5, 2 – 1, – 4, ..... a5 =
0.001
= 0.0001
2 6 14
(iii) 1, 0.1, 0.01, ..... 10
0.0001
Solution : a6 = = 0.00001
1 1 1 1 10
(i) , , , , ... Example 2.20
2 6 10 14
Find the general term for the following sequences
+4 +4 +4 1 2 3
In the above sequence the numerators are (i) 3, 6, 9, ..... (ii) , , ,....
2 3 4
same and the denominator is increased by 4. (iii) 5, – 25, 125. ....
So the next three terms are
Solution :
1 1
= = (i) 3, 6, 9, ....
14 4 18
1 1 Here the terms are multiples of 3. So the
= = general term is
18 4 22
=
1
=
1 an = 3n,
22 4 26 1 2 3
(ii) , , ,....
2 3 4
(ii) 5, 2, –1, –4, ... 1 2 3
a1 = ; a2 = ; a3 =
–3 –3 –3 2 3 4
Here each term is decreased by 3. So the We see that the numerator of nth terms is n,
next three terms are – 7, – 10, – 13. and the denominator is one more than the numer-
(iii) 1, 0.1, 0.01, ...
ator. Hence, an = n , n ∈ N
+ 10 + 10 n +1
Here each term is divided by 10. Hence, the (iii) 5, –25, 125, ....
next three terms are The terms of the sequence have + and – sign
alternatively and also they are in powers of 5.
So the general terms an = (–1)n+1 5n, n ∈ N
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Example 2.21 1
The general term of a sequence is defined as a5−1 a4 1 4 1
a5 = = = 16 = × =
 n(n + 3); n ∈ N is odd a5− 2 + 3 a3 + 3 1 + 3 16 13 52
an =  2 4
 n + 1 ; n ∈ N is even Therefore, the first five terms of the se-
Find the eleventh and eighteenth terms. 1 1 1
quence are 1, 1, , ,
4 16 25
Solution :
To find a11, since 11 is odd, we put
EXERCISE 2.4
n = 11 in an = n (n + 3)
Thus, the eleventh term 1. Find the next three terms of the following
sequence.
a11 = 11 (11 + 3) = 154,
(i) 8, 24, 72, … (ii) 5, 1,-3,…
To find a18, since 18 is even we put 1 2 3
(iii) , , , .........
4 9 16
n = 18 in an = n2 + 1 Solution :
Thus, the eighteenth term i) Given sequence is 8, 24, 72,..........
a18 = 182 + 1 = 325. Each number is multiplied by 3
∴ The next 3 terms in the sequence are
Example 2.22
72 × 3 = 216
Find the first five terms of the following se-
216 × 3 = 648
quence.
648 × 3 = 1944
an −1
a1 = 1, a2 = 1, an = ; n ≥ 3, n ∈ N ∴ 216, 648, 1944
an − 2 + 3
ii) Given sequence is 5, 1, −3, ...........
Solution : Each number is subtracted by 4
The first two terms of this sequence are giv- − 3 − 4 = − 7
en by a1 = 1. a2 = 1. The third term a3 depends on − 7 − 4 = − 11
the first and second terms. − 11 − 4 = − 15
a3−1 a 1 1 ∴ The next 3 terms in the sequence are
a3 = = 2 = = − 7, − 11, − 15
a3− 2 + 3 a1 + 3 1 + 3 4
Similarly the fourth term a4 depends upon 1 2 3
iii) Given sequence is , , , .........
a2 and a3.
4 9 16
Each no. in Numerator is increased by 1 &
1 1 all nos in denominator are consecutive square
a4 −1 a3 1 1 1 no's
a4 = = = 4 = 4= × = ∴ The next 3 terms are
a4 − 2 + 3 a2 + 3 1 + 3 4 4 4 16
4 5 6
In the same way, the fifth term a5 can be , , , .........
25 36 49
calculated as
50
2. Find the first four terms of the sequences ii) Given sequence is 0, 1 2 , 1 3 , ..........
whose nth terms are given by
0 1 2
(i) an = n3 − 2 (ii) an = (−1)n+1 ⇒ , , , ..........
n (n + 1) (iii) an = 2n2 − 6 1 2 3
1−1 2 −1 3 −1
Solution : ⇒ , , , ..........
1 2 3
i) Given an = n3 − 2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = 13 − 2 = 1 − 2 = − 1 ∴ The nth term of the sequence is
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = 23 − 2 = 8 − 2 = 6 n −1
an =
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = 33 − 2 = 27 − 2 = 25 n
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = 43 − 2 = 64 − 2 = 62 iii) Given sequence is 3, 8, 13, 18, ........

∴ The first 4 terms are −1, 6, 25, 62 ⇒ 5 − 2, 10 − 2, 15 − 2, 20 − 2, .........
ii) Given an = (−1)n+1 n (n + 1)
⇒ 5 (1) − 2, 5 (2) − 2, 5(3) − 2, 5(4) − 2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = (-1)2 . 1 (2) = 2
∴ The nth term of the sequence is
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = (-1)3 . 2 (3) = − 6
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = (-1)4 . 3 (4) = 12 an = 5n − 2
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = (-1)5 . 4 (5) = −20 4. Find the indicated terms of the sequences
∴ The first 4 terms are 2, −6, 12, −20 whose nth terms are given by
iii) Given an = 2n2 − 6 5n
(i)=
an ; a6 and a13
n+2
n = 1 ⇒ a1 = 2(1) − 6 = − 4
n = 2 ⇒ a2 = 2(4) − 6 = 2 (ii) an = − (n2 − 4) ; a4 and a11
n = 3 ⇒ a3 = 2(9) − 6 = 12 Solution :
n = 4 ⇒ a4 = 2(16) − 6 = 26 5n
i) Given an = , a6 , a13 = ?
∴ The first 4 terms are −4, 2, 12, 26 n+2
3. Find the nth term of the following se- 5(6) 30 15
a6 = = =
quences 6+2 8 4
1 2 5(13) 65 13
(i) 2,5,10,17, ... (ii) 0, , , ......... a13 = = =
2 3 13 + 2 15 3
(iii) 3,8,13,18, ...
Solution : ii) an = − (n2 − 4) ; a4, a11 = ?
i) Given sequence is 2, 5, 10, 17, ............ a4 = − (16 − 4) = − 12
⇒ 12 + 1, 22 + 1, 32 + 1, 42 + 1, ............ a11 = − (121 − 4) = −117
∴ The nth term of the sequence is 5. Find a8 and a15 whose nth term is an =
 n2 - 1
an = n2 + 1  n + 3 ; n is even, n ∈ N
 2
 n ; n is odd,
 2n + 1
GANGA - 10 Maths 51 an = 2 an−1 +Numbers
an−2, and Sequences
n>3
a3 = 2a2 + a1
Solution : = 2 (1) + 1
Given =3
 n -1
2
a4 = 2a3 + a2
 n+ 3 ; n is even, n ∈ N
an =  2
= 2 (3) + 1
 n ; n is odd ,
 2n+1 =7
82 − 1 63 a5 = 2a4 + a3
a8 = =
8 + 3 11 = 2 (7) + 3
152 225
a15 = = = 17
2(15) + 1 31

a6 = 2a5 + a4
6. If a1 = 1, a2 = 1 and an = 2an-1 + an-2 , n > 3, = 2 (17) + 7
n ∈ N, then find the first six terms of the
= 41
sequence.
Solution : ∴ The first 6 terms are 1, 1, 3, 7, 17, 41
Given a1 = 1, a2 = 1
V. ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION :
Key Points
99 An Arithmetic Progression is a sequence whose successive terms differ by a constant
number.
99 Let a and d be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d,...
is said to form Arithmetic Progression denoted by A.P. The number 'a' is called the first term
and 'd ' is called the common difference.
99 If there are finite numbers of terms in an A.P. then it is called Finite Arithmetic Progression. If
there are infinitely many terms in an A.P. then it is called Infinite Arithmetic Progression.
99 The nth term denoted by tn can be written as tn = a + (n – 1)d.
99 The common difference of an A.P. can be positive, negative or zero.
99 An Arithmetic progression having a common difference of zero is called a constnat arithmetic
progression.
99 In a finite A.P. whose first term is a and last term l, then the number of terms in the A.P. is given
 l − a
by l = a + (n – 1)d gives n =  +1.
 d 
99 If every term is added or subtracted by a constant, then the resulting sequence is also an A.P.
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52
99 In every term is multiplied or divided by a non-zero number, then the resulting sequence is
also an A.P.
99 If the sum of three consecutive terms of an A.P. is given, then they can be taken as a – d, a and
a + d. Here the common difference is d.
99 If the sum of four consecutive terms of an A.P. is given then, they can be taken as a – 3d, a – d,
a + d and a + 3d. Here common difference is 2d.
99 Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in A.P. if and only if 2b = a + c .
Example 2.23 Thus, the differences between consecutive
Check whether the following sequences are in terms are equal. Hence the terms of the sequence
A.P. or not ? 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 , 9 2 , .... are in A.P.
(i) x + 2, 2x + 3, 3x + 4, .... Example 2.24

Write an A.P. whose first term is 20 and common
(ii) 2, 4, 8, 16, ....
difference is 8.
(iii) 3 2 , 5 2 , 7 2 , 9 2 , ...
Solution :
Solution : First term = a = 20 ; common difference = d = 8
To check that the given sequence is in A.P., Arithmetic Progression is a, a + d, a + 2d,
it is enough to check if the differences between a + 3d, ....
the consecutive terms are equal or not.
In this case, we get 20, 20 + 8, 20 + 2(8),
(i) t2 – t1 = (2x + 3) – (x + 2) = x + 1 20 + 3(8) ....
t3 – t2 = (3x + 4) – (2x + 3) = x + 1 So, the required A.P. is 20, 28, 36, 44, ....
t2 – t1 = t3 – t2
Example 2.25
Thus, the differnces between consecutive
Find the 15th, 24th and nth term (general term) of
terms are equal.
an A.P. given by 3, 15, 27, 39, ...
Hence the sequence x + 2, 2x + 3, 3x + 4, ....
is in A.P. Solution :
(ii) t2 – t1 = 4 – 2 = 2 We have, first term = a = 3 and common

difference = d = 15 – 3 = 12.
t3 – t2 = 8 – 4 = 4
We know that nth term (general term) of an
t2 – t1 = t3 – t2
A.P. with first term a and common difference d is
Thus, the differences between consecutive given by tn = a + (n – 1)d
terms are not equal. Hence the terms of the se-
t15 = a + (15 – 1) d = a + 14d
quence 2, 4, 8, 16, .... are not in A.P.
= 3 + 14(12) = 171
(iii) t2 – t1 = 5 2 – 3 2 = 2 2
t24 = a + 23d = 3 + 23(12) = 279
t3 – t2 = 7 2 – 5 2 = 2 2
(Here a = 3 and d = 12)
t4 – t3 = 9 2 – 7 2 = 2 2
The nth (general term) term is given by
53
tn = a + (n – 1)d Example 2.28

Thus, tn = 3 + (n – 1) 12 If lth, mth and nth terms of an A.P. are x, y, z respec-
tn = 12n – 9 tively, then show that
Example 2.26 (i) x (m – n) + y (n – 1) + z (l – m) = 0

Fiond the number of terms in the A.P. 3, 6, 9, 12, (ii) (x – y) n + (y – z) l + (z – x) m = 0
.... 111. Solution :
Solution : (i) Let a be the first term and d be the common
First term a = 3 ; common difference d = difference. It is given that
6 – 3 = 3 ; last term l = 111 tl = x, tm = y, tn = z
 l − a
We know that, n =  +1 Using the general term formula
 d 
a + (l – 1) d = x ...(1)
 111 − 3 
n= + 1 = 37
 3  a + (m – 1) d = y ...(2)
Thus the A.P. contain 37 terms. a + (n – 1) d = z ...(3)
Example 2.27 We have, x (m – n) + y (n – l) + s (l – m)
Determine the general term of an A.P. whose 7 th
= a [(m – n) + (n – l) + (l – m)] + d [(m – n)
term is – 1 and 16th term is 17. + (l – 1) + (n – l) (m – 1) + (l – m) (n – 1)]
Solution : = a[0] + d [lm – ln – m
Let the A.P. be t1, t2, t3, t4, ... + n + mn – lm – n + l + ln – mn – l + m]

