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UNIT I INTRODUCTION 9
Properties of steel – Structural steel sections – Limit State Design Concepts – Loads
on Structures – Connections using rivets, welding, bolting – Design of bolted and
welded joints – Eccentric connections - Efficiency of joints.
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Types of compression members – Theory of columns – Basis of current codal provision
for compression member design – Slenderness ratio – Design of single section and
compound section compression members – Design of laced and battened type columns
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– Design of column bases – Gusseted base
UNIT IV BEAMS 9
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Design of laterally supported and unsupported beams – Built up beams – Beams
subjected to uniaxial and biaxial bending – Design of plate girders - Intermediate and
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bearing stiffeners – Flange and web splices.
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UNIT V ROOF TRUSSES AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES 9
Roof trusses – Roof and side coverings – Design of purlin and elements of truss; end
bearing – Design of gantry girder.
REFERENCES:
1. Narayanan.R.et.al. "Teaching Resource on Structural Steel Design", INSDAG,
Ministry of Steel Publications, 2002
2. Duggal. S.K, "Limit State Design of Steel Structures", Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, 2005
3. Bhavikatti.S.S, "Design of Steel Structures" By Limit State Method as per
IS:800–2007, IK International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2009
4. Shah.V.L. and Veena Gore, "Limit State Design of Steel Structures", IS 800–
2007 Structures Publications, 2009. 5. IS800 :2007, General Construction In Steel -
Code of Practice, (Third Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007
x is able to determine loads, choose the design scheme and calculate the
internal forces for steel structures;
x is able to use standard documents related to steel structures;
x knows the main properties, structural steel and steel products;
x knows how to evaluate the resistance of cross-sections, buckling resistance
and deformation of steel structures based on calculations;
x knows the most common joints and connections of steel structures;
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knows the methods of ensuring fire corrosion safety for steel structures;
knows how to construct steel structures (columns, beams) and ensure the
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To introduce the students to limit state design of structural steel members
subjected to compressive, tensile and bending loads
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Ability to perform analysis and design of steel members and connections
Ability to design steel structural systems
x
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Familiarity with professional and contemporary issues.
Design of structural systems such as roof trusses, gantry girders as per
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provisions of current code (IS 800 - 2007) of practice.
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achieve their most ambitious visions. Structural steel is an essential component of
stadiums, shopping centers and commercial developments. Steel is the leading
construction material for sustainability, as it can be multicycled endlessly with no
detrimental effect on its properties. W hen a steel framed building is demolished, its
components can be reused or returned to the steel making process to create brand
new components. In the UK ,96% of steel construction components are recovered in
this way.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Gambhir. M.L., "Fundamentals of Structural Steel Design", McGraw Hill
Education India Pvt. Ltd., 2013
2. Shiyekar. M.R., "Limit State Design in Structural Steel", Prentice Hall of India
Pvt. Ltd, Learning Pvt. Ltd., 2nd Edition, 2013.
3. Subramanian.N, "Design of Steel Structures", Oxford University Press, New
Delhi, 2013.
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REFERENCES:
1. Narayanan.R.et.al. "Teaching Resource on Structural Steel Design", INSDAG,
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Ministry of Steel Publications, 2002
2. Duggal. S.K, "Limit State Design of Steel Structures", Tata McGraw Hill
Publishing Company, 2005
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3. Bhavikatti.S.S, "Design of Steel Structures" By Limit State Method as per
IS:800–2007, IK International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., 2009
4. Shah.V.L. and Veena Gore, "Limit State Design of Steel Structures", IS 800–
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2007 Structures Publications, 2009. 5. IS800 :2007, General Construction In Steel -
Code of Practice, (Third Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi, 2007
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Sl.
