A Project Report

on

Quality Control in Construction

Submitted By
Rahul Sehgal (101602102)
Raghav Chaturvedi(101602101)

B.E. 3rd Year (Civil Engineering)

Group CIE (5)

Under the Supervision of

Dr.Bibekanand Mandal

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

THAPAR INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
PATIALA – (PUNJAB)
December 2018
 CONTENTS

S.No. Title Page No.

1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND QA&QC 2
3 OBJECTIVE CQAP 3
4 QUALITY CONTROL 4
5 QUALITY ASSURANCE 5
6 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 6
7 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH 7
ISO 9001
8 STANDARDS AND PROCEDURE 9
9 QUALITY CONTROL FOR MATERIALS 10
 INTRODUCTION

Quality control (QC) is the part of quality management that ensures products and
service comply with requirements. It is a work method that facilitates the
measurement of the quality characteristics of a unit, compares them with the
established standards, and analyses the differences between the results obtained
and the desired results in order to make decisions which will correct any
differences. Technical specifications define the type of controls that must be
carried out to ensure the construction works are carried out correctly. They
include not only products materials, but also the execution and completion of the
works.

One way of controlling quality is based on the inspection or verification of

finished products. The aim is to filter the products before they reach the client, so
that products that do not comply with requirements are discarded or repaired. This
reception control is usually carried out by people who were not involved in the
production activities, which means that costs can be high, and preventative
activities and improvement plans may not be effective.

It is a final control, located between producer and client, and although it has the
advantage of being impartial, it has a large number of drawbacks, such as slow
information flows, and that the inspectors are not familiar with the circumstances
of production and are not responsible for the production quality. When tests are
destructive, the decision to accept or reject a full batch must be made on the basis
of the quality of a random sample. This type of statistical control provides less
information and contains sampling risks. However, it is more economical,
requires fewer inspectors, and speeds up decision-making, while the rejection of
the whole batch encourages suppliers to improve their quality. This type of
control can also identify the causes of variations and, so establish procedures for
their systematic elimination.

Statistical control can be applied to the final product (acceptance control) or

during the production process (process control). Statistical controls at reception
establish sampling plans with clearly-defined acceptance or rejection criteria, and
complete batches are tested by means of random sampling. The sampling control
can be based on inspection by attributes in line with the ISO 2859 standard
(Sampling procedures for inspection by attributes), or on inspection by variables
in line with the ISO 3951 standard (Sampling procedures for inspection by
variables). A construction company should reduce the costs of bad quality as
much as possible, and ensure that the result of its processes comply with the
client's requirements. Both internal and external controls can be carried out.
 CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY AND QA&QC

Construction Industry plays a major role in the economic growth of a nation and
occupies a pivotal position in the nation’s development plans. India’s
construction industry employs a work force of nearly 32 million and its market
size is worth about Rs. 2, 48,000 crores. It is the second largest contributor to the
GDP after the agricultural sector. Construction sector is viewed as a service
industry. It generates substantial employment and provides growth impetus to
other manufacturing sectors like cement, bitumen, iron and steel, chemicals,
bricks, paints, tiles etc. whose combined value is Rs.1, 92,000 crores annually.
The construction equipment market is valued at Rs.1,05,000 crores. The Project
owner, construction companies, consultants, bankers and financial institutions,
vendors & suppliers and even the service providers, each has his own fears of
following QCAO in the conduct of business. The magnitude of the quality is
indeterminate at times.

What needs to be determined is:

a. The proportion of real versus perceived quality and approval. This document
is being submitted and to satisfy that requirement of quality.

b. The real import and the importance of quality control and assurance in small
building construction.
 OBJECTIVE CQAP

 To find out the quality of building construction materials

 Describe the quality program and organization to be implemented so that

the project is constructed in accordance with the contract requirements and
industry standards

 Describe guidelines for inspection and documentation of construction

activities

 Provide reasonable assurance that the completed work will meet or exceed
the requirements of the construction drawings and specifications.

 Describe how any unexpected changes or conditions that could affect the
construction quality will be detected, documented, and addressed during
construction.
 QUALITY CONTROL

Monitoring specific project result to determine if they comply with relevant

quality standards and identifying ways to eliminate cause of unsatisfy
performance Contract documents comprise a clear, complete, and accurate
description of the facility to be constructed, correctly conveying the intent
of the owner regarding the characteristics of the facility needed to serve his
or her purposes. The contract documents define a constructed facility
considered acceptable under the applicable regulatory codes and standards
of professional practice, in terms of its reliability, the ease with which
maintenance and repairs can be performed, the durability of its materials
and operating systems, and the life safety provided to its users. The facility
is constructed in accordance with those documents.

 INPUTS

Work results, quality management plan, Operational definitions, checklists

 TOOLS AND TECH

Inspection, Control charts, Pareto diagrams, Statistical sampling,

flowcharting, Trend analysis

 OUTPUTS

Quality improvement, Acceptance decisions, rework, Completed checklist

Process adjustment
 QUALITY ASSURANCE

Evaluating overall project perform on a regular basis to provide confidence

that the project will satisfy the relevant quality standards

 INPUT

Quality management plan, Result of quality control measurements,

Operational definitions

 TOOLS AND TECH

Quality planning tools and techniques, Quality audits

 OUTPUT

Quality improvement
 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A Quality Management System (QMS) is an organisation-wide approach

to directing, controlling and coordinating quality. Quality management
takes a preventative approach, and an effective QMS will identify the risks
to an organisation and provide ways to mitigate them. Risks include:

 Failure in the quality of a product or service.

 Failure to deliver the product or service on time.
 Failure to deliver the product or service to cost.
 Failure to identify trends in customer needs.
 Failure to meet legal or regulatory requirements.
 Failure of partners and suppliers.
 Loss of customer data or property.