It is given that t7 = – 1 and t16 = 17 a(0) + d(0) = 0
=
a + (7 – 1)d = – 1 and a + (16 –
(ii) On subtracting equation (2) from equation
1)d = 17
(1), equation (3) from equation (2) and equation (1)
a + 6d = – 1 ...(1) from equation (3), we get
a + 15d = 17 ...(2)
x – y = (l – m) d
Subtracting equation (1) from equation (2),
we get 9d = 18 gives d = 2 y – z = (m – n) d
Putting d = 2 in equation (1), we get a + 12 z – x = (n – l) d
= – 1 so a = – 13 (x – y) n + (y – z)l + (z – x) m =
Hence, general term tn = a + (n – 1)d [(l – m) n + (m – n) l + (n – l) m] d
= – 13 + (n – 1) × 2 = [ln – mn + lm – nl +
= 2n – 15 nm – lm] d = 0
54
Example 2.29 (a – d) + a + (a + d) = 307

In an A.P., sum of four consective terms is 28 and 3a = 207 gives a = 69
their sum of their squares is 276. Find the four It is given that product of the two least
numbers. amounts is 4623
Solution : (a – d) a = 4623
Let us take the four terms in the form (a – (69 – d) 69 = 4623
3d), (a – d), (a + d) and (a + 3d). d=2
Since sum of the four terms is 28, Therefore, amount given by the mother to
a – 3d + a – d + a + d + a + 3d = 28 her three children are
4a = 28 gives a = 7 `(69 –2), `69, `(69 + 2). That is, `67, `69
Similarly, since sum of their squares is 276, and `71.
(a – 3d)2 + (a – d)2 + (a + d)2 + (a + 3d)2 = 276. EXERCISE 2.5
a2 – 6ad + 9d2 + a2 – 2ad + d2 + a2 + 2ad
+ d2 + a2 + 6ad+ 9d2 = 276 1. Check whether the following sequences
are in A.P.
4a2 + 20d2 = 276 ⇒ 4(7)2 + 20d2 = 276.
(i) a − 3, a − 5, a − 7, ........
d2 = 4 gives d = ± 2
1 1 1 1
If d = 2 then the four numbers are 7 – 3(2), (ii) , , , , .........
2 3 4 5
7 – 2, 7 + 2, 7 + 3(2)
(iii) 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, .....
That is the four numbers are 1, 5, 9 and 13.
-1 1 2
If a = 7, d = –2 then the four numbers are (iv) , 0, , , .........
3 3 3
13, 9, 5 and 1
(v) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1, ..........
Therefore, the four consecutive terms of the
A.P. are 1, 5, 9 and 13. Solution :
Example 2.30 i) a − 3, a − 5, a − 7, ..........
A mother divides `207 into three parts such that t2 − t1 = (a − 5) − (a − 3)
the amount are in A.P. and gives it to her three =a−5−a+3
children. The product of the two least amounts =−2
that the children had `4623. Find the amount
t3 − t2 = (a − 7) − (a − 5)
received by each child.
=a−7−a+5
Solution : = −2
Let the amount received by the three ∴ t2 − t1 = t3 − t2
children be in the form of A.P. is given by
∴ The given sequence is in A.P.
a – d, a, a + d. Since, sum of the amount is
`207, we have
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55
1 1 1 1 = 5, 5 + 6, 5 + 2(6), 5 + 3(6), .......

ii ) , , , , ......
2 3 4 5 = 5, 11, 17, 23, ........
t2 − t1 = 1 3 − 1 2 t3 − t 2 = 1 4 − 1 3 ii) a = 7, d = −5
2−3 3−4 ∴ The A.P is
= =
6 12 = 7, 7 + (−5), 7 + 2 (−5), 7 + 3 (−5), ........
= −1 = −1
6 12 = 7, 2, −3, −8, .........
∴ t2 − t1 ≠ t3 − t2 iii ) a = 3 4 , d = 12
∴ The given sequence is not in A.P.

∴ The A.P is
iii) 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, ........
Each term of the sequence is increased by a
( ) ( )
= 3 4 , 3 4 + 1 2 , 3 4 + 2 1 2 , 3 4 + 3 1 2 , ........
constant number 4. = 3 4 , 5 4 , 7 4 , 9 4 , .........
∴ The sequence is in A.P.

3. Find the first term and common dif-
−1 1 2 ference of the Arithmetic Progressions
iv) , 0, , , ........
3 3 3 whose nth terms are given below
(i) tn = −3 + 2n (ii) tn = 4 − 7n
( )
t2 − t1 = 0 − −1 3 = 13
t3 − t 2 = 1 3 − 0 = 13
Solution :
i) tn = − 3 + 2n
t 4 − t3 = 2 3 − 1 3 = 1 3
n = 1 ⇒ t1 = −3 + 2(1) = −1
∴ The sequence is in A.P. n = 2 ⇒ t2 = −3 + 2(2) = 1
n = 3 ⇒ t3 = −3 + 2(3) = 3 .........
v) 1, −1, 1, −1, 1, −1 .........
∴ a = −1, d = t2 − t1
t2 − t1 = −1 −1 = −2
= 1 − (−1)
t3 − t2 = 1 − (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2 d=2
∴ The sequence is not in A.P. ii) tn = 4 − 7n
2. First term a and common difference d n = 1 ⇒ t1 = 4 − 7(1) = −3
are given below. Find the corresponding n = 2 ⇒ t2 = 4 − 7(2) = −10
A.P. n = 3 ⇒ t3 = 4 − 7(3) = −17
(i) a = 5, d = 6 (ii) a = 7, d = −5 ∴ a = −3, d = t2 − t1
3 1
(iii) a = , d = = −10 − (−3)
4 2
= −10 + 3
Solution :
d = −7
i) a = 5, d = 6
∴ The A.P. is a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ........
56
4. Find the 19th term of an A.P. −11, −15, l−a

n= +1
−19,...... d
Solution : 183 − 9
= +1
Given A.P is −11, −15, −19, ....... 6
174
a = −11, d = −15 − (−11) = +1
6
= −15 + 11 = 29 + 1
= −4 n = 30
∴ The 19 term is
th
∴ Middle terms are 30 2 , 30 2 + 1
t19 = a + (19 − 1) d
= 15th , 16 th
= a + 18 d
t15 = a + 14d t16 = a + 15d
= (−11) + 18 (− 4)
= 9 + 14(6) = 9 + 15(6)
= − 11 − 72
= 9 + 84 = 9 + 90
= − 83 = 93 = 99

5. Which term of an A.P. 16, 11, 6, 1,... is
−54? ∴ The 2 middle terms are 93, 99.
Solution : 7. If nine times ninth term is equal to the
Given A.P. is 16, 11, 6, 1, ......... − 54 fifteen times fifteenth term, show that six
times twenty fourth term is zero.
a = 16, d = −5, tn = −54
Solution :
⇒ a + (n − 1) d = − 54 Given 9 (t9) = 15 (t15)
⇒ 16 + (n − 1) (− 5) = − 54 To Prove : 6 (t24) = 0
⇒ 16 − 5n + 5 = − 54 ⇒ 9 (t9) = 15 (t15)
⇒ − 5n + 21 = − 54 ⇒ 9 (a + 8d) = 15 (a + 14d)
⇒ −5n + 21 = − 54 ⇒ 3 (a + 8d) = 5 (a + 14d)
⇒ −5n = − 54 − 21 ⇒ 3a + 24d = 5a + 70d
⇒ −5n = − 75 ⇒ 2a + 46d = 0
∴ n = 15 ⇒ 2 (a + 23d) = 0
∴ 15th term of A.P. is − 54 Multiplying 3 on both sides,
6. Find the middle term(s) of an A.P. 9, 15, ⇒ 6 (a + 23d) = 0
21, 27,…,183.
Solution : ⇒ 6 (t24) = 0
Given A.P is 9, 15, 21, 27, ........ 183 Hence proved.
a = 9, d = 6, l = 183
57
8. If 3 + k, 18 − k, 5k + 1 are in A.P. then find 11. The sum of three consecutive terms that
k. are in A.P. is 27 and their product is 288.
Find the three terms.
Solution :
Solution :
Given 3 + k, 18 − k, 5k + 1 are in A.P.
Let the 3 consecutive terms in an A.P. be
⇒ (18 − k) − (3 + k) = (5k + 1) − (18 − k) a − d, a, a + d
⇒ 15 − 2k = 6k − 17 i) Sum of 3 terms = 27
⇒ a − d + a + a + d = 27
⇒ −8k = −32
⇒ 3a = 27
⇒ k=4 a=9
9. Find x, y and z, given that the numbers x, ii) Product of 3 terms = 288
10, y, 24, z are in A.P. ⇒ (a − d) . a . (a + d) = 288
Solution : ⇒ a2 (a2 − d 2) = 288
⇒ 9 (81 − d 2) = 288
Given that x, 10, y, 24, z are in A.P.
⇒ 81 − d 2 = 32
∴ y is the arithmetic mean of 10 & 24 ⇒ d 2 = 49
10 + 24 34 ⇒ d=+7
⇒ y= = = 17
2 2 a = 9, d = 7 ⇒ the 3 terms are 2, 9, 16
a = 9, d = −7 ⇒ the 2 terms are 16, 9, 2
∴ x, 10, y, 24, z are in A.P.
12. The ratio of 6th and 8th term of an A.P.
Clearly d = 7 is 7 : 9. Find the ratio of 9th term to 13th
∴ x = 10 − 7 = 3 & z = 24 + 7 = 31 term.
∴ x = 3, y = 17, z = 31 Solution :
t6 7
10. In a theatre, there are 20 seats in the front Given =
t8 9
row and 30 rows were allotted. Each suc-
cessive row contains two additional seats a + 5d 7
⇒ =
than its front row. How many seats are a + 7d 9
there in the last row? ⇒ 9a + 45d = 7 a + 49d
Solution : ⇒ 2a = 4d
⇒ a = 2d .....(1)
By the data given,
t9 a + 8d
a = 20, d = 2, n = 30 ∴ =
t13 a + 12d
t30 = a + 29d 2d + 8d
= (from (1))
= 20 + 29(2) 2d + 12d
10d
= 20 + 58 =
14d
= 78 =
5
7
∴ The no. of seats in 30th row = 78
∴ t9 : t13 = 5 : 7
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58
13. In a winter season let us take the temper- 14. Priya earned ` 15,000 in the first year.
ature of Ooty from Monday to Friday to Thereafter her salary increased by `
be in A.P. The sum of temperatures from 1500 per year. Her expenses are ` 13,000
Monday to Wednesday is 0° C and the during the first year and the expenses in-
sum of the temperatures from Wednes- creases by ` 900 per year. How long will
day to Friday is 18° C. Find the tempera- it take for her to save ` 20,000.
ture on each of the five days. Solution :
Solution : 1st year 2nd year
Let the temperature from Monday to Friday
Salary : `15,000 `16,500
respectively be
Expense : `13,000 `13,900
a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, a + 4d
Savings : `2,000 `2,600
i) Given a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) = 0
3a + 3d = 0 ∴ the yearly savings are
a+d=0 `2,000, `2,600, `3,200, ........... form an A.P
with a = 2,000, d = 600, tn = 20,000
a = − d
a + (n – 1) d = 20,000
ii) Given (a + 2d) + (a + 3d) + (a + 4d) = 18
⇒ 3a + 9d = 18 ⇒ 2,000 + (n – 1) 600 = 20,000
⇒ −3d + 9d = 18 ⇒ 600 n – 600 = 18,000
⇒ 6d = 18 ⇒ 600 n = 18,600
186
⇒ d=3 ⇒ n =
6
∴ a = −3 n = 31
The temperature of each of the 5 days
After 31 years, her savings will be
− 30 C, 00 C, 30 C, 60 C, 90 C
`20,000.
VI. ARITHMETIC SERIES :
Key Points
99 The sum of terms of a sequence is called series.
99 Let a1, a2, a3, ......, an, ... be the sequence of real numbers. Then the real numbers a1 + a2 + a3 +
.... is defined as the series of real numbers.
99 If a series has finite number of terms then it is called a Finite series. If a series has infinite
number of terms then it is called Infinite series.
n
99 Sum to n terms of an A.P. S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2 n
99 If the first term a, and the last term l (nth term) are given then S n = [a + l ] .
2
59

