Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)

Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices

Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
accident accident : an unplanned, unexpected, and undesired event, usually with adverse “For many years safety officials and public health authorities have
X consequences (Senders, 1994). discouraged use of the word "accident" when it refers to injuries or the
French : accident events that produce them. An accident is often understood to be
Spanish : accidente unpredictable -a chance occurrence or an "act of God"- and therefore
German : Unfall unavoidable. However, most injuries and their precipitating events are
Italiano : incidente predictable and preventable. That is why the BMJ has decided to ban the
Slovene : nesreča word accident. (…) Purging a common term from our lexicon will not be
easy. "Accident" remains entrenched in lay and medical discourse and will
no doubt continue to appear in manuscripts submitted to the BMJ. We are
asking our editors to be vigilant in detecting and rejecting inappropriate use
of the "A" word, and we trust that our readers will keep us on our toes by
alerting us to instances when "accidents" slip through.” (Davis & Pless,
2001)

active error active error : an error associated with the performance of the ‘front-line’ operator of Synonym : sharp-end error
X X a complex system and whose effects are felt almost immediately. (Reason, 1990, This definition has been slightly modified by the Institute of Medicine : “an
French : erreur active
Spanish : error activo p.173) error that occurs at the level of the frontline operator and whose effects are
felt almost immediately.” (Kohn, 2000)
German : aktiver Fehler
Italiano : errore attivo
Slovene : neposredna napaka
see also : error
active failure active failures : actions or processes during the provision of direct patient care that Since failure is a term not defined in the glossary, its use is not
X fail to achieve their expected aims, for example, errors of omission or commission. recommended. A different meaning exists for active failure : “an error which
French : défaillance active is precipitated by the commission of errors and violations. These are difficult
Spanish : fallo activo While some active failures may contribute to patient injury, not all do. (Wade, 2002;
to anticipate and have an immediate adverse impact on safety by
German : aktives Versagen Davies,2003) breaching, bypassing, or disabling existing defenses.” (JCAHO, 2002)
Italiano : fallimento attivo
Slovene : aktivna napaka
see also : active error
administration error administration error : whatever type of medication error, of omission or A process error taking place in the medication use system: definition and
X commission, that occurs in the administration stage when the medication has to be type to be refined with the taxonomy of medication errors.
French : erreur d’admnistration
Spanish : error de administración given by a nurse, or the own patient, or a caregiver.
German : Anwendungsfehler
Italiano : errore di somministrazione
Slovene : napaka pri dajanju
see also : medication error
adverse drug event adverse drug event : any injury occurring during the patient’s drug therapy and “Adverse drug events may have resulted from medication errors or from
X resulting either from appropriate care, or from unsuitable or suboptimal care. adverse drug reactions in which no error was involved.” (Gurwitz, 2000)
French : événement indésirable médicamenteux
Adverse drug events include: the adverse drug reactions during normal use of the “An injury, large or small, caused by the use (including non-use) of a drug.
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso por There are two types of adverse drug events (ADEs) : those caused by
medicamentos medicine, and any harm secondary to a medication error, both errors of omission or
errors and those that occur despite proper usage. If an adverse drug event
German : unerwünschtes Arzneimittelereignis commission. is caused by an error it is, by definition, preventable. Nonpreventable
Italiano : evento avverso legato all’uso di farmaci An adverse drug event can result in different outcomes, notably: in the worsening of adverse drug events (injury, but no error) are called adverse drug reactions
Slovene : neželeni dogodek pri uporabi zdravila an existing pathology, in the lack of any expected health status improvement, in the (ADRs) ” (Leape et al 1998).

see also : adverse drug event trigger, potential outbreak of a new or to be prevented pathology, in the change of an organic
adverse drug event, preventable adverse drug function, or in a noxious response due to the medicine taken.
event, unpreventable adverse drug event