In identifying and managing these risks, a QMS provides the following

competitive advantages:

 Superior customer satisfaction and loyalty.

 Identification and elimination of waste.
 Better performance from suppliers.
 Employees committed to quality and improvement.
 QUALITY ASSURANCE IN ACCORDANCE WITH ISO 9001

Quality assurance is a set of planned and systematic actions to ensure that

products and services comply with specified requirements. It not only involves
checking the final quality of products to avoid defects, as is the case in quality
control, but also checking product quality in a planned way in all the production
stages. It is the development of work and product design procedures to prevent
errors from occurring in the first place, based on planning backed up by quality
manuals and tools.

When a consensus has been reached on the requirements of a quality management

system, it is possible to define a series of generic standards applicable to any type
of organisation. The international standards, generically called ISO 9000, are the
most widespread and generally accepted in developed countries. The ISO 9000
standards consists of four basic interdependent standards supported by guides,
technical reports and technical specifications:

ISO 9000: Quality management.

ISO 9001: Quality management systems - Requirements.

ISO 9004: Managing for the sustained success of an organization - A

quality management approach.

ISO 19011: Guidelines on internal and external audits of quality

management systems.

Companies can only be certified under the requirements of the ISO 9001 standard.
It is a standard that can be used to certify the efficiency of a quality management
system. Nevertheless, if the aim is to improve efficiency, the objectives of the
ISO 9004 standard are broader in scope. The principles that underlie the
management of quality in these standards are the following: customer focus,
leadership, involvement of people, process approach, system approach to
management, continual improvement, factual approach to decision making and
mutually beneficial supplier relationships.

The ISO 9001 standard specifies requirements for a quality management system
where an organisation needs to demonstrate its ability to consistently provide
products that meet the requirements of clients and applicable regulations
requirements. Regulatory requirements focus on the quality management system,
management responsibility, resources management, product realisation and
measurement, analysis and improvement.
When a quality system is applied to a product as complex and unique as
construction, a specific quality plan must be drafted by applying the company's
global system to the specific project. The plan must be drafted by the contractor
before the start of the construction works and will be reviewed throughout its
execution.

The quality plan is applicable to the materials, work units and services that have
been specifically chosen by the construction company in order to comply with
the quality requirements stipulated in the contract. The quality plan is drafted for
the construction works when a preventive strategy is needed to guarantee the
construction quality, even though there might also be a quality manual, in
compliance with the ISO 9001 standard requirements.

The construction company determines the need to prepare execution documents,

work instructions, inspection regimes, process files, action plans, etc., for the
execution and control of processes, depending on the complexity of the activity,
the qualifications of the personnel and the experience of the team. The plan
establishes the resources required and associated documents (lists, purchasing
documentation, machinery, equipment, etc.).

The control activities (verification of compliance with specifications, validation

of specific processes, monitoring of activities, inspections and tests), which the
units, materials or services undergo must also be established. These activities can
be defined through inspection, testing plans, action plans and where applicable
specific tests (for example, load tests for structures).
 STANDARDS AND PROCEDURES

When the aim is to guarantee the uniformity of a system, process or product,

reference patterns are established in documents called standards or norms. The
general objectives of standards are simplification, communication between the
parties involved, production economy, safety and health, protection of consumer
interests and the removal of trade barriers.

In any type of company, the set of tasks carried out is so complex that they have
to be written down to ensure internal consistency, to preserve them and to make
sure they are methodically applied. These documents are called procedures, and
describe the way in which an activity or process must be carried out.

Therefore, standards establish the requirements of products or processes.

Procedures are documents drawn up by the company itself and take into account
the requirements established in the standards. These documents must include the
purpose of the procedure, references to other documents, scope, method and
sequence of tests, acceptance and rejection criteria, key control points and time
of inspection. In all cases the control of a procedure should be documented in the
quality records and filed in the quality log at the construction site.

Technical or administrative procedures can also be part of a quality management

system. In this case, the manual provides a generic description of the company's
quality system, while procedures, whether general or specific, establish what is
required to attain the objectives listed in the manual. Procedures must link the
ISO standards' requirements and the activities of the company. They should
include the people involved, information about materials and equipment, and a
description of key activities. Each organisation should decide which processes
should be documented on the basis of client and regulatory requirements, the
nature of its activities, and its corporate strategy.
 QUALITY CONTROL FOR MATERIALS

Quality control tests for materials and technology during execution:-


Sieve analysis and gradation test for fine and coarse sand as per IS 2720

Water absroption test for bricks

Compressive strength test for bricks

Compressive strength test for cement concrete work by testing 6 cubes of
15cm x 15cm x 15cm for slab beams and flooring .
 Slump test for RCC work for ascertain water cement ratio in concrete work
particularly at the time of laying RCC slab .
 Cement sand mortar test for ascertaining cement and sand contents is the
mortar .
SL no. Building materials Test to be carried Frequency of test
out
1 Cement Consistency One test for each
site and on
Setting time change of brand

-Initial

-Final

Fineness by
specific surface

Compressive
strength N/mm2

-3days

-7days

-28days
2 Sand Silt content One test for each
site
Gradation ,
fineness modules

Zoning tests

Sp. Gravity
 Water
Absorption(%)
3. Material for lintel Specific gravity One test for each
and bend site
Absorption

Abrasion

Impact Value(%)

Flakiness index

Gradation percent
passing in IS
serve
4. Brick Water abortion One test for each
site
Efflorescence

Compressive
strength

dimension
5. Reinforcement(steel) ultimate tensile Each set of test
strength for each diameter
of bars in every
yield site of work
stress(proof)

elongation
6. CC cube Compressive 1(one) sample
strength consisting of 3
cubes for each
sip