Find the sum of first 15 terms of the A.P. How many terms of the series 1 + 5 + 9 + ... must
1 1 3 be taken so that their sum is 190 ?
8, 7 , 6 , 5 , ....
4 2 4 Solution :
Solution : Here we have to find the value of n, such
Here the first term a = 8, common that Sn = 190.
1 3 First term a = 1, common difference
difference d = 7 – 8 = – ,
4 4
Sum of first n terms of an A.P. d = 5 – 1 = 4.
n Sum of first n terms of an A.P.
S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
n
15  3  S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ] = 190
S15 =  2 × 8 + (15 − 1)( − )  2
2 4 
n
15  21 165 [2 × 1 + (n − 1) × 4] = 190
S15 = 16 −  = 2
2  2 4 n[4n − 2] = 380
Example 2.32 2n 2 − n − 190 = 0
Find the sum of 0.40 + 0.43 + 0.46 + ... + 1. (n − 10)(2n + 19) = 0
Solution :
Here the value of n is not given. But the 19
But n = 10 as n = – is impossible. There-
last term is given. From this, we can find the
fore, n = 10. 2
value of n.
Given a = 0.40 and l = 1, we find d = 0.43 – Example 2.34
0.40 = 0.03.
The 13th term of an A.P. is 3 and the sum of first

13 terms is 234. Find the common difference and
 l − a
Therefore, n =  +1 the sum of first 21 terms.
 d 
Solution :
 1 − 0.40 
= + 1 = 21
 0.03  Given the 13th term = 3 so,
Sum of first n terms of an A.P. t13 = a + 12d = 3 ...(1)
n Sum of first 13 terms = 234 gives
Sn = [a + l ]
2 13
Here, n = 21. S13 = [2a + 12d] = 234
2
Therefore,
21
S 21 = [0.40 + 1] = 14.7 2a + 12d = 36 ...(2)
2
−5
So, the sum of 21 terms of the given series Solving (1) and (2) we get, a = 33, d =
is 14.7. 2
−5
Therefore, common difference is .
2
60
Sum of first 21 terms Example 2.37

A mosaic is designed in the shape of an equilat-
21   5 
S 21 =  2 × 33 + (21 − 1) ×  −   eral triangle, 12 ft on each side. Each tile in the
2   2 
mosaic is in the shape of an equilateral triangle
21 . of 12 inch side. The tiles are alternate in colour
= [66 − 50] = 168
2 as shown in the figure. Find the number of tiles
of each colour and total number of tiles in the
Example 2.35 mosaic.
5n 2 3n Solution :
In an AP. the sum of first n terms is + .
Find the 17th term. 2 2 Since the mosaic is in th eshape of an equi-
lateral triangle of 12ft, and the tile is in the shape
Solution :
of an equilateral triangle of 12 inch (1 ft), there
The 17th term can be obtained by subtract- will be 12 rows in the mosaic.
ing the sum of first 16 terms from the sum of first
17 terms.
5 × (17) 2 3 × 17 1445 51
S17 = + = + = 748
2 2 2 2
5 × (16) 2
3 × 16 1280 48
S16 = + = + = 664
2 2 2 2
Now, t17 = S17 – S16 = 748 –664 = 84
Example 2.36
Find the sum of all natural numbers between 300 From the figure, it is clear that number of
and 600 which are divisible by 7. white tiles in each row are 1, 2, 3, 4, .... 12 which
Solution : clearly forms an Arithmetic Progression.
The natural numbres between 300 and 600 Similarly the number of blue tiles in each
which are divisible by 7 are 301, 308, 315, ..., row are 0, 1, 2, 3, ..... 11 which is also an Arith-
595. metic Progression.
The sum of all natural numbers between Number of white tiles
300 and 600 is 301 + 308 + 315 + ... + 595.
The terms of the above sereis are in A.P. 12
= 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 12 = [1 + 12] = 78
First term a = 301 ; common difference 2
d = 7 ; Last term l = 595. Number of blue tiles
 l − a  595 − 301 12
n=  +1=   + 1 = 43 = 0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + ...+ 11= [0 + 11] = 66
 d   7 2
n The total number of tiles in the mosaic
Since, S n = [a + l ],
2 = 78 + 66 = 144
43
we have S57 = [301 + 595] = 19264.
2
1 2
2 2
3n
www.nammakalvi.org S3 = [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
2
GANGA - 10 Maths Consider Numbers and Sequences
61
2n n
S 2 − S1 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]
Example 2.38 2 2
n
The houses of a street are numbered from 1 to 49. = [(4a + 2(2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]]
Senthil's house is numbered such that the sum of 2
numbers of the houses prior to Senthil's house n
S 2 − S1 = × [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
is equal to the sum of numbers of the houses 2
following Senthil's house. Find Senthil's house 3n
3( S 2 − S1 ) = [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
number ? 2
Solution : 3( S 2 − S1 ) = S3
Let Senthil's house number be x.
EXERCISE 2.6
It is given that 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + (x – 1)
= (x – 1) + (x + 2) + .... + 49 1. Find the sum of the following
(i) 3, 7, 11,… up to 40 terms.
1 + 2 + 3 + ...... +1 +(x2–+1)3 + ... + ( x − 1)
(ii) 102, 97, 92,… up to 27 terms.
= [1 + 2 + 3 +=....[1 + 249]
+ 3–+[1...++ 249]
+ 3− [1 + 2++x]3 + ... + x] (iii) 6 + 13 + 20 + ....... + 97
+....
x −1 49 x Solution :
[1 + ( x − 1)] = [1 + 49] − [1 + x]
2 2 2 i) Given A.P is 3, 7, 11, ......... up to 40 terms
x( x − 1) 49 × 50 x( x + 1)
= − a = 3, d = 4, n = 40
2 2 2
x 2 − x = 2450 − x 2 − x ⇒ 2 x 2 = 2450 S n = n 2 [2a + (n − 1) d ]
x 2 = 1225 gives x = 35 40
S40 =
[6 + 39(4)]
2
Therefore, Senthil's hosue number is 35. = 20 [6 + 156]
= 20 × 162
Example 2.39
= 3240
The sum of first, n, 2n and 3n terms of an A.P.
are S1, S2 and S3 respectively. Prove that S3 = 3 ii) Given A.P is 102, 97, 92, .... up to 27 terms
(S2 – S1). a = 102, d = −5, n = 27
Solution :
S n = n 2 [2a + (n − 1) d ]
If S1, S2 and S3 are sum of first n, 2n
27
and 3n terms of an A.P. respectively then S27 = [204 + 26( −5)]
n 2n 2
S1 = [2a + (n − 1)d ], S 2 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ], 27
2 2 = [204 − 130]
2
3n
S3 = [2a + (3n − 1)d ] 27
2 = × 74
2
Consider
= 27 × 37
2n n
S 2 − S1 = [2a + (2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ] = 999
2 2
n
= [(4a + 2(2n − 1)d ] − [2a + (n − 1)d ]]
2
n
S 2 − S1 = × [2a + (3n − 1)d ]
2
62
iii) Given 6 + 13 + 20 + ...... + 97 n = 2 ⇒ t2 = 8 − 3 = 5

a = 6, d = 7, l = 97 n = 3 ⇒ t3 = 12 − 3 = 9
l−a ∴ a = 1, d = 5 − 1 = 4
∴ n= +1
d
∴ S n = n 2 [2a + (n − 1)d ]
97 − 6
= +1
7 S 28 = 28 2 [2 + 27(4)] = 14 [2 + 108]
91
= +1 = 14 × 110 = 1540
7
= 13 + 1 4. The sum of first n terms of a certain se-
= 14 ries is given as 2n2 − 3n. Show that the
∴ Sn = n 2 (a + l ) series is an A.P.
Solution :
S14 = 14 (6 + 97)
2 Given Sn = 2n2 − 3n
= 7 × 103
n = 1 ⇒ S1 = 2 − 3 = −1
= 721

n = 2 ⇒ S2 = 2(4) − 3 (2) = 8 − 6 = 2
2. How many consecutive odd integers be-
∴ t1 = a = − 1, S2 = 2
ginning with 5 will sum to 480?
Solution : ⇒ t2 + t1 = 2
By the data given, ⇒ t2 − 1 = 2
The series is 5 + 7 + 9 + ....... n = 480 ⇒ t2 = 3
∴ a = 5, d = 2, Sn = 480 ∴ t1 = −1, t2 = 3, d = t2 − t1
⇒ n 2 [2a + (n − 1)d ] = 480 = 4
⇒ n 2 [10 + (n − 1)d ] = 480 ∴ a = − 1, d = 4
⇒ n 2 [5 + (n − 1)] = 480
∴ The series is − 1 + 3 + 7 + ......... is an A.P.
⇒ n [n + 4] = 480 5. The 104th term and 4th term of an A.P.

are 125 and 0. Find the sum of first 35
⇒ n 2 + 4n − 480 = 0
terms.
⇒ (n + 24) (n − 20) = 0
Solution :
⇒ n = −24, n = 20
Given t104 = 125, t4 = 0
∴ n = 20
To find : S35
3. Find the sum of first 28 terms of an A.P.
whose nth term is 4n − 3. a + 103 d = 125
Solution : a+ 3d = 0
Given tn = 4n − 3 100 d = 125
n = 1 ⇒ t1 = 4 − 3 = 1
63
d = 54 7. Find the sum of all natural numbers

between 602 and 902 which are not
a+3 5 ( 4) = 0 divisible by 4.
⇒ a + 15 4 = 0 Solution :
First we take the sum of the numbers from
⇒ a = −15 603 to 901
4
∴ S n = n 2 [2a + (n − 1)d ]
a = 603, d = 1, l = 901
l−a
S35 = 35  −15 + (34) 5 
2  2 ( ) 4
∴ n=
d
+1
901 − 603
= 35 2  −15 2 + 85 2  = +1
1
= 35 2 × 35 = 298 + 1
1225 = 299
=
2 ∴ Sn = n 2 [a + l ]
= 612.5
299
= × 1504
6. Find the sum of all odd positive integers 2
less than 450. = 299 × 752
= 224848
Solution :
To find the sum : Next we take sum of all the no's between
602 & 902 which are divi. by 4
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ......... + 449
a = 604, d = 4, l = 900
a = 1, d = 2, l = 449 150
l−a
l−a ∴ n= +1 4 602
∴ n= +1 d
d 900 − 604 600
449 − 1 = +1 2
= +1 4
2 296 602 + (4 – 2)
= +1
=
448
+1 4 = 602 + 2
2 = 74 + 1 = 604
= 224 + 1 = 75
= 225
∴ Sn = n 2 [a + l ] 225
∴ Sn = n 2 [a + l ] 4 902
75
225 S75 = × 1504 900
S 225 = [450] 2
2 = 75 × 752 2
= 225 × 225 = 56, 400 = 902 – 2