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -1-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
adverse drug reaction adverse drug reaction means a response to a medicinal product which is noxious Chapter Va (Pharmacovigilance) of Directive 75/319/EEC (Article 29b)
X and unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the prophylaxis, amended by Commission Directive 2000/38/EC of 5 June 2000 :
French : effet indésirable d’un médicament similar to the WHO’s definition : “a response to a drug which is noxious and
Spanish : reacción adversa a medicamentos diagnosis or therapy of disease or for the restoration, correction or modification of
unintended, and which occurs at doses normally used in man for the
German : unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkung physiological function ; prophylaxis, diagnosis, or therapy of disease, or for the modification of
Italiano : reazioni avverse da farmaci serious adverse drug reaction means an adverse action which results in death, is physiological function.” [WHO Technical Report No 498 (1972)]
Slovene : stranski učinek zdravila life-threatening, requires inpatient hospitalisation or prolongation of existing To be used where there is a causal relationship with the use of the
hospitalisation, results in persistent or significant disability or incapacity, or is a “medicinal product” (medicine) (EMEA, 2003)
congential anomaly/birth defect ; Synonyms (not recommended by EMEA) : adverse effect, side effect,
undesirable effect
unexpected adverse drug reaction means an adverse reaction, the nature,
see also : mandatory reporting, severity or outcome of which is not consistent with the summary of product
“ Unfortunately, many have used the term ADR as synonymous with ADE,
voluntary reporting which blurs an important distinction.” (Leape et al, 1998)
characteristics.
adverse event adverse event : an unintended injury caused by medical management rather than “An adverse event results in unintended harm to the patient by an act of
X by a disease process (Michel, 2004). commission or omission rather than by the underlying disease or condition
French : événement indésirable of the patient.” (Aspden, 2004)
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso patient safety incident: any unintended or unexpected incident(s) that could have
In the UK, the terms ‘patient safety incident’ and ‘patient safety incident
German : unerwünschtes Ereignis or did lead to harm for one or more persons receiving NHS-funded healthcare. (prevented)’ are preferred (by patients and the public) to the terms ‘adverse
Italiano : evento avverso ‘Patient safety incident’ is an umbrella term which is used to describe a single events’, ‘clinical errors’ and ‘near misses’. Terms such as adverse, error or
Slovene : varnostni incident incident or a series of incidents that occur over time. (NPSA, 2004) mistake suggest individual causality and blame. Medical error in particular
suggests the main cause is the medical profession. (NPSA Terminology)
see also : adverse event trigger, harm,
iatrogenic, incident, injury
adverse event trigger, marker adverse event triggers : clinical data related to patient care indicating a reasonable
X X probability that an adverse event has occurred or is occuring. An exemple of trigger
French : événement traceur
Spanish : señal alertante de acontecimiento data for an adverse drug event is a physician order for an antidote, a medication
adverso, marcador stop, or a dose decrease. (Aspden, 2004)
German : Auslöser eines unerwünschten adverse drug event triggers and markers : a medication, laboratory value, or
Ereignisses other indicator that prompts further review of patient care for the purpose of
Italiano : trigger di eventi avversi uncovering adverse drug events that may otherwise go undetected or unreported.
Slovene : kazalnik verjetnega varnostnega Examples of triggers and markers include diphenhydramine, naloxone, aPTT greater
incidenta than 100 seconds, serum glucose less than 50, falls, rash, and death.
see also : adverse event, adverse drug event (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)

cause cause : an antecedent factor that contributes to an event, effect, result or outcome.
X A cause may be proximate in that it immediately precedes the outcome, such as an
French : cause
Spanish : causa action. A cause may also be remote, such as an underlying structural factor that
German : Ursache influences the action, thus contributing to the outcome. Outcomes never have single
Italiano : causa causes. (Wade, 2002)
Slovene : vzrok
see also : root cause analysis
causation causation : the act by which an effect is produced ; the causal relationship between Synonym: causality.
X the act and the effect. In epidemiology, the doctrine of causation is used to relate certain factors
French : causalité
(predisposing, enabling, precipitating, or reinforcing factors) to disease
Spanish : causalidad, inferencia causal occurrence. The doctrine of causation is also important in the fields of
German : Kausalität negligence and criminal law.(JCAHO)
Italiano : causazione
Slovene : vzročnost
see also : root cause analysis

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -2-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
computer prescribing, computer computer physician order entry (CPOE) : clinical systems that utilize data from
physician order entry (CPOE)
X X pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, and patient monitoring systems to relay the
physician’s or nurse practitioner’s diagnostic and therapeutic plans, and alert the
French : prescription informatisée
provider to any allergy or contraindication that the patient may have so that the order
Spanish : prescripción informatizada asistida
may be immediately revised at the point of entry prior to being forwarded
German : elektronische Verordnung
electronically for the targeted medical action. (Aspden, 2004)
Slovene : elektronsko predpisovanje
constraint constraint : a limitation of the options available to keep behavior in a “safe” zone.
X X (Leape, 1998)
French : contrainte
Spanish : restricción
German : Beschränkung
Italiano : limitazione
Slovene : omejitev
see also : forcing function
contributing factor contributing factor (interchangeable with contributory factor) : an antecedent
X factor to an event, effect, result or outcome similar to a cause. A contributory factor
French : facteur contributif, facteur favorisant
Spanish : factor contribuyente may represent an active failure or a reason an active failure occurred, such as a
German : begünstigender/mitverursachender situational factor or a latent condition that played a role in the genesis of the
Faktor outcome. (Wade, 2002)
Italiano : fattori contribuenti
Slovene : prispevajoči dejavnik
see also : root cause analysis
criticality risk priority number (RPN) : determines the criticality of the failure mode and helps
X determine whether the risk of failure should be accepted (do nothing about the
French : criticité
Spanish : criticidad potential failure), controlled (take action to enhance detection or reduce the risk of
German : Gefährlichkeit the potential failure), or eliminated (prevent the potential failure). This number plays
Italiano : indice di priorità di rischio a role in the failure mode and effects analysis process. (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
Slovene : kritičnost
see also : failure mode and effect analysis
culture of safety culture of safety: an integrated pattern of individual and organizational behavior, “There isn’t a universally accepted definition of a safety culture in healthcare
X based upon shared beliefs and values, that continuously seeks to minimize patient but it is essentially a culture where staff have a constant and active
French : culture de la sécurité awareness of the potential for things to go wrong. It is also a culture that is
Spanish : cultura de seguridad harm which may result from the processes of care delivery. (Aspden, 2004)
open and fair and one that encourages people to speak up about mistakes.
German : Sicherheitskultur In organisations with a safety culture people are able to learn about what is
Italiano : cultura della sicurezza going wrong and then put things right.” (NPSA, 2004)
Slovene : varnostna kultura
see also : just culture
dispensing error dispensing error : a deviation from an interpretable writen prescription or Whatever type of medication error, of omission or commission, that occurs
X medication order, including writtent modification of the prescription made by a in the dispensing stage in the pharmacy when distributing medications to
French : erreur de dispensation nursing units or to patients in ambulatory settings A process error taking
Spanish : error de dispensación pharmacist following contact with the prescriber or in compliance with the pharmacy
place in the medication use system: definition and type to be refined with
German : Abgabefehler policy. Any deviation from professional or regulatory references, or guidelines the taxonomy of medication errors.
Italiano : errori legati alla distribuzione del affecting dispensing procedures is also considered as a dispensing error. (Beso, Since they can be detected by this way, dispensing errors are also defined
farmaco 2005) as deviations from the prescriber’s order. (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
Slovene : napaka pri izdajanju
see also : medication error