No
Unit ee
Topic / Portions to be Covered
Hours
Required
/
Cumulativ
rine Hrs
Books
Referred
Planned
1 1
Properties of steel
1 g.n1 T3 (pg 22)
T3 (pg 328-
5 1 Connections using welding 1 5
329)
T3 (pg 346-
8 1 Bolted joints problem 1 8
354)
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10 1 Welded joints problem 1 10 T3 (pg 479)
12 1 asy
Efficiency of joints 1 12
T3 (pg
1086)
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13 2
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Types of sections 1 13 T3 (pg555 )
14 2
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Net area, Net effective sections for
1
16 2
Design of connections in tension
members
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16 T3 (pg 559)
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24 2 Slenderness ratio 1 24 T3 (pg 692)
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Design of single section compression
members
1 25 T3 (pg 744)
26 3 asy
Single section compression members
problem
1 26 T3 (pg 744)
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27 3
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Design of compound section
compression members
1 27 T3 (pg 746)
28 3 ee
Design of compound section
compression members problem
1
30 3
Design of laced type columns
problem
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30 T3 (pg 746 )
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38 4
Design of laterally supported beams
problem
1 38 T3 (pg 839)
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Design of laterally unsupported
beams
1 39 T3 (pg 841)
40 4 asy
Design of laterally unsupported
beams problem
1 40 T3 (pg 841)
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Built up beams
1 41 T3 (pg 879)
42 4 ee
Beams subjected to uniaxial and
biaxial bending
1
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T3 (pg
1074)
T3 (pg
51 5 Roof and side coverings 1 51
1148)
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52 5 Roof and side coverings problem 1 52
T3 (pg
1148)
54 5 asy
Design of purlin angle section
problem
1 54
T3 (pg 1149
)
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55 5
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Design of purlin channel section
problem
1 55
T3 (pg
1150)
56 5 ee
End bearing 1
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T3 (pg
1172)
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5 End bearing problem 1
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57 T3 (pg1173
)
T3 (pg1038
59 5 Design of gantry girder problem 1 59
)
T3 (pg
60 5 Design of gantry girder problem 1 60
1039)
UNIT – I
INTRODUCTION
1. What are the various types of connections used for connecting the
structural members?
I) Riveted connections
Lap joint and Butt joint
II) Bolted connections
T ension member connection and splice
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III)Pin connections
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2. What is meant by pitch of rivet and gauge line (May/June 2012)
The pitch of the rivets is the distance between centers of two
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adjacent rivets in a row. Gauge line is the line of rivets, which is parallel to the
direction of stress.
3. What is meant by gauge distance and edge distance?
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Gauge distance is the perpendicular distance between two
adjacent gauge lines. This is also called as back pitch.Edge distance is the
distance of the edge of the member or the cover plates from the centre of
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extreme rivet hole.
4. Define staggered pitch.
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(April/May 2011)
It is also called as alternate pitch or reeled pitch. The
staggered pitch is defined as the distance measured along one rivet line from
the centre of a rivet to the centre of the adjoining rivet on the adjacent parallel
rivet line.
5. What are the types of failures occur in riveted joint? ( M a y/ J u n e 2 0 1 4 )
• Shear failure of rivets
• Shear failure of plates
• Tearing failure of rivets
• Bearing failure of plates
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3)Bolted connections are preferable where time is considered as the factor to
fabricate
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1) They require access to both sides of the joint .
2) They can become loose over time as the nut backs off or as the material
creeps.
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3) They require holes, which introduce stress concentrations and more failure
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modes; drilling the holes may create cracks which will grow over time to
cause failure.