= 50, 625 = 900
∴ Sum of no's which are not div. by 4

= 224848 − 56400 = 168448
www.nammakalvi.org
64
8. Raghu wish to buy a laptop. He can buy

it by paying ` 40,000 cash or by giving it n
in 10 installments as ` 4800 in the first 2 [2a + (n − 1) d ] = 65, 000
month, ` 4750 in the second month, ` ⇒ n 2 [800 + (n − 1) 300] = 65, 000 5 −3900
4700 in the third month and so on. If he
⇒ n [400 + (n − 1) 150] = 65, 000 − 65 − 60
pays the money in this fashion, find
⇒ n [150n + 250] = 65, 000 3 3
(i) total amount paid in 10 installments.
⇒ n [3n + 5] = 1,300 65
(ii) how much extra amount that he has , −20
⇒ 3n 2 + 5n − 1300 = 0 3
to pay than the cost?
Solution : ⇒ n = 20, −65 3
Installment in 1st month = Rs. 4800 ∴ n = 20
Installment in 2nd month = Rs. 4750
10. A brick staircase has a total of 30 steps.
Installment in 3rd month = Rs. 4700 The bottom step requires 100 bricks.
i.e., 4800, 4750, 4700, ...... forms an A.P. with Each successive step requires two bricks
less than the previous step.
a = 4800, d = −50, n = 10
(i) How many bricks are required for the
i) Total amount paid in 10 installments top most step?
∴ S n = n 2 [2a + (n − 1)d ] (ii) How many bricks are required to
build the stair case?
∴ S10 = 5 [9600 + 9( −50) ]
Solution :
= 5 [9600 − 450]
No. of bricks in bottom step = 100
= 5 × 9150
= Rs. 45, 750 / −
No. of bricks in successive steps are
ii) Amount he paid extra in installments 98, 96, 94, ........
= 45,750 − 40,000 ∴ 100, 98, 96, 94, ......... for 30 steps form an
A.P. with
= Rs. 5,750/-
a = 100, d = −2, n = 30
9. A man repays a loan of ` 65,000 by pay-
ing ` 400 in the first month and then i) No. of bricks used in the top most step
increasing the payment by ` 300 every t30 = a + 29d
month. How long will it take for him to
clear the loan? = 100 + 29 (−2)
Solution : = 100 −58
Amounts of repayment in successive months = 42
400 + 700 + 1000 + ...... n months = ` 65,000
a = 400, d = 300, Sn = 65,000
65∴ S1 + S 2 + ... + S m
= n 2 (n + 1) + n 2 (3n + 1) + ... + n 2 ((2m − 1) n + 1)
ii) Total no. of bricks used to build the stair case = n 2 [(n + 3n + ... + (2m − 1)n) + (1 + 1 + ... m terms)]
= n 2 [(n(1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + (2m − 1) + m]

30
S 20 = (100 + 42)
2
= 15 × 142 = n 2 [(n(m 2 ) + m]
= 2130 = n 2 [m(mn + 1)]

11. If S1, S2, S3, ........ Sm are the sums of n = 1 mn (mn + 1)
2
terms of m A.P.’s whose first terms are 1, = RHS
2, 3,...., m and whose common differenc-
Hence Proved
es are 1, 3, 5, ......., (2m − 1) respectively,
then show that 12. Find the sum
1  a - b 3a - 2b 5a - 3b 
S1 + S 2 + S 3 + ......... +=
Sm mn ( mn + 1)
2  a + b + a + b + a + b + ....... to 12 terms 
Solution :
1st A.P. ⇒ a = 1, d = 1
Solution :
⇒ S1 = n 2 [2 + (n − 1) 1] Given series is
= n 2 [n + 1]
2nd A.P. ⇒ a = 2, d = 3 a − b 3a − 2b 5a − 3b
+ + + ......... to 12 terms
a+b a+b a+b
⇒ S 2 = n 2 [4 + (n − 1) 3]
a −b 2a − b
1st term = , Common diff =
= n 2 [3n + 1] a+b a+b
12   a − b   2 a − b   n
m th A.P. ⇒ a = m, d = 2m − 1 S12 = 2  + 11   (Q S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ])
2   a + b  a + b   2
⇒ S m = n 2 [2m + (n − 1) (2m − 1)]
 2a − 2b + 22a − 11b 
=6 
= n 2 [2m + 2mn − 2m − n + 1]  a+b
n  24a − 13b 
= 2 [2mn − n + 1] =6
 a + b 
n
= 2 [(2m − 1) n + 1] =
6
[24a − 13b]
a+b
Hence proved.
VII. GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION : 66
Key Points
99 A Geometric Progression is a sequence in which each term is obtained by multilplying a fixed
non-zero number to the preceding term except the first term. The fixed number is called com-
mon ratio. The common ratio is usually denoted by r.
99 Let a and r ≠ 0 be real numbers. Then the numbers of the form a, ar, ar2, .... arn–1 ... is called
a Geometric Progression. The number 'a' ios called the first term and number 'r' is called the
common ratio.
99 The general term or nth term of a G.P. is tn = arn–1.
99 When the product of three consecutive terms of a G.P. are given, we can take the three terms
a
as , a, ar.
r
99 When the products of four consecutive terms are given for a G.P. then we can take the four
a a
terms as 3 , , ar , ar 3 .
r r
99 When each term of a Geometric Progression is multiplied or divided by a non-zero constant
then the resulting sequence is also a Geometric Progression.
99 Three non-zero numbers a, b, c are in G.P. if and only if b2 = ac.
Example 2.40 1
(ii) , 1, 2, 4, ....
Which of the following sequences form a 2
Geometric Progression ? t2 1 t3 2 t4 4
1 = = 2; = = 2; = =2
(i) 7, 14, 21, 28, .... (ii) , 1, 2, 4, .... t1 1 t2 1 t3 2
2 2
(iii) 5, 25, 50, 75, ...
Here the ratios between successive terms
Solution : 1
are equal. Therefore the sequence , 1, 2, 4, ....
To check if a given sequence form a G.P. we 2
have to see if the ratio between successive terms is a Geometric Progression with common ratio
are equal. r = 2.
(i) 7, 14, 21, 28, .... (iii) 5 , 2 5 , 5 0 , 7 5 , . . .
t2 14 t 21 3 t4 28 4 t2 25 t3 50 t4 75 3
= = 2; 3 = = ; = = = = 5; = = 2; = =
t1 7 t2 14 2 t3 21 3 t1 5 t2 25 t3 50 2
Since the ratios between successive terms Since the ratios between successive terms
are not equal, the sequence 7, 14, 21, 28, .... is not a are not equal, the sequence 5, 25, 50, 75, ... is not a
Geometric Progression. Geometric Progression.
Example 2.41
Find the geometric progression whose first term
and common ratios are given by (i) a = –7, r = 6
(ii) a = 256, r = 0.5
www.nammakalvi.org
67
Solution : Substituting the value of r in (1), we get

3
(i) The general form of Geometric progression 2 8
a×  = ⇒a=3
is a, ar, ar3, .... 3 9
a = –7, ar = –7 × 6 = – 42, ar2 = –7 × 62 = –252 Therefore the Geometric Progression is a,
4
Therefore the required Geometric Progression is ar, ar3, ... That is, 3, 2, , ...
–7, – 42, – 252, ... 3
Example 2.44
(ii) The general form of Geometric progression
is a, ar, ar3, ... The product of three consecutive terms of a
Geometric Progression is 343 and their sum is
a = 256, ar = 256 × 0.5 = 128, ar3 = 256 × 91
(0.5)2 = 64 . Find the three terms.
3
Example 2.42 Solution :
Find the 8th term of the G.P. 9, 3, 1, ... Since the product of 3 consecutive terms is
Solution : given.
a
To find the 8th term we have to use the nth we can take them as , a, ar.
r
term formula tn = arn–1 Product of the terms = 343
t 3 1 a
First term a = 9, common ratio r = 2 = = × a × ar = 343
t1 9 3 r

8 −1 7
 1  1 1 a3 = 73 gives a = 7
t8 = 9 ×   =9×  =
 3  3 243 Sum of the terms =
91
3
Therefore the 8th term of the G.P. is
1
.  1 + r + r 2  91
243 gives 7  =
 3
 r
Example 2.43 3 + 3r + 3r2 = 13r gives 3r2 – 10r + 3 = 0
8 1
In a Geometric progression, the 4th term is (3r – 1) (r – 3) = 0 gives r = 3 or r =
9 3
and the 7th term is 64 . Find the Geometric
Progression. 243 7
If a = 7, r = 3 then the three terms are , 7, 21.
3
Solution : 1 7
8 8 If a = 7, r = then the three terms are 21, 7, .
4 th term, t4 = gives ar 3 = ...(1) 3 3
9 9
64 64 Example 2.45
7 th term, t7 = gives ar 6 = ...(2)
243 243 The present value of a machine is `40,000 and
64 its value depreciates each year by 10%. Find the
ar 6 243 estimated value of the machine in the 6th year.
Dividing (2) by (1) we get, 3 =
ar 8
Solution :
9
8 2
The value of the machine at present is
r3 = gives r =
27 3
68
`40,000. Since it is depreciated at the rate of EXERCISE 2.7

10% after one year the value of the machine is
90% of the initial value. 1. Which of the following sequences are in
G.P.?
That is the value of the machine at the end
(i) 3, 9, 27, 81,… (ii) 4, 44, 444, 4444,...
90
of the first year is 40,000 ×
100 (iii) 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, …
After two years, the value of the machine is 1 1 1
iv) , , , ....... v) 1, −5, 25, −125 …
90% of the value in the first year. 3 6 12
1
Value of the machine at the end of the 2nd vi) 120, 60, 30, 18,… vii) 16, 4, 1, , .......
2
4
year is 40,000 ×  90  Solution :
 100 
i) Given sequence is 3, 9, 27, 81 ..........
Continuing this way, the value of the ma-
chine depreciates in the following way as t2
t1 = 3
9 =3
2
90  90  t3
40000, 40000 × , 40000 × 
t2 = 9 =
27
 100 
... 3
100
t4
t3 = 27 = 3
81
This sequence is in the form of G.P.
90
with first term 40,000 and common ratio . ∴ The sequence is a G.P.
100
For finding the value of the machine at the end of ii) Given sequence is 4, 44, 444, ...........
t2
t1 = 4
44 = 11
5th year (i.e. in 6th year), we need to find the sixth
term of this G.P. t3
t2 = = 111 ≠ 11
444
44 11
90
Thus, n = 6, a = 40,000, r = . t t
∴ 2t ≠ 3t
100
n −1 1 2
n −1  90 
Using tn = ar , we have t6 = 40,000 × 
 100  ∴ The sequence is not a G.P.
5 iii) Given sequence is 0.5, 0.05, 0.005, .......
 90 
= 40000 × 
 100  t2 0.05 5
= = =
1
9 9 9 9 9 t1 0.5 50 10
t6 = 40,000 × × × × × t3 0.005 5 1
10 10 10 10 10 = = =
= 23619.6 t
2 0.05 50 10
Therefore the value of the machine in 6th ∴ The sequence is a G.P.

year = `23619.60.
69
1 1 1 2. Write the first three terms of the G.P.

iv) , , , ...... whose first term and the common ratio
3 6 12
are given below.
1
t2 3 1 (i) a = 6, r = 3 (ii) a = 2, r = 2
= 6= =
t1 1 6 2 2
3 (iii) a = 1000, r =
5
1
t3 6 1
= 2= = Solution :
t2 1 12 2
6 i) Given a = 6, r = 3
∴ The sequence is a G.P. ∴ The first 3 terms of the G.P. are
v) 1, − 5, 25, − 125, ............ 6, 18, 54, ........
t2 ii ) Given a = 2, r = 2
= −5
t1
t3 25 ∴ The first 3 terms of the G.P. are
= = −5
t2 −5
2, 2, 2 2, .........
t4 −125
= = −5 iii) a = 1000, r = 2 5
t3 25

∴ The first 3 terms are
∴ The sequence is a G.P.
1000, 1000 × 2 5 , 1000 × 2 5 × 2 5
vi) 120, 60, 30, 18, ...........
t2 60 1 = 1000, 400, 160, ...........
= =
t1 120 2 3. In a G.P. 729, 243, 81,… find t7.
t3 30 1 Solution :
= =
t2 60 2 Given G.P is 729, 243, 21, ........
t4 18 1 a = 729, r = 8 243 = 1 3
= ≠
t3 30 2 ∴ tn = a . r n−1

⇒ t7 = a . r6
∴ The sequence is not a G.P.
( )
6
vii ) 16, 4, 1, 1 4 , ....... = 729 × 1 3
1
t2 4 1 = 36 × 6 = 1
= = 3
t1 16 4
t3 1 4. Find x so that x + 6, x + 12 and x + 15 are
=
t2 4 consecutive terms of a Geometric Pro-
t4 1 gression.
=
t3 4 Solution :