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -3-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
drug-related problem drug-related problem : an event or circumstance involving drug therapy that This working definition is designed for pharmaceutical care, that is to mean
actually or potentially interferes with desired health outcomes. (PCNE, 2003) “the responsible provision of drug therapy for the pupose of achieving
French : problème lié la prise en charge definite outcomes that improve a patient’s quality of life” (Hepler, 1989), in
médicamenteuse fact optimizing the individual benefit/risk balance for each individual patient.
Spanish : problema relacionado con Even if the diagnosis of DRPs overlaps with the detection of medication
medicamentos errors threatening the patient, these definitions are not applicable to
German : Arzneimittelproblem medication safety, focused on a system approach.
For preventing any risk of confusion, the proposed recommandation is to
Italiano : problemi legati al processo terapeutico strictly avoid the use of “medication or drug-related problems“ when the
Slovene : problem povezan z zdravili matter is medication safety.

error error : a generic term to encompass all those occaions in wich a planned sequence “The failure of a planned action to be completed as intended (i.e., error of
X X of mental or physical activities fails to achieve its intended outcome, and when these execution) or the use of a wrong plan to achieve an aim (i.e., an error of
French : erreur humaine planning)” (Kohn 2000) ; “and also the failure of an unplanned action that
Spanish : error failures cannot attributed to the intervention of some change agency. (Reason, 1990,
should have been completed”. (Aspden, 2004) “Errors can include problems
German : Fehler p.9) ; failure of planned actions to achieve their desired ends-whithout the in practice, products, procedures, and systems.” (QuIC, 2000)
Italiano : errore intervention of some unforeseeable event (Reason, 1997, p.71)
Slovene : napaka
see also : mistake, slip, lapse
error of commission error of commission : an error which occurs as a result of an action taken. Examples include when a drug is administered at the wrong time, in the
X X (JCAHO, 2002) wrong dosage, or using the wrong route;
French : erreur par commission
Spanish : error de comisión
German : Ausführungsfehler
Italiano : errore di esecuzione
Slovene :napaka izvršitve
see also : error, mistake, slip, lapse
error of omission error of omission : an error which occurs as a result of an action not taken For example, when a nurse omits a dose of a medication that should be
X X (JCAHO, 2002) administered (JCAHO, 2002) ; failing to prescribe a medication from which
French : erreur par omission the patient would likely have benefited. (Aspden, 2004)
Spanish : error por omisión
German : Unterlassungsfehler
Italiano : errore di omissione
Slovene : napaka opustitve
evidence-based guidelines evidence-based guidelines : consensus approaches for handling recurring health
French : recommandations fondées sur des management problems aimed at reducing practice variability and improving health
preuves outcomes. Guideline development emphasizes using clear evidence from the
Spanish : recomendaciones basadas en la existing literature, rather than expert opinion alone, as the basis for advisory
evidencia materials (Aspden, 2004)
German : Evidenz-basierte Leitlinien
Italiano : linee guida basate sull’ evidence-based
Slovene : na dokazih temelječe smernice