7. What are the various types of bolts used for structural purposes? et
(May / June 2007)
• Unfinished bolts
• Turned bolts
• Black bolts
• High strength bolts
9.What are the merits and demerits of welded connections? (Nov/Dec 2011)
Merits:
1)Due to the absence of gusset plates, connecting angles etc.,welded
structures are lighter
2)The absence of making holes for fasteners, making welding process
quicker
3)W elding is more adaptable than bolting or riveting. For example, even
circular tubes can be easily connected by welding
Demerits:
1)Due to uneven heating and cooling members are likely to distort in the
process of welding
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3)A welded joint fails earlier than bolted joint, if the structure is under fatigue
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10. How to calculate the efficiency of a joint? (April/May 2008)
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The efficiency of the joint is the ratio of actual strength of
connection to the gross strength of connected member, expressed in % as,
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Efficiency of joint = least actual strength of the joint
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Gross strength of solid plate member
X 100
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(Nov/Dec 2014)
High tension bolts which have high tensile strength are made from
quenched and tempered alloy steels with grades from 8.8 to 10.9.The most g.n
common are the so-called, general grade of 8.8 and have medium carbon content,
which makes them less ductile.
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12.What are the limitations of working stress method? (May/June 2016)
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Bearing failure of bolt or bearing failure of plate
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halves(as in casting split pulleys)
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16.What do you understand by prying action? (Nov/Dec 2013)
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The prying action is caused due to contact of connected plates, which
gives rise to the additional forces
17.What is riveting?
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(May/June 2013)
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Riveting is the process of connecting the parts with Rivet having
suffucient extra length for a second head which is formed by hand hammering or
hydraulic pressure driving or by pneumatic pressure driving
It is the shortest distance from the fillet weld to the face of the
diagrammatic weld(line joining the toes)the effective throat thickness should not be
less than 3mm also, it should not exceed 0.7t or 1 .0 t underspecial
circumstances.where t is the thickness of thinner plate of elements being weld.
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1. Find the efficiency of the lap joint shown in fig.1.with the following data:
M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe410 plates are used. (NOV/DEC 11)
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2. Find the maximum force w hich can be transferred through the double
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covered butt joint show n in fig. Find the efficiency of the joint also. Given M20
bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe410 steel plates are used. (NOV/DEC 11)
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3. Two cover plates, 10mm and 18mm thick are connected by a double cover
butt joint using 6mm cover plates as shown in fig. Find the strength of the
joint. Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe410 plates are used.
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4. Design a lap joint betw een the tw o plates each of w idth 120mm,if the
thickness of one plate is 16mm and the other is 12mm.the joint has to transfer
a design load of 160Kn.the plates are of Fe410grade.use bearing type bolts.
(MAY/JUNE 12)
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5. Design a single bolted double cover butt joint to connect boiler plates of
thickness 12mm for maximum efficiency. Use M16 bolts of grade 4.6.boiler
plates are of Fe 410 grade. Find the efficiency of the joint.
(MAY/JUNE 12)
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6. A bracket bolted to a vertical column is loaded as shown in fig. If M20
bolts of grade 4.6 are used, determine the maximum value of factored load
P w hich can be carried safely.
(MAY/JUNE 12)
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7. A bracket is bolted to the flange of a column as show n in fig. Using 8mm
thick bracket plate. Using M20 bolts of grade 4.6 design the connection.
(NOV/DEC 2011)
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8. Design a suitable longitudinal fillet w elds to connect the plates as shown
in fig. To transmit a pull equal to the full strength of small plate. Given:
plates are 12mm thick, grade of plates Fe410 and w elding to be made in
workshop.
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9. A tie member of a roof truss consists of 2 ISA 10075, 8mm.the angles are
connected to either side of a 10mm gusset plates and the member is subjected
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to a working pull of 300Kn.design the w eld connection. Assume connections
are made in the
workshop.
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UNIT - II
TENSION MEMBERS
PART – A
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leg of the main angle directly, as shown in Fig.. Such angles are referred to as lug
angles. It also reduces shear lag.
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sections.
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2. Draw any two typical cross sections of tension member using angle
(NOV/DEC 11)
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3. What is block shear failure? (NOV/DEC 11)
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4. List out the typical failure modes in tension member. (MAY/JUNE 12)
Cross section yielding
Net section rupture
Block shear failure
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Tensile or ultimate stress, fu
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The maximum percentage elongation on a standard gauge
Notch toughness
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7. Define tension member splice. (April/May 2011)
Splicing of tension member is necessary when the required
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length of the member is more than the length available or when the
member has different cross sections for different parts of its length. If
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actual member is to be of greater length ,two or more lengths shall
to be spliced at the joint.