Given x + 6, x + 12, x + 15 are consecutive
∴ The sequence is a G.P. terms of a G.P.
www.nammakalvi.org
70
x + 12 x + 15 6. In a G.P. the 9th term is 32805 and 6th

⇒ = term is 1215. Find the 12th term.
x + 6 x + 12
Solution :
⇒ ( x + 12) 2 = ( x + 15) ( x + 6)
Given t9 = 32805, t6 = 1215, t12 = ?
⇒ x 2 + 24 x + 144 = x 2 + 21x + 90
a . r8 = 32805 ........... (1)
⇒ 3 x = − 54
x = − 18 a . r5 = 1215 ........... (2)

32805
5. Find the number of terms in the follow- (1) ÷ (2) ⇒ r 3 =
1215
ing G.P.
⇒ r = 27
3
i) 4, 8, 16, … , 8192 ?
1 1 1 1 ⇒ r=3
ii) , , , ........, ?
3 9 27 2187 Sub. r = 3 in (2)
Solution :
i) Given G.P is 4, 8, 16, ........ 8192 a × 35 = 1215
⇒ a = 4, r = 2, tn = 8192 ⇒ a × 243 = 1215
⇒ a . rn-1 = 8192 1215
⇒ a=
⇒ 4 × 2n-1 = 8192 243
⇒ 2n-1 = 2048 ⇒ a=5
⇒ 2n-1 = 211 ⇒ ∴ t12 = a . r11
⇒ n − 1 = 11 = 5 × 311

∴ n = 12
7. Find the 10th term of a G.P. whose 8th
1 1 1 1
ii ) Given G.P is , , , ......., term is 768 and the common ratio is 2.
3 9 27 2187
Solution :
1 1 1
a = , r = , tn = Given t8 = 768, r=2
3 3 2187
1 ⇒ a . r7 = 768
⇒ a . r n −1 =
2187 ⇒ a × 27 = 768
n −1
1  1 1 ⇒ a × 128 = 768
⇒ .  =
3  3 2187
a=6
n −1
 1 3
⇒   = ∴ t10 = a . r9
3 2187
n −1 = 6 × 29
 1 1
⇒   = = 6 × 512
3 729
n −1 6 = 3072
 1  1
⇒   = 
3  3
∴ n −1 = 6

⇒ n=7
a a 57
i.e.,
× a + a × ar + ar × =
GANGA - 10 Maths r r and
Numbers 2 Sequences
71
 1  57
⇒ a 2  + r + 1 =
r  2
8. If a, b, c are in A.P. then show that 3a, 3b, 1 + r 2 + r  57
3c are in G.P. ⇒ 9 =
 r  2
Solution : 19
Given a, b, c are in A.P. 1+ r + r2 57
⇒ =
a+c r 9 ×2
⇒b= ......(1) 3
2
To Prove : 3a, 3b, 3c are in G.P. 1+ r + r 2
19
⇒ =
r 6
i.e. TP : (3b)2 = 3a . 3c
⇒ 6r + 6r + 6 = 19r
2
LHS : (3b)2
⇒ 6r 2 − 13r + 6 = 0
=3 2b
⇒ r = 32, 23
= 3a+c (from (1))
=3 .3a c ∴ a = 3, r = 3 2 ⇒ 3 terms are 2, 3, 9 2
= RHS &
∴ 3a, 3b, 3c are in G.P. ∴ a = 3, r = 3 ⇒ 3 terms are 9 , 3, 2

2 2

9. In a G.P. the product of three consecutive
terms is 27 and the sum of the product of 10. A man joined a company as Assistant
57 Manager. The company gave him a start-
two terms taken at a time is . Find the ing salary of ` 60,000 and agreed to in-
2
three terms. crease his salary 5% annually. What will
Solution : be his salary after 5 years?
Let the 3 consecutive terms of a G.P be Solution :
a Given, initial salary = Rs. 60,000
, a, ar
r Annual increment = 5%
i) Product of 3 terms = 27 Salary increment at the end of 1 year =
a 60,0 00 ×
5
= 3000
⇒ × a × ar = 27
r 100
∴ Continuing this way, we want to find the
⇒ a3 = 27
total salary after 5 years.
∴ a =3
( )
n
ii) Sum of product of terms taken 2 at a A = P 1+ r
100
( )
n
57 = 60,000 1 + 5100
time =
2
a a 57  105 
5
i.e., × a + a × ar + ar × = = 60,000 × 
r r 2  100 
 1  57 = 60,000 × (1.05)5
⇒ a 2  + r + 1 =
r  2
= Rs. 76,600
1 + r 2 + r  57
⇒ 9 =
 r  2
19
1+ r + r2 57
⇒ =
72
log 60,000 = 4.7782

( )
3
= 20,000 1 + 6 100
5 log (1.05) = 0.1060
3
5.8842  106 
= 20,000 
 100 
Antilog 76,600
= 20,000 (1.06)3
= 23,820
11. Sivamani is attending an interview for a Offer B :
job and the company gave two offers to P = ` 22,000 r = 3%
him. n = 3 (in the 4th year)
Offer A: ` 20,000 to start with followed
(
A = P 1+ r )
3
by a guaranteed annual increase of 6% 100

for the first 5 years. log 22,000 = 4.3424
Offer B: ` 22,000 to start with followed 3 log (1.03) = 0.0384
by a guaranteed annual increase of 3% = 22,000 × (1.03) 3
4.3808
for the first 5 years.
= ` 24040 Antilog 24040
What is his salary in the 4th year with re-
spect to the offers A and B? 12. If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of
an A.P. and x, y, z are three consecutive
Solution :
terms of a G.P. then prove that xb−c × yc−a
Offer A : × za−b = 1.
P = ` 20,000 r = 6% Solution :
n = 3 (in the 4th year) Given a, b, c are consecutive terms of A.P.
⇒ a, a + d, a + 2d, .......
A = P 1+ r ( )
3
100 x, y, z are consecutive terms of G.P.

log 20,000 = 4.3010 ⇒ x, xr, xr2, ......
3 log (1.06) = 0.0759 T.P : xb-c × yc-z × za-b = 1
LHS : xb-c × yc-a × za-b = x– d × (xr)2d × (xr2)–d
4.3769
= x0 × r2d × r–2d = x0 × r0 = 1
Antilog 23820
= RHS. Hence proved.
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73
VIII. GEOMETRIC SERIES :
Key Points
99 A series whose terms are in Geometric progression is called Geometric series.
a (r n − 1)
99 The sum to n terms is S n = , r ≠ 1.
r −1
99 If r = 1, then Sn = a + a + a + .... + a = na.
a
99 The sum of infinite terms of a G.P. is given by a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + ... = , –1 < r < 1.
1− r

Find the sum of 8 terms of the G.P. How many terms of the series 1 + 4 + 16 + ....
make the sum 1365 ?
1, –3, 9, –27, ...
Solution :
Solution :
Let n be the number of terms to be added to
Here the first term a = 1,
−3 get the sum 1365
common ratio r = = – 3 < 1, Here n = 8.
1 4
Sum to n terms of a G.P. is a = 1, r = = 4 > 1
1
a (r n − 1) a (r n − 1)
Sn = if r ≠ 1 S n = 1365 gives = 1365
r −1 r −1
1(( −3)8 − 1) 6561 − 1 1(4n − 1)
Hence, S n = = = −1640 = 1365 so, (4n − 1) = 4095
( −3) − 1 −4 4 −1
4n = 4096 then 4n = 46
Example 2.47
n=6
Find the first term of G.P. in which S6 = 4095
and r = 4. Example 2.49
Solution : Find the sum 3 + 1 + + ... ∞
Common ratio = 4 > 1, Sum of first 6 terms Solution :
t2 1
S6 = 4095 Here a = 3, r = =
t1 3
a (r n − 1)
Hence, S n = = 4095 a 3 9
r −1 Sum of infinite terms = = =
1− r 1− 1 2
a (46 − 1)
Since, r = 4, = 4095 gives 3
4 −1
4095
a× = 4095
3
First term a = 3.
74

Find the rational form of the number 0.6666 ... Find the least positive integer n such that 1 + 6 +
62 + .... + 6n > 5000.
We can express the number 0.6666 ... as We have to find the least number of terms
follows for which the sum must be greater than 5000.
0.6666... = 0.6 + 0.06+ 0.006 + 0.0006 + ... That is, to find the least value of n, such that
We now see that numbers 0.6, 0.06, 0.006 ... Sn > 5000
forms an G.P. whose first term a = 0.6 and com- a (r n − 1) 1(6n − 1) 6n − 1
We have Sn = = =
0.06 r −1 6 −1 5
mon ratio r = = 0.1. Also –1 < r = 0.1 < 1 n
6 −1
0.6 S n > 5000 gives > 5000
Using the infinite G.P. formula, we have 5
0.6666... = 0.6 + 0.06 + 0.006 + 0.0006 + ... 6n − 1 > 25000 gives 6n > 25001
0.6 0.6 2 Since, 65 = 7776 and 66 = 46656
= = = The least positive value of n is 6 such that 1
1 − 0.1 0.9 3
+ 6 + 62 + .... + 6n > 5000.
Thus the rational number equivalent of Example 2.53
2
0.6666 ... is A person saved money every year, half as much
3
as he could in the previous year. If he had totally
Example 2.51 saved ` 7875 in 6 years then how much did he
Find the sum to n terms of the series 5 + 55 + save in the first year ?
555 + ... Solution :
Solution : Total amount saved in 6 years is S6 = 7875
The series is neither Arithmetic nor Geo- Since he saved half as much money as ev-
metric series. So it can be split into two series ery year he saved in the previous year.
and then find the sum. 1
We have r = < 1
5 + 55 + 555 + .... + n terms = 5 [1 + 11 + 2
  1 
6
111 + .... + n terms] a 1 −   
5 a (1 − r n )   2 
= [9 + 99 + 999 + .... + n terms] = = 7875
9 1− r 1−
1
2
5
= [(10 − 1) + (100 − 1) + (1000 − 1) + .... + n terms]  1
9 a 1 − 
 64  63
5 = 7875 gives a × = 7875
= [(10 + 100 + 1000 + ... + n terms) − n] 1 32
9 2
5 10(10n − 1)  50(10n − 1) 5n 7875 × 32
=  − n = − a= so, a = 4000
9  (10 − 1)
 81 9 63
The amount saved in the first year is `4000.
75
EXERCISE 2.8 rn −1
Sn = a .
1. Find the sum of first n terms of the G.P. r −1
9 27 36 − 1
(i)
(i) 5, - 3, , − , ........ (ii) 256, ∴ S6 = 5 .
5
64, 16, ......... 25 3 −1
Solution : = 5 2 × 728
9 −27 = 5 × 364
i) Given G.P is 5, − 3, , , ........
5 25
a = 5, r = −3 5 < 1 = 1820
3. Find the first term of the G.P. whose
1− rn
∴ Sn = a . common ratio 5 and whose sum to first 6
1− r
terms is 46872.