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -4-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
failure mode and effects analysis failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) : a risk assessment method based on Others risk assessment methods using the failure mode (that is : “different
X the simultaneous analysis of failures modes, their consequences and their ways that a process or subprocess can fail to provide the anticipated result”
French : analyse des modes de défaillance et de AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002) exist, like:
leurs effets (AMDE) associated factors. This systematic method is used to identify and prevent product
- failure mode analysis (FMA) “examining a product or system to identify all
Spanish : análisis modal de fallos y efectos and process problems before they occur. the ways in which it might fail” (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
(AMFE) - failure mode, effect, and criticality analysis (FMECA) “a systematic way of
German : Fehlermöglichkeits- und examining a design prospectively for possible ways in which failure can
occur. It assumes that no matter how knowledgeable or careful people are,
Wirkungsanalyse errors will occur in some situations and may even be likely to occur.”
Italiano : analisi delle modalità e degli effetti del (JCAHO, 2002)
fallimento
Slovene : analiza možnih napak in njihovih
posledic (AMNP)
see also : error, mistake, slip, lapse,
risk priority number
forcing function forcing function : something that prevent the behaviour from continuing until the e.g. using oral syringes, for oral liquid doses, that will not fit with IV tubing
X X problem has been corrected (Lewis & Norman, 1986; in Reason, 1990, p.161) ; and to which needles cannot be attached; and computer order entry which
French : fonction de contrainte can be used to ‘force’ the physician to order standardized products.
Spanish : función de restricción design features that make it impossible to perform a specific erroneous act.
(AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
German : erzwingende Funktion
Italiano : limitazioni al comportamento
Slovene : prisilna omejitev
see also : constraint
harm harm : temporary or permanent impairment of the physical, emotional, or Synonyms: iatrogenic illness, iatrogenic injury
X psychological function or structure of the body and/or pain resulting therefrom
French : dommage
Spanish : daño requiring intervention. (NCC MERP, 1998)
German : Schaden
Italiano : danno
Slovene : škodlji vost
see also : adverse event, adverse drug event,
iatrogenic
high-alert medications high-alert medications : drugs that bear a heightened risk of causing significant ISMP's list of high-alert medications available at:
X patient harm when they are used in error. Although mistakes may or may not be http://www.ismp.org/MSAarticles/highalert.htm
French : médicaments à haut risque
Spanish : medicamentos de alto riesgo more common with these drugs, the consequences of an error with these
German : Hochrisiko-Arzneimittel medications are clearly more devastating to patients. (Cohen, 1999; ISMP, 2003)
Italiano : farmaco ad alto rischio

human factors human factors : the study of the interrelationships between humans, the tools they
X X use, the environment in which they live and work, and the design of efficient, human
French : facteur humain
Spanish : factores humanos centred processes to improve reliability and safety. (RFM, Wade, 2002)
German : menschliche Faktoren
Italiano : fattore umano
Slovene : človeški dejavniki

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -5-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
iatrogenic iatrogenic 1. any undesirable condition in a patient occurring as the result of iatrogenic illness : “any illness that resulted from a diagnostic procedure or
X treatment by a physician (or other health professional). 2. Pertaining to an illness or from anyform of therapy.” (Steel, 1981)
French : iatrogène
injury resulting from a procedure, therapy, or other element of care. (JCAHO, 2002) iatrogenic injury : “injury originating from or caused by a physician (ιατρος:
Spanish : iatrogénico for “physician”), including unintended or unnecessary harm or suffering
German : Iatrogen araising from any form of health care management, including problems
Italiano : iatrogena (malattia) arising from acts of commission or omission.” (Aspden, 2004)
Slovene : iatrogen
see also : adverse event, harm
incident incident : an event or circumstance which could have, or did lead to unintended “An incident includes any irregularity in the process of medication use. It
X and/or unnecessary harm to a person, and/or a complaint, loss or damage. might represent an ADE, potential ADE, medication error, or none of
French : incident these-it is essentially a “catch all” term for what to call something before it
Spanish : incidente (ACSQHC). In the UK, the NHS National Patient Safety Agency defines ‘patient
has been classified.” (Morimoto, 2004)
German : Zwischenfall safety incident’ as “any unintended or unexpected incident that could have or did
Italiano : incidente lead to harm for one or more patients receiving NHS funded healthcare”. (NPSA
Slovene : incident Terminology)
see also : adverse event
just culture just culture : is a key element of a safe culture (Aspden, 2004). A just culture Reason was the first to coin the term “just culture” which provides a fair and
X reconciles professional accountability and the need to create a safe environment to productive alternative to the two extremes of punitive or blame-free cultures.
French : culture de la responsabilité ”Creating a just culture –it could be just as well be called a trust culture- is
Spanish : cultura de responsabilidad report medication errors; seeks to balance the need to learn from mistakes and the
the critical fist step in socially engineering a safe culture. (…) A just culture
German : Gerechtigkeitskultur need to take disciplinary action (Marx, 2001). hinges critically on a collectively agreed and clearly understood distinction
Italiano : cultura giusta being drawn between acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.” (Reason,
Slovene : kultura pravičnosti 2003) Marx has expanded the concept further and provided guidance for
health care organizations.(Marx, 2001)
see also : culture of safety
lapse lapses : errors which result from some failure in the execution and/or storage stage
X X of an action sequence, (…) largely involving failures of memory, that do not
French : raté, erreur de mémoire
Spanish : lapsus, error de memoria necessarily manifest themselves in actual behaviour and may be only apparent to
German : Aussetzer the person who experience them. (Reason, 1990, p.9) ; internal events [that]
Italiano : lapsus generally involve failures of memory. (Reason, 1997, p.71)
Slovene : lapsus
see also : error, mistake, slip
latent (error, conditions) latent errors : errors in the design, organization, training, or maintenance that lead Synonym : latent failures
X X to operator errors. They may lie dormant in the system for lengthy periods of time. Latent errors have been described as “accidents waiting to happen”.
French : défaillance latente (Leape, 1995a)
Spanish : error latente (Kohn, 2000) They represent root causes of adverse events.
“Latent conditions are the inevitable "resident pathogens" within the system.
German : latente Fehler, Systemfehler latent conditions : arise from decisions made by designers, builders, procedure They arise from decisions made by designers, builders, procedure writers,
Italiano : errori latenti writers, and top level management. Latent conditions may lie dormant within the and top level management. Such decisions may be mistaken, but they need
Slovene : latentna napaka system for many years before they combine with active failures and local triggers to not be. All such strategic decisions have the potential for introducing
create an accident opportunity. Unlike active failures, latent conditions can be pathogens into the system. Latent conditions have two kinds of adverse
identified and remedied before an adverse event occurs. Understanding this leads to effect: they can translate into error provoking conditions within the local
workplace (for example, time pressure, understaffing, inadequate
proactive rather than reactive risk management. (Reason, 2000)
equipment, fatigue, and inexperience) and they can create longlasting holes
or weaknesses in the defences (untrustworthy alarms and indicators,
unworkable procedures, design and construction deficiencies, etc). Latent
conditions - as the term suggests- may lie dormant within the system for
many years before they combine with active failures and local triggers to
create an accident opportunity. Unlike active failures, whose specific forms
are often hard to foresee, latent conditions can be identified and remedied
before an adverse event occurs. Understanding this leads to proactive
see also : root cause analysis, human factor rather than reactive risk management.” (Reason, 2000)