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8. What do you understand by Gross area? (Nov / Dec 2007)
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Total area of cross section which can be taken as equal weight of
the member per unit length divided by density of the material is called
Gross area. The sectional area given by the manufacturer is taken as the
gross area.
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9. Explain shear lag effect. (IS800:2007-Pg: 4)
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( Ap r i l / M a y2 0 1 0 )
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Area of the section, A=5626mm2
Weight per metre,w=442N/m
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Width of flange,bf=140mm
Thickness of flange,tf=12.4mm
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Thickness of web,tw=7.5mm
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(April/May 2015)
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The partial safety factor for loads is a load factor which is
multiplied to characteristic load, gives the design load.
Design load = γ x characteristic load
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14.Where do you use lug angles? (May/June 2015)
A larger length of the tension member and the gusset plate may be
required sometimes to accommodate the required number of
connection rivets. But this may not be feasible and economical. To
overcome this difficulty lug angles are used in conjunction with main
tension members at the ends. It provides extra gauge lines for
accommodating the rivets and thus enables to reduce the length of the
connection. They are generally used when the members are of single
angle, double angle or channel sections.
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15.Write down the expression for calculating the net effective areas for angles
and tees in tension
Anet = A1+A2K
Where
A1=effective net c/s area of the connected leg
A2=the gross c/s area of the unconnected length
K=3A1/(A1+A2) for a single angle connected through one leg
K=5A1(5A1+A2) for a pair of angles back to back connected by one leg
of the angle to the same side of gusset plate
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plate
For double angles placed back to back & connected on each side of gusset
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1. A single unequal angle ISA 90mm x60mm, 6mm is connected to a 10mm gusset plates at
the ends with 5nos.of 16mm bolts to transfer tension. Determine the design tensile strength
of the angle
a) If the gusset is connected to 90mm leg.
b)If the gusset is connected to 60mm leg. (NOV/DEC 14)
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2. Determine the design tensile strength of 160x8mm plate with the holes for
16mm bolts as shown in fig. plates are of steel, grade Fe415.
(Nov/Dec 11)
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3. Determine the tensile strength of a roof truss member 2 ISA 90mm x 60mm,
6mm connected to the gusset plate of 8mm plate by 4mm weld as show n in
fig. The effective length of w e ld is 200mm.
(MAY/JUNE 12)
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4. Design a single angle section for a tension member of a roof truss to carry a
factored tensile force of 225KN.the member is subjected to the possible reversal
of stress due to the action of wind. The length of the member is 3m.use 20mm
shop bolts of grade 4 .6 for the connection.
(MAY/JUNE 12)
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.6.Design a T-section to act as a tension member carrying an axial tension of
220kN.
May 2015)
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(April/
11
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7. Design a tension member using two angle section to carry 180kN w hen
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both angles are connected, i) on both sides of gusset plate, and ii) on the
same side of the gusset plate. (April/may 2010)
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UNIT - III
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
PART – A
TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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The buckling curve shape of the column shows the behaviour of the real
compression members for effects of initial crooknecks of the member, accidental
eccentricity of load, end constraints, local or lateral buckling etc.
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3. Write the design procedure for column slab base connection?
Calculate the bearing strength of concrete= 0.45fck
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Area of base plate required= Pu/0.45fck where Pu is the factored
load
Select the size of the base plate
Find the intensity of pressure= Pu/Area of the base plate
Minimum thickness of the base plate required is given by
ts =√2.5w(a2-0.3b2)γmo/ fy
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Slenderness ratio, λ= l / r
6. Draw a neat sketch of column with double lacing and mention the
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specifications for lacing. (Nov/Dec 2011)
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7. What are the different types of column base connections?