( )
n

1 − −3 5 Solution :
= (5) ×  
 ( )
 1 − −3 
5  Given r = 5, S6 = 46872
1 − ( −3 5 )
  n rn −1
 
Sn = a .
= (5) × r −1
 8 
 5  56 − 1
⇒ a× = 46872
=
25
8
( ( ))
1 − −3 5
n
⇒
4
a (56 − 1) = 46872 × 4
ii) Given G.P is 256, 64, 16, ......... ⇒ a (15624) = 46872 × 4
a = 256, r = 1 4 < 1 46872 × 4
∴ a =
15624
1 − rn
∴ Sn = a . =3× 4
1− r
a = 12
( )
n
1 − 14
= 256 × 4. Find the sum to infinity of
1 − 14
(i) 9 + 3 + 1 + ..........
( )
n
1 − 14 28
= 256 × (ii) 21 + 14 + + ........
3 Solution : 3
4

=
1024
3
( ( ))
1 − 14
n i) 9 + 3 + 1 + ......... is a geometric series
with a = 9, r = 1 3 < 1
2. Find the sum of first six terms of the G.P.
a 9
5, 15, 45, … S∞ = =
1− r 1− 1
Solution : 3
Given G.P is 5, 15, 45, ............ =
9
2
a = 5, r = 3 > 1 3
= 2
27

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4 44 444
= + + + ........ to n terms
GANGA - 10 Maths
10 100 1000 Numbers and Sequences
76
1 11 111 
=4 + + + ...... n terms 
10 100 1000 
ii ) 21 + 14 + 28 3 , .......... is geo. series 49 99 999 
=  + + + ...... n terms 
9 10 100 1000 
with a = 21, r = 14 21 = 2 3 < 1
 1  1   1  
4 1 −  + 1 − + 1 −
∴ S∞ =
a
=
21 =  10   100   1000  

1− r 1− 2 9 
3  + ...... n terms 
21 (1 + 1 + 1 + ...... n terms) 
=
=  
4
1− 2 1 1 1 
3 9  − + + + ...... n terms
21   10 100 1000  
=
1
3 4

 1  ( )
1− 1 n  
10  
= 63 =  n − 10  
 1 − 10  
9 1

( ( ))
5. If the first term of an infinite G.P. is 8 4  1 n 
=  n − 9 1 − 10
32 1
and its sum to infinity is then find the 9 
3
common ratio.
Solution :
ii) 4n 4
= 3−+ 33 +
9 81
( ( ) )
1 −333110
n
+ ..... upto n terms
= 3 (1 + 11 + 111 + ........ + n terms)
32
Given a = 8, S∞ = , r=? 3
3 = (9 + 99 + 999 + ........ + n terms)
9
a 32
⇒ = 3
1− r 3 = [(10 − 1) + (100 − 1) + (1000 − 1) + ....... n terms]
1 4
9
3
⇒
8
=
32 = [ (10 + 100 + 1000 + ...... n terms ]
1− r 3 9
⇒ 3 = 4 − 4r − [ (1 + 1 + 1 + ...... n terms ]
⇒ 4r = 1 3   10n − 1 
= 10 .   − n 
∴ r = 14 9 n 
30 3 n
= (10n − 1) −
6. Find the sum to n terms of the series 81 9
(i) 0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + ....... to n terms 10 n
= (10n − 1) −
(ii) 3 + 33 + 333 + ...... to n terms 27 3
Solution :
7. Find the sum of the Geometric series 3 +
i) 0.4 + 0.44 + 0.444 + ..... to n terms 6 + 12 + ...... + 1536.
4 44 444 Solution :
= + + + ........ to n terms
10 100 1000 Given 3 + 6 + 12 + .......... + 1536 is a geo-
1 11 111  metric series
=4 + + + ...... n terms 
10 100 1000  a = 3, r = 2, tn = 1536
49 99 999 
=  + + + ...... n terms 
9 10 100 1000 
 1  1   1  
4 1 −  + 1 −  + 1 −  
  
77
⇒ a . r n-1 = 1536
rn −1
⇒ 3 . 2 n-1 = 1536 ∴ Sn = a .
r −1
1536 48 − 1
⇒ 2n −1 = S8 = 8 .
3 3
n −1
⇒ 2 = 512 = 29 65535
=8×
∴ n −1 = 9 3
n = 10 = 8 × 21845
= ` 174760
rn −1
∴ Sn = a .
r −1 9. Find the rational form of the number
210 − 1 0.123.
S10 = 3 ×
2 −1 Solution :
= 3 (1023) Let x = 0.123
= 3069 x = 0.123123123 .....(1)
8. Kumar writes a letter to four of his ⇒ 1000 x = 123.123123 .......
friends. He asks each one of them to copy
the letter and mail to four different per- ⇒ 1000 x = 123.123 .....(2)
sons with the instruction that they con- ∴ (2) – (1) ⇒ 999x = 123
tinue the process similarly. Assuming
123
that the process is unaltered and it costs ⇒x=
` 2 to mail one letter, find the amount 999
spent on postage when 8th set of letters is ∴x =
41
mailed. 333
Solution : 10. If Sn = (x + y) + (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y +
By the data given, xy2 + y3) + ......... n terms then prove that
The number of mails delivered are x 2 ( x n - 1) y 2 ( y n - 1)
(x - y) S n = −
x -1 y -1
4, 4 × 4, 4 × 4 × 4, ...............
i.e., 4, 16, 64, ............ 8th set of letters. Solution :
Given
Each mail costs ` 2
Sn = (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) + (x3 + x2y + xy2
∴ The total cost is
+ y ) + ........ + n terms
3
(4 × 2) + (16 × 2) + (64 × 2) + ........... 8th set

⇒ (x − y) Sn = (x − y) (x + y) + (x - y)
= 8 + 32 + 28 + ........... 8th set (which forms)
(x2 + xy + y2) + (x − y) (x3 + x2y + xy2 + y3)
form a geometric series with a = 8, r = 4, n = 8 + ...... n terms
⇒ (x − y) Sn = (x2 − y2) + (x3 + y3) + (x4 - y4)
+ ...... n terms
78
(x2 + x3 + x4 + ........ n terms) x 2 ( x n − 1) y 2 ( y n − 1)

∴ ( x − y ) Sn = −
− (y2 + y3 + y4 + ........ n terms), x −1 y −1
both of them are geometric series  r n − 1
Q S n = a . 
a = x2, r = x & a = y2, r = y r −1 
Hence proved.
IX. SPECIAL SERIES :
Key Points
n(n + 1)
99 The sum of first n natural numbers 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + n =
2
99 The sum of squares of first n natural numbers
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + .... + n 2 =
6
n(n + 1) 
2
99 The sum of cubes of first n natural numbers 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + n3 = 
 2 
99 The sum of first n odd natural numbers 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n – 1) = n2.
Find the value of (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50 (ii) 16 Find the sum of (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + to 40 terms
+ 17 + 18 + .... + 75 (ii) 2 + 4 + 6 + .... + 80 (iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
(i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 50 (i) 1 + 3 + 5 + ..... + 40 terms = 402 = 1600
n(n + 1)
Using, 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = (ii) 2 + 4 + 6 + ..... + 80
2
50 × (50 + 1) = 2 (1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 40)
1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 50 = = 1275 40 × (40 + 1)
2 =2× = 1640
(ii) 16 + 17 + 18 + ... + 75 2
(iii) 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
= (1+2+3 + ... + 75) – (1 + 2 + 3 + ... + 15)
Here the number of terms is not given. Now
we have to find the number of terms using the
75(75 + 1) 15(15 + 1)
= − (l − a ) (55 − 1)
2 2 formula, n = + 1 gives n= +1=28.
d 2
= 2850 – 120 = 2730 Therefore, 1 + 3 + 5 + .... + 55
= (28)2 = 784.
www.nammakalvi.org
79

Find the sum of (i) 1 + 2 + .... + 19
2 2 2 If 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = 666 then find n.
(ii) 52 + 102 + 152 + .... + 1052 Solution :
n(n + 1)
(iii) 152 + 162 + 172 + .... 282 Since, 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + n = ,
2
n(n + 1)
Solution : we have = 666
2
19 × (19 + 1) (2 × 19 + 1) n2 + n – 1332 = 0 gives (n + 37) (n – 36) = 0
(i) 12 + 22 + ..... + 192 =
6
So, n = – 37 or n = 36
19 × 20 × 39
= = 2470 But n ≠ – 37 (Since n is a natural number) ;
6 Hence n = 36.
(ii) 52 + 102 + 152 + .... + 1052
EXERCISE 2.9
= 52 (12 + 22 + 32 + .... + 212 )
25 × (21 + 1) (2 × 21 + 1) 1. Find the sum of the following series
= 25 ×
6 i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 60
25 × 21 × 22 × 43 ii) 3 + 6 + 9 + ........ + 96
= = 82775
6 iii) 51 + 52 + 53 + ........ + 92
(iii) 152 + 162 + 17 2 + ....282 iv) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ........ + 225
= (12 + 22 + 32 + .... + 282 ) v) 62 + 72 + 82 + ...... + 212
− (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 14 )
2 2 2 2
vi) 103 + 113 + 123 + ..... + 203
28 × 29 × 57 14 × 15 × 29 vii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ...... + 71
= −
6 6 Solution :
= 7714 − 1015 = 6699 i) 1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 60
n
Example 2.57 n(n + 1)
Find the sum of (i) 1 + 2 + 3 + .... + 16
3 3 3 3
∑K =
2
k =1
(ii) 93 + 103 + ..... + 213 60 × 61
=
Solution : 2
16 × (16 + 1) 
2 = 30 × 61
(i) 13 + 23 + 33 + .... + 163 =  
 2 = 1830
= (136) = 18496
2
ii) 3 + 6 + 9 + ........ + 96
(ii) 9 + 10 + .... + 21 = (1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + 21 )
3 3 3 3 3 3 3
= 3 (1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + 32)
− (13 + 23 + 33 + .... + 83 )
 32 × 33 
= 3
 2 
2 2
 21 × (21 + 1)   8 × (8 + 1) 
=  = 
 2   2 = 3 × 16 × 33
= (231) − (36) = 52065
2 2
= 1584

80
iii) 51 + 52 + 53 + ........ + 92 vii) 1 + 3 + 5 + ...... + 71

= (1 + 2 + 3 + .......... + 92) a = 1, d = 2, l = 71
− (1 + 2 + 3 + ........ + 50) l−a
∴n = +1
92 × 93 50 × 51 d
= − 71 − 1
2 2 = +1
= 46 × 93 − 25 × 51 2
= 36
= 4278 − 1275
= 3003 ∴ 1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + 71 = (36)2
iv) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + ........ + 225 (∵ 1 + 3 + 5 + ......... + n terms = n2)
= 12 + 22 + 32 + ......... + 152 = 1296

n
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) 2. If 1 + 2 + 3 + ....... + k = 325, then find 13 +
∑K 2
=
6
23 + 33 + ........... + k3
k =1
Solution :
15 × 16 × 31
= Given 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + k = 325
6
= 1240 k (k + 1)
⇒ = 325
2
v) 62 + 72 + 82 + ...... + 212
∴ 13 + 23 + 33 + ........... + k3
= (12 + 22 + 32 + ....... + 212)
 k (k + 1) 
2
− (12 + 22 + ....... + 52) = 
 2 
21 × 22 × 43 5 × 6 × 11
= − = (325) 2
6 6
= 3311 − 55 = 105625

= 3256
3. If 13 + 23 + 33 + ....... + k3 = 44100, then
vi) 103 + 113 + 123 + ..... + 203 find 1 + 2 + 3 + ........... + k.
= (13 + 23 + ....... + 203) Solution :
− (13 + 23 + ....... + 93) Given 13 + 23 + 33 + ........ + k3 = 44100
n
 n(n + 1) 
2
 k (k + 1) 
2
∑ K3 = 
 2  ⇒ 
2 
 = 44100
k =1
 20 × 21
2
 9 × 10 
2 k (k + 1)
=   − ⇒ = 210
 2   2  2
⇒ 1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + k = 210
= (210) 2 − (45) 2
= 44100 − 2025
= 42075
81
4. How many terms of the series 13 + 23 + 6. Rekha has 15 square colour papers of
33 + ....... should be taken to get the sum sizes 10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm,…, 24 cm. How
14400? much area can be decorated with these
Solution : colour papers?
Given 13 + 23 + 33 + ......... + k3 = 14400 Solution :
 k (k + 1) 
2 Given sides of 15 square Colour papers are
⇒   = 14400
2  10 cm, 11 cm, 12 cm, ........ 24 cm
k (k + 1) ∴ its area = 102 + 112 + 122 + ........ + 242
⇒ = 120
2
= (12 + 22 + 32 + ...... + 242) − (12
⇒ k 2 + k − 240 = 0 + 22 + ...... + 92)
⇒ (k + 16) (k − 15) = 0
24 × 25 × 49 9 × 10 × 19
∴ k = −16, k = 15 = −
6 6
But k ≠ − 16
= 4900 − 285
∴ k = 15