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -6-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
mandatory reporting mandatory reporting : those patient safety reporting systems that by legislation
X and/or regulation require the reporting of specified adverse events. (Aspden, 2004)
French : système de déclaration obligatoire
Spanish : notificación obligatoria
German : Obligatorische Meldung, Meldepflicht
Italiano : reporting obbligatorio
Slovene : obvezno poročanje
medication error medication error : any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate “Obviously, nonpreventable drug-related problems (DRPs) are not
X medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the health included.” (Foppe van Mil, 2004)
French : erreur médicamenteuse
Spanish : error de medicación care professional, patient, or consumer. Such events may be related to professional
German : Arzneimittelfehler, Medikationsfehler practice, health care products, procedures, and systems, including prescribing; order
Italiano : errori legati ai farmaci communication; product labeling, packaging, and nomenclature; compounding;
Slovene : napaka pri ravnanju z zdravili dispensing; distribution; administration; education; monitoring; and use. (NCC
MERP, 1998)

medication safety medication safety : freedom from accidental injury during the course of medication
X use; activities to avoid, prevent, or correct adverse drug events which may result
French : sécurité des soins médicamenteux
Spanish : seguridad en el uso de los from the use of medications. (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
medicamentos
German : Arzneimittelsicherheit
Italiano : sicurezza dei farmaci
Slovene : varnost pri ravnanju z zdravili
see also : patient safety, pharmacovigilance
medication use system medication use system : a combination of interdependent processes that share the “Medication use within a healtcare organisation can be viewed as a system,
X common goal of safe, effective, appropriate, and efficient provision of drug therapy to with several components and processes, inputs (patient and drug theray
French : circuit du médicament information, and outputs (effective, efficient, and safe treatment). The
Spanish : sistema de utilización de los patients. Major processes in the medication use system are : selecting and
provision of medications to patients, regardless of the setting, depends on a
medicamentos procuring; storage; prescribing; transcribing and verifying/reviewing; preparing and set of processes…” (Nadzam, 1998)
German : Arzneimittelanwendungssystem dispensing; administering and monitoring. (Cohen, 1999; AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002; “Each major process in the medication system- ordering, dispensing, and
Italiano : sistema di utilizzo dei farmaci JCAHO, 2003; Otero 2003). administration – has its own unique opportunities for error.” (Leape 1998)
Slovene : sistem ravnanja z zdravili For flowcharts describing the medication use system, see these references.
see also : process, system
mistake mistake : deficiency or failure in the judgemental and/or inferential processes “The actions may conform exactly to the plan, but the plan is inadequate to
X X involved in the selection of an objective or in the specification of the means to achieve its intended outcome.” (Reason, 1997, p.71)
French : erreur de jugement
Spanish : equivocación achieve it, irrespective whether or not the actions directed by this decision-scheme
German : Beurteilungsfehler, Irrtum run according to plan (Reason, 1990, p.9) ; errors of concious though including rule-
Italiano : mistake based errors that occur during problem solving when a wrong rule is chosen, and
Slovene : zmota knowledge-based errors that arise because of lack of knowledge or misinpretation of
the problem (Leape, 1994).
see also : error, slip, lapse
monitoring error monitoring error : failure to review a prescribed regimen for appropriateness and A process error taking place in the medication use system: definition and
X detection of problems, or failure to use appropriate clinical or laboratory data for type to be refined with the taxonomy of medication errors.
French : erreur de suvi thérapeutique
Spanish : error de seguimiento adequate assessment of patient response to prescribed therapy. (Leape, 1998)
German : Überwachungsfehler
Italiano : monitoraggio degli errori
Slovene : napaka pri sledenju