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(MAY/JUNE 12)
There are two types of column bases commonly used in practice:
Slab base
Gusseted base
8. What do you mean by latticed column? MAY/JUNE 12)
To achieve maximum value for minimum radius of gyration, without
increasing the area of the section a number of elements are placed away
from the principal axis using suitable lateral system. Rolled steel flats and
angles are used for lacing. The lacing provided in a column the column is
called latticed column.
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10. What are the buckled modes for different end conditions?
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11. What is meant by built-up compression members? (NOV/DEC 12)
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The built-up compression members are needed when the single rolled steel
sections are not sufficient to furnish the required cross-sectional area. A built-
up compression member may consist of two or more rolled structural steel
compression member. ee
sections connected together effectively and acts as one
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12. Under w hat circumstances gusset base is used? et
When the load on the column is large or when the column is subjected
to moment along with axial load, gusseted base is provided. It consists of a
base plate, gusset plate, connecting angles provided on either side of the
column and web cleat angle.
13. Write about batten plates in compression member.
When compression members are required for large structures like
bridges, it will be necessary to use built-up sections. They are particularly
useful when loads are heavy and members are long (e.g. top chords of Bridge
Trusses). The cross section consists of two channel sections connected on
their open sides with some type of lacing or latticing (dotted lines) to hold the
parts together and ensure that they act together as one unit. The ends of
these members are connected with “batten plates” which tie the ends
together.
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1. Determine the load carrying capacity of the column section show n in fig. If
its actual length is 4.5m.its one end may be assumed fixed and other end
hinged. The grade of steel is Fe415.
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2. A column am long has to support a factored load of 6000kN.the column is
effectively held at both and restrained in direction at one of the ends. Design
the column using beam section and plates.
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3. Design a single angle strut connected to the gusset plate to carry 180KN
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factored load. The length of the strut between centre to centre intersections is
3m.
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4. Design a laced column with two channels back to back of length 10m to
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carry an axial factored load of 1400kN.the column may be assumed to have
restrained in position but not in direction at both ends.
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5. A column section ISHB 300@577 N/m is carrying a factored axial load of 600
kN. A factored moment of 30N-m and a factored shear force of 60 kN. Design a
suitable column splice. Assume ends are milled.
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6. Design a slab base for a column ISHB 300 @577N/m carrying an axial
factored load of 1000 kN.M20 concrete is used for the foundation. Provide
welded connection betw een column and base plate.
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7. Design a gusseted base for a column ISHB 350 @710N/m with two plates
450mmx20mm carrying a factored load of 3600 kN. The column is to be
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supported on concrete pedestal to be built with M20 concrete.
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U NI T – I V
BEAMS
PART - A
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sufficient, even after
common in the following:
strengthening with cover plates. Such situations are
Larger columns free halls are required in the lower floor of a multistory
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building.
In a workshop, where girders are required to carry crane beams
In road or railway bridges
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In such situations one of the remedies is to go for a built up I section with
two flange plates connected to a web plate of required depth. The depth of such I
beams may vary from 1.5m to 5.0m. This type of I beams are known as plate
girder.
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3. Where are bearing stiffeners used? (MAY/JUNE 12)
In case of rolled steel sections, the webs are so proportioned that it will
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safely carry load without buckling or crippling of the web. But in plate girders to
achieve economy, webs are made thin. In such case the stiffeners are required
at the ends to transfer the reaction
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safety. Stiffeners may be required if the
concentrated load are acting at some points in the
transfer the load are known as bearing stiffeners.
girder. The stiffeners which
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failure is more in the case of built up sections having greater ratio of depth to
thickness of the web.
7. Define shape factor. (April/may 2015)
The ratio of plastic moment to elastic moment Mp p/ Mey is the property of cross
sectional area and is not dependent on material properties. This ratio is called as shape
factor.