= 4615 cm2
5. The sum of the squares of the first n natu-
7. Find the sum of the series to (23 − 13) +
ral numbers is 285, while the sum of their
(43 − 33) + (63 − 53) + ........ to
cubes is 2025. Find the value of n.
(i) n terms (ii) 8 terms
Solution :
Solution :
Give sum of the squares of first 'n' natural
numbers = 285 To find the sum of the series :
n(n + 1) (2n + 1) i) (23 − 13) + (43 − 33) + (63 − 53) + ........ n terms
i.e., = 285 .......... (1)
6 = (23 + 43 + 63 + ........ n terms)
and Sum of their cubes = 2025 − (13 + 33 + 53 + .......... n terms)
 n(n + 1) 
2
n n
i.e.,  = 2025
 2  ∑ (2n)3 − ∑ (2n − 1)3
1 1
 n + 1 n
⇒ n = 45
 2  = ∑ [(2n)3 − (2n − 1)3 ]
............. (2)
1
Sub (2) in (1)
(Q a 3 − b3 = (a − b) (a 2 + ab + b 2 )
n(n + 1) 2n + 1
(1) ⇒ × = 285 n
2 3 = ∑ [(2n − 2n + 1) (4n 2 + 2n(2n − 1) + (2n − 1) 2 ]
2n + 1 1
⇒ 45 × = 285 n
3
= ∑ [4n 2 + 4n 2 − 2n + 4n 2 − 4n + 1]
285
⇒ 2n + 1 = = 19 1
15 n
⇒ 2n = 18 = ∑ [12n 2 − 6n + 1]
1
∴ n=9
= 12 ∑ n 2 − 6 ∑ n + ∑1
2
 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  3  n(n + 1) 
= 12  − 6 +n
1
n
= ∑ [4n 2 + 4n 2 − 2n + 4n 2www.nammakalvi.org
− 4n + 1]
1
GANGA - n10 Maths Numbers and Sequences
82
= ∑ [12n − 6n + 1]
2
1
3. If the HCF of 65 and 117 is expressible in
= 12 ∑ n 2 − 6 ∑ n + ∑1
the form of 65m – 117, then the value of
2
 n(n + 1)(2n + 1)  3  n(n + 1)  m is
= 12  − 6 +n
 6   2  (1) 4 (2) 2 (3) 1 (4) 3
= n(n + 1)[4n + 2 − 3] + n Hint : Ans : (2)
= (n 2 + n)(4n − 1) + n HCF of 65, 117 is 13
= 4n + 4n − n − n + n
3 2 2
65m –117 = 13
= 4n3 + 3n 2
⇒ 65m = 130
ii) When n = 8,
⇒ m=2
S8 = 4(83) + 3(82)
4. The sum of the exponents of the prime
= 4(512) + 3(64) factors in the prime factorization of 1729
= 2048 + 192 is
= 2240 (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
EXERCISE 2.10 Hint : Ans : (3)

1729 = 7 × 13 × 19
Multiple choice questions : = 71 × 131 × 191
1. Euclid's division lemma states that
for positive intgers a and b, there exist ∴ Sum of the exponents = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
unique integers q and r such that a = bq + 5. The least number that is divisible by all
r, where r must satisfy. the numbers from 1 to 10 (both inclusive)
(1) 1 < r < b (2) 0 < r < b is
(3) 0 ≤ r < b (4) 0 < r ≤ b (1) 2025 (2) 5220 (3) 5025 (d) 2520
Hint : Ans : (3) Hint : Ans : (4)
By definition of Euclid's lemma 0 ≤ r < b Refer 9th sum in Ex. 2.2
6. 74k ≡ _______ (mod 100)
2. Using Euclid's division lemma, if the
cube of any positive integer is divided by (1) 1 (2) 2 (3) 3 (4) 4
9 then the possible remainders are Hint : Ans : (1)
(1) 0, 1, 8 (2) 1, 4, 8 If k = 1, 7 leaves remainder 1 modulo 100.
4
(3) 0, 1, 3 (4) 1, 3, 5
7. Given F1 = 1, F2 = 3 and Fn = Fn–1 + Fn–2
Hint : Ans : (1) then F5 is
x3 ≡ y (mod 9) (1) 3 (2) 5 (3) 8 (4) 11
when x = 3, y = 0 (27 is div. by 9) Hint : Ans : (4)
when x = 4, y = 1 (63 is div. by 9) F3 = F2 + F1 = 4
when x = 5, y = 8 (117 is div. by 9) F4 = F3 + F2 = 7
∴ The remainders are 0, 1, 8, .... F5 = F4 + F3 = 4 + 7 = 11
83
8. The first term of an arithmetic progres- Hint : Ans : (3)

sion is unity and the common difference a = 1, d = 4, Sn = 120
is 4. Which of the following will be a term
n
of this A.P. ⇒ (2a + (n − 1)d ) = 120
2 –1 –240
(1) 4551 (2) 10091
n −16 15
(3) 7881 (4) 13531 ⇒ (2 + (n − 1)4) = 120 2 2
2
Hint : Ans : (3) ⇒ n(1 + 2n − 2) = 120 – 8, 15
2
a = 1, d = 4 ⇒ n(2n − 1) = 120
∴ The A.P is 1, 5, 9, 13, ..... leaves ⇒ 2n 2 − n − 120 = 0
remainder 1 when divided by 4. ⇒n=8
∴ 7881 leaves remainder 1 when divided 12. If A = 265 and B = 264 + 263 + 262 + ..... + 20
by 4. which of the following is true ?
9. If 6 times 6th term of an A.P. is equal to 7 (1) B is 264 more than A
times the 7th term, then the 13th term of the (2) A and B are equal
A.P. is
(3) B is larger than A by 1
(1) 0 (2) 6 (3) 7 (4) 13
(4) A is larger than B by 1
Hint : Ans : (1)
6(t6) = 7 (t7) ⇒ 6 (a + 5d) = 7 (a + 6d) Hint : Ans : (4)
⇒ 6a + 30d = 7a + 42d 2 is greater than 2 + 2 + 22 + 23 by 1
4 0 1
⇒ a + 12d = 0 25 is greater than 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 by 1

⇒ t13 = 0 ∴ 265 is greater than 20 + 21 + .... + 264 by 1
∴ A is larger than B by 1.
10. An A.P. consists of 31 terms. If its 16th term
is m, then the sum of all the terms of this 13. The next term of the sequence
A.P. is 3 1 1 1
, , , ,.... is
31 16 8 12 18
(1) 16m (2) 62m (3) 31m (d) m
2 1 1 2 1
Hint : Ans : (3) (1) (2) (3) (4)
24 27 3 81
31
n = 31, a + 15d = m S31 = [2a + 30d] Hint : Ans : (2)
2
= 31 (a + 15d) 1
r=8 = 1 × 16 = 2
= 31m 3 8 3 3
16
11. In an A.P., the first term is 1 and the com- 1 2
mon difference is 4. How many terms of ∴ Next term of the sequence = ×
18 3
the A.P. must be taken for their sum to be 1
equal to 120? =
27
(1) 6 (2) 7 (3) 8 (4) 9
84
14. If the sequence t1, t2, t3, .... are in A.P. then 2. A milk man has 175 litres of cow's milk
the sequence t6, t12, t18, .... is and 105 litres of buffalow's milk. He
(1) a Geometric Progression wishes to sell the milk by filling the two
types of milk in cans of equal capacity.
(2) an Arithmetic Progression Claculate the following (i) Capacity of a
(3) neither an Arithmetic Progression nor a can (ii) Number of cans of cow's milk
Geometric Progression (iii) Number of cans of buffalow's milk.
(4) a constant sequence Solution :
Hint : Ans : (3) Cow's milk = 175 lrs.
Obivously they should be in A.P. Buffalow's milk = 105 lrs.
15. The vlaue of (13 + 23 + 33 + ..... + 153) – (1 Since he wish to sell the milk by filling the
+ 2 + 3 + ..... + 15) is 2 types of milk in cans of equal capacity,
(1) 14400 (2) 14200 i) Capacity of a can = HCF of 175 and 105
(3) 14280 (4) 14520 = 35 litres
Hint : Ans : (3) ii) Number of cans of Cow's milk =
175
=5
2 35
 15 × 16  15 × 16 iii) Number of cans of buffalow's milk
  −
2 2
= 14400 − 120 105
= =3
35
= 14280
3. When the positive integers a, b and c are
UNIT EXERCISE - 2 divided by 13 the respective remainders
are 9, 7 and 10. Find the remainder when
1. Prove that n2 – n divisible by 2 for every a + 2b + 3c is divided by 13.
positive interger n. Solution :
Solution : Let a = 13q + 9
Any positive integer is of the form 2q (or)
b = 13q + 7 ⇒ 2b = 26q + 14
2q + 1 for some integer q.
c = 13q + 10 ⇒ 3c = 39q + 30
i) n2 – n = (2q)2 – 2q
a+ 2b + c = (13q + 9) + (26q + 14) + (39q + 30)
= 2q (2q – 1)
= 78q + 53
which is divisible by 2.
= 13 (6q) + 13(4) + 1
ii) n2 – n = (2q + 1)2 – (2q + 1)
∴ When a + 2b + 3c is divided by 13, the
= (2q + 1) (2q + 1 – 1)
remainder is 1.
= 2q (2q + 1), which is divisible by 2.
Hence proved.
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85
4. Show that 107 is of the form 4q + 3 for 7. Two A.P.'s have the same common differ-
any integer q. ence. The first term of one A.P. is 2 and
Solution : that of the other is 7. Show that the dif-
When 107 is divided by 4, ference between their 10th terms is the
107 = 4(26) + 3 same as the difference between their 21st
terms, which is the same as the difference
This is of the form
between any two corresponding terms.
107 = 4q + 3 for q = 26.
Solution :
5. If (m + 1)th term of an A.P. is twice the
(n + 1)th term, then prove that (3m + 1)th 1st A.P 2nd A.P.
term is twice the (m + n + 1)th term. a = 2, d = d a = 7, d = d
Solution : t10 = a + 9d T10 = a + 9d
Given tm + 1 = 2(tn+1) = 2 + 9d = 7 + 9d
a + (m + 1 – 1) d = 2 (a + (n + 1 – 1) d) t21 = a + 20d T21 = a + 20d
a + md = 2 (a + nd) = 2 + 20d = 7 + 20d
a + md = 2a + 2nd — (1) ∴ T10 – t10 = 5 and T21 – t21 = 5 = Tn – tn = 5
To Prove : t3m+1 = 2 (tm+n+1)
8. A man saved `16500 in ten years. In each
LHS : t3m+1 year after the first he saved `100 more
= a + (3m + 1 – 1)d than he did in the preceding year. How
= a + 3md much did he save in the first year ?
= (a + md) + 2md Solution :
= 2a + 2nd + 2md (from (1)) Given Sn = ` 16500, d = ` 100, n = 10 in A.P.
= 2 [a + (m + n)d] n
= 2 [tm+n+1] S n = [2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
= RHS 10
⇒ [2a + 9(100)] = 16500
Hence proved. 2
6. Find the 12th term from the last term of 16500
⇒ 2a + 900 =
the A.P – 2, – 4, – 6, ... –100. 5
Solution : ⇒ 2a + 900 = 3300
Given A.P is – 2, – 4, – 6, .... – 100 ⇒ 2a = 2400
To find : t12 from the last term ∴ a = 1200
a = – 100, d = 2
∴ He saved Rs. 1200 in 1st year.
t12 = a + 11d
= – 100 + 11(2)
= – 100 + 22
= – 78
86
9. Find the G.P. in which the 2nd term is 6

PROBLEMS FOR PRACTICE
and the 6th term is 9 6 .
Solution : 1. Express the number 0.3178 in the form
a
Given t2 = 6, t6 = 9 6 in G.P. of .
b
⇒ a . r = 6, a . r 5 = 9 6 3178
(Ans: )
999
∴r4 = 9 (when divide)
2. A class of 20 boys and 15 girls is divided
⇒r= 3 into n groups so that each group has x boys
∴a × 3 = 6 and y girls. Find x, y and n.
∴a = 2 (Ans : n = 7, x = 4, y = 3)
∴ The G.P is 3. Show that 7n cannot end with digit zero for
2, 6, 18,..... any natural number.
(or) 4. Find the HCF of the following numbers by
2, 6,3 2,.... using Euclid's division algorithm.