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -7-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
negligence negligence : care provided failed to meet the standard of care reasonably expected
X of an average practitioner qualified to care for the patient in question.
French : faute, négligence
Spanish : negligencia (AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
German : Fahrlässigkeit, Vernachlâssigung
Italiano : negligenza
Slovene : malomarnost
nosocomial nosocomial : pertaining to or originating in a health care facility (ACSQHC). Synonym : health care acquired
X
French : nosocomial
Spanish : nosocomial
German : nosokomial
Italiano : nosognomico
Slovene : nosokomialen
observation method observation method : an active method of error surveillance in which a trained
X observer observes medication administration during peak workload periods and
French : méthode d’observation directe
Spanish : método de observación compares the observations to the original order on the patient’s chart for the purpose
German : Beobachtungsmethode of uncovering medication errors and clues as to why they happen. (Allan&Barker,
Italiano : metodo di osservazione JCAHO, 2002)
Slovene : opazovalna metoda
opportunity for error opportunity for error : any dose dose given plus any dose ordered but omitted. It is
X a basic unic of data in medcation error studies preventing the error rate from
French : opportunité d’erreur
Spanish : oportunidad de error exceeding 100%. (Allan, 1990; Barker, 1966)
German : Fehlermöglichkeit
Italiano : opportunità di errore
Slovene : priložnost za napako
patient safety patient safety : freedom from accidental injuries during the course of medical care; “Safety, the first domain of quality, refers to “freedom from accidental
X activities to avoid, prevent, or correct adverse outcomes which may result from the injury.” This definition is stated from the patient’s perspective.” (Kohn, 2000)
French : sécurité des patients
Spanish : seguridad clínica delivery of health care. (Kohn, 2000; AHA&HRET&ISMP, 2002)
German : Patientensicherheit patient safety : the identification, analysis and management of patient-related risks
Italiano : sicurezza del paziente and incidents, in order to make patient care safer and minimise harm to patients.
Slovene : varnost bolnikov (Aspden, NPSA, 2004)
see also : medication safety
pharmacovigilance pharmacovigilance : the science and activities relating to the detection,
X assessment, understanding and prevention of the adverse effects of pharmaceutical
French : pharmacovigilance
Spanish : farmacovigilancia products. (WHO, 2002)
German : Pharmakovigilanz,
Artzneimittelüberwachung
Italiano : farmacovigilanza
Slovene : farmakovigilanca
see also : adverse drug reaction

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -8-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
potential adverse drug event potential adverse drug event : a serious medication error-one that has the Synonyms : near miss, close call, prevented patient safety incident
X potential to cause an adverse drug event, but did not, either by luck or because it close call : “an event or situation that could have resulted in an adverse
French : événement indésirable médicamenteux
was intercepted and corrected. Examining potential adverse drug events helps to event but did not, either by chance or through timely intervention.” (Aspden,
potentiel 2004)
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso por identify both where the system is failing (the error) and where it is working (the
interception). (Leape, 1998, Morimoto, 2004) near miss : “an act of commission or omission that could have harmed the
medicamentos potencial patient, but did not so as a result of chance (e.g., the patient received a
German : mögliches unerwünschtes contrraindicated drug, but did not experienced an adverse drug reaction),
Arzneimittelereignis prevention (e.g., a potentially lethal overdose was prescribed, but a nurse
Italiano : eventi avversi potenziali legati ai identified the error before administering the medication), or mitigation e.g., a
farmaci lethal overdose was administered but discovered early, and countered with
an antidote).” (Aspden, 2004)
Slovene : možen neželeni dogodek pri uporabi
zdravila
see also : recovery
potential error potential error: circumstances or events that have the capacity (potentiality) to
X X cause error
French : erreur potentielle
Spanish : error potencial
German : möglicher Fehler, beinahe Fehler
Italiano : errore potenziale
Slovene : možna napaka
see also : latent error
preparation error preparation error : whatever type of medication error, of omission or commission, Synonym : compounding error
X that occurs in the preparation stage when the medication has to be compounded or A process error taking place in the medication use system: definition and
French : erreur de préparation
prepared by a pharmacist, a nurse, or the own patient, or a caregiver. type to be refined with the taxonomy of medication errors.
Spanish : error de preparación
For example, an IV compounding error is “a deviation of the actual
German : Zubereitungsfehler compounding process from specifications in the pharmacy’s patient-specific
Italiano : errore di preparazione IV label or the hospital’s policies and procedures for IV Compounding.”
Slovene : napaka pri pripravi (Allan, 1997).
see also : medication error
prescribing error prescribing error : a medication error occurring during the prescription of a A process error taking place in the medication use system: definition and
X X medicine that it is about writing the drug order or taking the therapeutic decision, type to be refined with the taxonomy of medication errors.
French : erreur de prescription
appreciated by any non intentional deviation from standard references such as: the “A clinically meaningful prescribing error occurs when, as a result of a
Spanish : error de prescripción prescribing decision or prescribing writing process, there is an unintentional
German : Verschreibungsfehler actual scientific knowledge, the appropriate practices usually recognized, the
significant (1) reduction in the probability of treatment being timely and
Italiano : errore di prescrizione summary of the characteristics of the medicine product, or the mentions according to effective or (2) increase in the risk of harm when compared with generally
Slovene : napaka pri predpisovanju the regulations. A prescribing error notably can concern : the choice of the drug accepted practice.” (Dean, 2000)
(according to the indications, the contraindications, the known allergies and patient
characteristics, interactions whatever nature it is with the existing therapeutics, and
the other factors), dose, concentration, drug regimen, pharmaceutical form, route of
administration, duration of treatment, and instructions of use; but also the failure to
see also : medication error prescribe a drug needed to treat an already diagnosed pathology, or to prevent the
adverse effects of others drugs.
preventable adverse event preventable : potentially avoidable in the relevant circumstances. (ACSQHC)
X X preventable adverse event : adverse event that would not have occurred if the
French : événement indésirable évitable
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso prevenible patient had received ordinary standards of care appropriate for the time of the study
German : Vermeidbares unerwünschtes Ereignis (Michel, 2004).
Italiano : evento avverso prevenibile

