Fluid

Fluid mechanics is the study of the flow of fluids, and is sometimes known as hydrodynamics.
Properties
normally ascribed to fluids include density , compressibility (sometimes specified in terms of the so-
called second viscosity coefficient ), and dynamic viscosity . In general, the motion of fluids is extremely
complicated, including highly nonlinear phenomena like turbulence, and cannot be described exactly.
However, in simple geometries and when certain simplifying properties hold, some fluid mechanical
systems are amenable to exact solutions.
The Navier-Stokes equations are the fundamental partial differential equations that describe the fluid of
incompressible fluids. For low Reynolds number (an important dimensionless parameter depending on
flow speed, size of the fluid system, and viscosity that characterized the qualitative type of fluid motion
that will occur), the inertia term in these equations is smaller than the viscous term and can therefore
be ignored, leaving the so-called equation of creeping motion. In this regime, viscous interactions have
an influence over large distances from an obstacle. For low Reynolds number flow at low pressure, the
Navier-Stokes equation becomes a diffusion equation. The flow of a fluid at low Reynolds number,
where the viscous forces are much larger than the inertial forces is known as Stokes flow, and its
equations are the Navier-Stokes equations with the inertia (left sides of equations 2-4) and body force
terms equal to zero. For high Reynolds number flow, the viscous force is small compared to the inertia
force, so it can be neglected, leaving Euler's equation of inviscid motion.
The problem of Stokes flow around a sphere can be solved exactly, as was first done by Stokes (1851).
The boundary conditions of fluid mechanics include the no-slip condition, which requires that the fluid in
contact with a container's walls be at rest
(1)
where U is the velocity of the wall, n is the normal vector, and is the unit normal vector. The no-
transfer condition requires that no fluid can be transferred through walls
(2)
Together, these two boundary conditions yield
(3)
Euler's Equation of Inviscid Motion, Fluid, Navier-Stokes Equations, Newtonian Fluid, Reynolds Number,
Stokes Flow, Viscosity
References
Acheson, D. J. Elementary Fluid Dynamics. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1990.
Aris, R. Vectors, Tensors, and the Basic Equations of Fluid Mechanics. New York: Dover, 1989.
Basset, A. B. A Treatise on Hydrodynamics with Numerous Examples, 2 vols. New York: Dover, 1961.
Batchelor, G. K. An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1977.
Battaner, E. Astrophysical Fluid Dynamics. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Bear, J. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. New York: Dover, 1988.
Besant, W. H. and Ramsey, A. S. A Treatise on Hydromechanics, 2 vols. London: G. Bell, 1911-13.
Birkhoff, G. Hydrodynamics: A Study in Logic, Fact, and Similitude, rev. ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton
University Press, 1960.
Brodkey, R. S. The Phenomena of Fluid Motions. New York: Dover, 1995.
Cambel, A. B. and Jennings, B. H. Gas Dynamics. New York: Dover, 1967.
Chevray, R. and Mathieu, J. Topics in Fluid Mechanics. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press,
1993.
Chorin, A. J. and Marsden, J. E. A Mathematical Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 3rd ed. New York:
Springer-Verlag, 1993.
Chow, C.-Y. An Introduction to Computational Fluid Mechanics, corr. ed. New York: Wiley, 1983.
Coles, D. E. (Ed.). Perspectives in Fluid Mechanics: Proceedings of a Symposium Held on the Occasion of
the 70th Birthday of Hans Wolfgang Liepmann, in Pasadena, California, 10-12 January, 1985. Berlin:
Springer-Verlag, 1988.
Cushman-Rosin, B. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,

1994.
Dodge, R. A. and Thompson, M. J. Fluid Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937.
Dryden, H. L.; Murnaghan, F. D.; and Bateman, H. Hydrodynamics. New York: Dover, 1956.
Emanuel, G. Analytical Fluid Dynamics. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1994.
Faber, T. E. Fluid Dynamics for Physicists. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Fay, J. A. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. MIT Press, 1994.
Fletcher, C. A. J. Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 1: Fundamental and General
Techniques, 2nd ed. ISBN: 0387530584.
Fletcher, C. A. J. Computational Techniques for Fluid Dynamics, Vol. 2: Specific Techniques for Different
Flow Categories, 2nd ed. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1991.
Fox, R. W. and McDonald, A. T. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, 4th ed. New York: Wiley and Sons,
1992.
Ghil, M. and Childress, S. Topics in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1987.
Goldstein, S. (Ed.). Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics: An Account of Theory and Experiment
Relating to Boundary Layers, Turbulent Motion and Wakes, Vol 1. New York: Dover, 1965.
Goldstein, S. (Ed.). Modern Developments in Fluid Dynamics: An Account of Theory and Experiment
Relating to Boundary Layers, Turbulent Motion and Wakes, Vol 2. New York: Dover, 1965.
Gunzburger, M. D. and Nicolaides, R. A. (Eds) Incompressible Computational Fluid Dynamics: Trends and
Advances. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1993.
Ladyzhenskaia, O. A. The Mathematical Theory of Viscous Incompressible Flow, 2nd English ed., rev. and
enl. New York: Gordon and Breach, 1969.
Lamb, S. H. Hydrodynamics, 6th ed. New York: Dover, 1945.
Landau, L. D. and Lifschitz, E. M. Fluid Mechanics, 2nd ed. Volume 6 of Course of Theoretical Physics.
Lighthill, M. J. S. An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics. Oxford, England: Oxford

University Press, 1986.
Lighthill, M. J., S. Waves in Fluids. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Liepmann, H. and Roshko, A. Elements of Gas Dynamics. Wiley, 1957.
Meyer, R. E. Introduction to Mathematical Fluid Dynamics. New York: Dover, 1982.
Michelson, I. The Science of Fluids. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1970.
Milne-Thomson, L. M. Theoretical Hydrodynamics, 5th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1968.
Mises, R. von and Friedrichs, K. O. Fluid Dynamics. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1971.
Mises, R. von. Mathematical Theory of Compressible Fluid Flow. New York: Academic Press, 1958.
Ockendon, H. and Ockendon, J. Viscous Flows. Cambr

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Fluid mechanics is the study of the flow of fluids, and is sometimes known as hydrodynamics.

Together, these two boundary conditions yield

Bear, J. Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media. New York: Dover, 1988.

Besant, W. H. and Ramsey, A. S. A Treatise on Hydromechanics, 2 vols. London: G. Bell, 1911-13.

Brodkey, R. S. The Phenomena of Fluid Motions. New York: Dover, 1995.

Cambel, A. B. and Jennings, B. H. Gas Dynamics. New York: Dover, 1967.

Cushman-Rosin, B. Introduction to Geophysical Fluid Dynamics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall,

Dodge, R. A. and Thompson, M. J. Fluid Mechanics. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1937.

Fay, J. A. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. MIT Press, 1994.

Lamb, S. H. Hydrodynamics, 6th ed. New York: Dover, 1945.

Lighthill, M. J. S. An Informal Introduction to Theoretical Fluid Mechanics. Oxford, England: Oxford

Liepmann, H. and Roshko, A. Elements of Gas Dynamics. Wiley, 1957.

Meyer, R. E. Introduction to Mathematical Fluid Dynamics. New York: Dover, 1982.

Milne-Thomson, L. M. Theoretical Hydrodynamics, 5th ed. New York: Macmillan, 1968.

Ockendon, H. and Ockendon, J. Viscous Flows. Cambr

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