i) 867, 255 ii) 1656, 4025
10. The value of a motor cycle depreciates at
the rate of 15% per year. What will be iii) 180, 252, 324 iv) 92690, 7378
the value of the motor cycle 3 year hence, v) 134791, 6341, 6339
which is now purchased for ` 45,000 ?
Solution : (Ans : i) 51 ii) 23 iii) 36 iv) 31 v) 1)
P = ` 45000, n = 3, r = 15% (depreciation) 5. Use Euclid's lemma, show that the square of
n
any positive integer is either of the form
 r  3m (or) 3m+1 for same integer m.
A = P 1 −
 100 
6. Find the largest number which divides 70
3
 15  and 125 leaving remainder 5 and 8
= 45,000 1 −
 100  respectively.
85 85 85 (Ans : 13)
= 45,000 × × ×
100 100 100
7. Find the largest positive integer that will
= 27,635.625
divide 398, 436 and 542 that leaves
= 27636
remainders 7, 11, 15 respectively.
(Ans : 17)
8. If HCF of 144 and 180 is expressed in the
form 13m – 3, find m.
(Ans : 3)
87
9. If d is the HCF of 56 and 72, find x and y 17. The first term of an A.P is 5, the last term is
satisfying d = 56x + 72y. Also show that 45. Sum of all its terms is 400. Find the
x and y is not unique. number of terms and the common difference
of A.P.
(Ans : 4 and –3, –68, 53)
10. Find the largest number of four digits 8
(Ans : n = 16, d = )
exactly divisible by 12, 15, 18 and 27. 3
(Ans : 9720) 18. The 24th term of an A.P is twice its 10th term.
Show that its 72nd term is 4 times its
11. Write the first 6 terms of the sequence 15th term.
whose nth term is
19. Find the sum of all two digit odd positive
n , if n = 1, 2,3
numbers.
i) an = 
an −1 + an − 2 + an −3 , if n > 3
(Ans : 2475)
3n − 2
ii) a = n −1 20. Which term of the sequence
3
1 1
4 7 10 20,19 ,18 .... is the first negative term ?
(Ans : i) 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13 ii) 1, , , ,..... ) 4 2
3 9 27 (Ans : 28)
12. Find the indicated terms in each of the 21. Find the 18th term of the A.P from right end
following : 3, 7, 11, ....... 407.
i) an = (–1)n . 2n+3 (n + 1) ; a5, a8 (Ans : 339)
ii) an = (–1) , (1 – n + n ) ; a2, a9
n 2
22. How many consecutive integers beginning
(Ans : i) – 1536, 18432 ii) 3, –73) with 10 must be taken for their sum to be
2035 ?
13. How many temrs are there in the A.P.
(Ans : 55)
−5 −2 10
−1, , ,....... ? 23. Sum of 3 numbers in an A.P is 54 and their
6 3 3
(Ans : 27) product is 5670. Find the 3 numbers.
14. Find the 40th term of an A.P whose 5th term (Ans : 15, 18, 21)
is 41 and 11th term is 71.
24. Find the sum of all natural numbers
(Ans : 216) between 201 and 399 that are divisible by 5.
15. If 7th term of an A.P is 1 and 9th term is 1  1  2  3
7 25. Find :  4 −  +  7 −  + 10 −  + ......
. 9  n  n  n
up to n terms.
(Ans : 1)
3n 2 + 4n − 1
16. Find the middle term of the A.P 213, 205, (Ans : )
197, ...37 2
(Ans :125)
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88
26. The sum of first 'n' terms of an A.P is 36. A farmer buys a used tractor for Rs. 12000.
5n – n2. Find the nth term of the A.P. He pays Rs. 6000 and agress to pay the
balance in annual instalment of Rs. 500 plus
(Ans : – 2 (n – 3))
12% interest on u paid amount. How much
27. If 7 times the 7th term of an A.P is equal to will the tractor cost him ?
11 times its 11th term, show that its 18th term
(Ans : Rs. 16,680)
is 0.
37. The sum of an infinite geometric series is
28. Find the sum of 22 terms of the A.P x + y,
15 and the sum of the squares of these terms
x – y, x – 3y, .....
is 45. Find the series.
(Ans : 22 (x – 20y))
10 20
(Ans : 5 + + + ....)
29. If the ratio between the sums of n terms of 3 9
AP's is (7n + 1) : (4n + 27), find the ratio of 38. Evaluate : 12 + 32 + 52 + ......... 292
their 11th terms. (Ans : 4495)
(Ans : 148 : 111) 39. Evaluate : 83 + 93 + ..... + 173
30. A man gets the initial salary of 5200 p.m. and 40. The sum of the squares of first 'n' natural
receive an automatic increase of 320 in the numbers is 285, while the sum of their cubes
very next month and each month hereafter. is 2025. Find 'n'.
Find i) his salary in 10th month ii) total
earings during the 1st year. (Ans : 9)
(Ans : 8080, 83520) OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
39
31. Sum of 3 terms of a G.P is and their 1. When the denominator number of
257
product is 1. Find the G.P. 10
writes in the form of 2m × 5n, then m + n is 500
(Ans : 5 ,1, 2 ) (a) 6 (b) 5
2 5
(c) 23 (d) none of these
32. If 4th and 7th terms of a G.P are 54 and 1458
respectively, find G.P. Ans : (b)
(Ans : 2, 6, 18, 54, .....) 2. The common difference of the A.P
1 1 − 2q 1 − 4q
33. In the series 18, – 12, 8, ....., which term is , , , .......
512 2q 2q 2q
?
729 (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) – 1 (d) q
(Ans : 9th term)
Ans : (c)
34. Find the sum : 0.2 + 0.92 + 0.992 + ....
to nterms. 3. The first 3 terms of A.P are 3y – 1, 3y + 5
and 5y + 1, then y is
35. Find the sum of the series :
(a) 5 (b) 1 (c) – 5 (d) 4
1 1 1
9 3 9 9 9 27 .... ∞. (Ans : 3) Ans : (a)
89
4. For an A.P, Sn = n2 – n + 1, the 2nd term is 11. The 3rd term of a G.P is the square of first
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) – 2 term. If the 2nd term is 8, then the 6th term
is
Ans : (b)
(a) 120 (b) 124 (c) 128 (d) 132
5. The next term of an A.P :
Ans : (d)
– 12, – 9, – 6, – 3, ....... is
(a) 3 (b) 6 12. If a1 = a2 = 2, an = an–1 – 1, then a5 is
(c) 0 (d) none of these (a) 1 (b) – 1 (c) 0 (d) – 2
Ans : (c) Ans : (b)
6 The sum of 6 terms of the A.P 1, 3, 5, 7, 2
13. The 9th term of the series 27 + 9 + 5 +
.......... is ......... is 5
(a) 25 (b) 49 (c) 36 (d) 30 10 10 16 17
(a) 1 (b) (c) (d)
Ans : (c) 17 17 27 27
(Ans : (a))
7. Which term of the series – 3, – 1, 5, ....... is
53 ? 14. The nth term of the series 3.8 + 6.11 + 9.14
+ 12.17 + ........ will be
(a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 14 (d) 15
(a) 3n (n + 5) (b) n (n + 5)
Ans : (d)
(c) n (3n + 5) (d) 3n (3n + 5)
8. The common ratio of the G.P −5 , 25 , −125 ,
........ is 2 4 8 Ans : (d)
−5 5 − 5 5
(a) 15 (b)
35
(c) (d) 15. If the nth term of a G.P 5, , , .... is
4 2 2 5 2 4
Ans : (c) , then n is
1024
9. If the 3rd term of G.P is 4, then the product (a) 11 (b) 10 (c) 9 (d) 4
of its first 5 terms is Ans : (a)
(a) 43 (b) 45 (c) 44 (d) 42
16. If 1 + 2 + 3 + ......... + n = K, then
Ans : (b)
13 + 23 + 33 + ...... + n3 is
10. If a, b, c are in A.P., a, b, din G.P, then
a, a – b, d – c will be in (a) K3 (b) K2
(a) A.P (b) G.P K ( K + 1)
(c) (d) (K + 1)3
(c) A.P and G.P (d) none of these 2
Ans : (b)
Ans : (b)
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Namma Kalvi

Example 2.2 (ii) a = 17 b=–3

(i) a = – 12, b = 5 Therefore, Quotient q = – 5, Remainder r = 2.

By Euclid's division lemma (iii) a = –19 b=–4

a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < | b | By Eculid's division lemma

– 12 = 5 × (– 3) + 3 0 ≤ r < | 5 | a = bq + r, where 0 ≤ r < | b |

Therefore, Quotient q = – 3, Remainder r = 3. – 19 = (– 4) × (5) + 1, 0 ≤ r < | – 4 |

Example 2.3 Solution :

x2 = (2k + 1)2 567 = 441 × 1 + 126

Example 2.5 To find the HCF of 636 and 36.

Again applying Euclid's division algorithm 25

Solution : x2 + x = (2k + 1)2 + (2k + 1)

i.e., c = 13q + 11 ......... (3) 412 = 340 × 1 + 72

84 = (6) × 14 + 0 = 32 − (28 × 1) [From (2)]

II. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ARITHMETIC :

Example 2.7 Example 2.9

p2, p3, p4 are primes in ascending order

By using prime factorization 2 113400

III. MODULAR ARITHMETIC :

66 + x is a multiple of 4. Example 2.16

Solution : iii) 89 ≡ (x + 3) (mod 4)

4. Solve 3x − 2 ≡ 0 (mod 11) 8. Prove that 2n + 6 × 9n is always divisible

n = 4 ⇒ a4 = 43 − 2 = 64 − 2 = 62 iii) Given sequence is 3, 8, 13, 18, ........

(i) x + 2, 2x + 3, 3x + 4, .... Example 2.24

(ii) t2 – t1 = 4 – 2 = 2 We have, first term = a = 3 and common

tn = a + (n – 1)d Example 2.28

Example 2.26 (i) x (m – n) + y (n – 1) + z (l – m) = 0

Example 2.29 (a – d) + a + (a + d) = 307

1 1 1 1 = 5, 5 + 6, 5 + 2(6), 5 + 3(6), .......

∴ The given sequence is not in A.P.

constant number 4. = 3 4 , 5 4 , 7 4 , 9 4 , .........

∴ The sequence is in A.P.

4. Find the 19th term of an A.P. −11, −15, l−a

VI. ARITHMETIC SERIES :

Example 2.31 Example 2.33

Sum of first 21 terms Example 2.37

iii) Given 6 + 13 + 20 + ...... + 97 n = 2 ⇒ t2 = 8 − 3 = 5

⇒ n 2 [10 + (n − 1)d ] = 480 ∴ a = − 1, d = 4

⇒ n [n + 4] = 480 5. The 104th term and 4th term of an A.P.

d = 54 7. Find the sum of all natural numbers

∴ Sum of no's which are not div. by 4

8. Raghu wish to buy a laptop. He can buy

= n 2 [(n(1 + 3 + 5 + ....... + (2m − 1) + m]

= 2130 = n 2 [m(mn + 1)]

Solution : Substituting the value of r in (1), we get

`40,000. Since it is depreciated at the rate of EXERCISE 2.7

Therefore the value of the machine in 6th ∴ The sequence is a G.P.

1 1 1 2. Write the first three terms of the G.P.

x + 12 x + 15 6. In a G.P. the 9th term is 32805 and 6th

∴ 3a, 3b, 3c are in G.P. ∴ a = 3, r = 3 ⇒ 3 terms are 9 , 3, 2

log 60,000 = 4.7782

by a guaranteed annual increase of 6% 100

100 x, y, z are consecutive terms of G.P.

VIII. GEOMETRIC SERIES :

Example 2.46 Example 2.48

Example 2.50 Example 2.52

(4 × 2) + (16 × 2) + (64 × 2) + ........... 8th set

(x2 + x3 + x4 + ........ n terms) x 2 ( x n − 1) y 2 ( y n − 1)

IX. SPECIAL SERIES :