see also : adverse drug event, unpreventable

adverse drug event

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) -9-
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
preventable adverse drug event preventable adverse drug event : any adverse drug event that would not have “any adverse drug event due to an error or preventable by any means
X occurred if the patient had received ordinary standards of care appropriate for the currently available” (Bates, 1995a)
French : événement indésirable médicamenteux
évitable time when this event occurred, so that, associated to a medication error.
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso por preventable adverse drug event : an adverse drug event associated with a
medicamento prevenible medication error (Roswell, 2001)
German : Vermeidbares unerwünschtes
Arzneimittelereignis
Italiano : evento avverso da farmaco prevenibile
Slovene : preprečeni neželeni dogodek pri
uporabi zdravila
see also : adverse drug event, unpreventable
adverse drug event
preventability preventability : implies that methods for averting a given injury are known and that « Some adverse events are unavoidable. Patients and their caregivers are
X X an adverse event results from failure to apply that knowledge. (Leape, 1993) sometimes forced to kowingly accept adverse secondary consequences to
French : évitabilité achieve a more important primary treatment goal. The concept of
Spanish : evitabilidad prevention : modification of the system or its exploitation in order to decrease the preventability separates care delivery errors from such recognized but
German : Vermeidbarkeit probability of arisen the dreaded event and to return to an acceptable risk level ; any unavoidable treatment consequences » (Aspden, 2004, 195)
Italiano : prevenibilità measure aiming at reducing the frequency and the severity of the risks.
Slovene : preprečevanje
process process : a series of related actions to achieved a defined outcome. Prescribing
X medication or administering medication are processes (Leape et al, 1998)
French : processus
Spanish : proceso
German : Prozess
Italiano : processo
Slovene : proces
see also : medication use system, system
recklessness recklessness : 1) The individual knows that there is a risk, is willing to take that risk, NPSA’Incident Decision Tree (IDT), based on a model developed by
X and takes it deliberately. 2) The individual performs an act that creates an obvious Professor J Reason for the aviation industry, is an interactive web-based
French : imprudence tool for NHS managers and organisations dealing with staff who have been
Spanish : imprudencia risk, and when performing that act has either given no thought to the possibility of
involved in an incident. It helps to identify whether the action(s) of
German : Unvorsichtigkeit, Sorglosigkeit such a risk, and having recognised that such a risk existed, goes on to take it. individuals were due to systems failures or whether the individual knowingly
Italiano : spericolatezza (NPSA, 2004) committed a reckless, intentional unsafe or criminal act. The tool changes
Slovene : neodgovornost the focus from asking ‘Who was to blame’ to ‘Why did the individual act in
this way?’ (NPSA)
see also : just culture, violation
recovery recovery : an informal set of human factors that lead to a risky situation being Synonym : mitigating factors
X X detected, understood, and corrected in time, thus limiting the sequence to a near-
French : récupération
Spanish : restablecimiento miss outcome, instead of it developping further into possibly an adverse event.
German : Erholung, Genesung (Aspden, 2004)
Italiano : recupero mitigating factors : some factors, whether actions or inaction such as chance or
Slovene : poprava luck, may have mitigated or minimised a more serious outcome. (NPSA, 2004)
see also : close call, near miss,
potential adverse drug event

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) - 10 -
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
risk assessment risk assessment : the process that helps organisations understand the range or
X risks that they face both internally and externally, the level of ability to control those
French : évaluation des risques
Spanish : evaluación de riesgos risks, the likelihood of occurrence and their potential impacts. It involves a mixture of
German : Risikobewertung quantifying risks and using judgement, assessing and balancing risks and benefits
Italiano : valutazione del rischio and weighing them for example against cost. (NPSA, 2004)
Slovene : ocena tveganja
risk management risk management : clinical and administrative activities undertaken to identify,
X evaluate, and reduce the risk of injury to patients, staff, and visitors and the risk of
French : gestion des risques
Spanish : gestión de riesgos loss to the organization itself. (JCAHO, 2002)
German : Risikomanagement risk management : identifying, assessing, analysing, understanding, and acting on
Italiano : gestione del rischio risk issues in order to reach an optimal balance or risk.benefits and costs’. (NPSA,
Slovene : upravljanje s tveganji 2004)

root cause analysis root cause analysis : a systematic investigation technique that looks beyond the Typically, the analysis focuses primarily on systems and processes, not
X X individuals concerned and seeks to understand the underlying causes and individual performance. (Aspden, 2004)
French : analyse des causes profondes
Spanish : análisis de causas raíz environmental context in which the incident happened. (NPSA, 2004) The analysis
German : Ursachenanalyse focuses on identifying the latent conditions that underlie variation in performance and
Slovene : analiza porekla vzrokov on developing recommendations for improvements to decrease the likelihood of a
recurrence. (Wade, 2002, Davies, 2003)
see also : cause, latent conditions
sentinel event sentinel event : an unexpected occurrence involving death or serious physical or
X X psychological injury, or the risk thereof. Serious injury specifically includes loss of
French : événement sentinelle
Spanish : acontecimiento o suceso centinela limb or function. The phrase, "or the risk thereof" includes any process variation for
German : Sentinel-Ereignis, Signal-Ereignis which a recurrence would carry a significant chance of a serious adverse outcome.
Italiano : evento sentinella Such events are called "sentinel" because they signal the need for immediate
Slovene : opozorilni nevarni dogodek investigation and response. (JCAHO, 2002)

slip slip : error which result from some failure in the execution and/or storage stage of an “They are errors of execution that occurs when there is a break in the
X action sequence, (…) potentially observable as actions-not-as-planned (slips of the routine while attention is diverted.” (Leape, 1994)
French : lapsus, erreur d’attention
Spanish : distracción, desliz, error de atención tongue, slips of the pen, slips of action). (Reason, 1990, p.9). Slips relate to
German : Ausrutscher observable actions and are commonly associated with attentional or perceptual
Slovene : spodrsljaj failures (Reason, 1997, p.71)
see also : error, mistake, lapse
system system : a set of interdependent elements interacting to achieve a common aim.
X These elements may be both human and non-human (equipment, technologies,
French : système
Spanish : sistema etc.). (Kohn, 2000)
German : System
Italiano : sistema
Slovene : sistem
see also : medication use system, process

Terms : A – approved term ; R – regulatory term ; P – patient safety term ; B - term to be banned : not to be used
Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) - 11 -
 Committee of Experts on Management of Safety and Quality in Health Care (SP-SQS)
Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

Terms Definitions Comments

A R P B
and translations and references and synonyms
unpreventable adverse drug event unpreventable adverse event: an adverse event resulting from a complication that “Nonpreventable adverse drug events (ADEs) are called adverse drug
X cannot be prevented given the current state of knowledge. (QuIC, 2000) reactions (ADRs)” (Leape et al 1998).
French : événement indésirable médicamenteux
inévitable unpreventable adverse drug event : an adverse drug event that do not result from
Spanish : acontecimiento adverso por an error but reflect the inherent risk of drugs and cannot be prevented given the
medicamento inevitable current state of knowledge. (Otero and Dominguez-Gil,2000).
German : unvermeidbares unerwünschtes
Arzneimittelereignis
Italiano : eventi avversi da farmaci non
prevenibili
Slovene : neželeni dogodek pri uporabi zdravila,
ki ga ni moč preprečiti
see also : preventability
violation violation : a deliberate -but not necessarily reprehensible- deviation from those
X practices deemed necessary (by designers, managers and regulatory agencies) to
French : non respect des règles ou procédures
Spanish : transgresión maintain the safe operation of a potentially hazardous system (Reason, 1990,
German : Regelverletzung p.195) ; appreciated by the individual as being required by regulation, or necessary
Italiano : violazione or advisable to achieve an appropriate objective while maintaining safety and the
Slovene : kršitev ongoing operation of a device or system. (Runciman, 2003)

voluntary reporting voluntary reporting : those reporting systems for which the reporting of patient
X X safety events is voluntary (not mandatory). Generally, reports on all types of events
French : notification spontanée
Spanish : notificación voluntaria are accepted. (Aspden, 2004)
German : freiwilliges Meldesystem
Italiano : reporting volontario
Slovene: prostovoljno poročanje

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Allan Flynn E., Pearson R.E. and Barker K.N. Observational study of and relationships among medication misadventures, medication errors, Australian Council for Safety and Quality in Health Care ACSQHC List
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Uptated on 20 October 2005 (Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices meeting 4 May 2005) - 12 -
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Expert Group on Safe Medication Practices
Glossary of terms related to patient and medication safety

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