8. Under what circumstances load bearing stiffeners are used in plate girder?
The load carrying stiffeners are attached with the web plate of the plate girder to avoid
local bending failure of flanges, crushing of web and buckling of web plate. They are
provided under the heavy concentrated loads and the reactions at supports.
9. Write short notes on built up beams.
The built up beams are also termed as compound beams or compound girders.
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The built up beam when the span, load and corresponding bending moment are
of such magnitudes that rolled steel beam inadequate to provide required section
modulus. The built up beams are also used when rolled section inadequate for
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limited depth.
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A beam in which the compression flange is restrained againist buckling is
called as laterally restrained beam
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11.Write the formula for calculating the thickness of beam bearing plate?
(April/May 2011)
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t=√3w1a2/σbs
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Where w1-unit pressure from masonry
σbs -bending stress in slab base(185Mpa)
t-thickness of bearing plate
a-length of cantilever portion of bearing plate rin
12.What is the function of stiffeners in plate girder g.n
(Nov/Dec 2012)
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Stiffeners in plate girder are to transfer the load to support. Longitudinal
stiffeners are to provide to increase the buckling strength of web. Intermediate
transverse stiffeners are provided to improve buckling strength of web
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length of the girder.
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2. Determine the uniformly distributed load carrying capacity of the w elded
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plate girder shown in fig. When it is used as a cantilever beam of 4m effective
span and checks it for shear, deflection, web buckling and web crippling.
Assuming stiff bearing length as 100mm.
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3.Design a simply supported beam of 10m effective span carrying a total load of 60
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kN/m.the depth of beam should not exceed 500mm.the compression flange of the beam is
laterally supported by floor construction. Assume stiff end bearing is 75mm.
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4. An ISMB 500 section IA used as a beam over a span of 6 m, with simply supported ends.
Determine the maximum factored uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry if the
ends are restrained against torsion but compression flange is laterally unsupported.
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5. Symmetric trusses of span 20m and height 5m are spaced at 4.5m centre to
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centre.Design the channel section purlins to be placed at suitable distances to resist the
following loads:
Weight of sheeting including bolts=171 kN/m2
Live load=0.4 kN/m2 rin
Wind load=1.2 kN/m2
Spacing of purlins=1.4m g.n
et
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6. Design a w elded plate girder of span 30m to carry on superimposed load of 35kN/m.
avoid use of bearing and intermediate stiffeners. Use Fe415 steel.
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U NI T – V
ROOF TRUSSES AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES
PART - A
TWO MARK QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
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2. What are the loads to be considered for the design of gantry girder?
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(NOV/DEC 11)
The reaction from the crane girder, acting vertically
downwards.
x Impact loads from crane
The longitudinal thrust, due to starting or stopping of rane, acting in
the longitudinal direction.
The lateral thrust, due to starting of the crab acting horizontally,
normal to the gantry girder.
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3. Give general guidelines for fixing spacing of roof trusses. (NOV/DEC 11)
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5. Define Gantry Girder and State its purpose. (MAY/JUNE 12)
Gantry girders is supported by brackets to the main columns of the buckling
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or by stepped columns. Gantry girder is to support the crane bridge provided with
wheels to move over the rails. Gantry girders are designed as laterally unsupported
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beams unless the compression f lange is laterally supported by either a catwalk or
by additional member.
truss
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6. What are the considerations for selection of a suitable type of
truss? (MAY/JUNE 12)
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The followings are the considerations for selection of a suitable roof
Roof coverings
Fabrication and transportation g.n
.
Aesthetic
climate et
7. Name the components of steel roof truss. (May/June 2013)
Strut
Principal rafter
Sling
Principle tie
Tie
Purlins
GI or A.C. sheet
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Δ=ΣPuL/AE
Where,
P=force in a truss member due to applied load
u=force in a truss member due to unit load applied at the
node
L=Length of the truss member
A=Area of a truss member
E=young’s modulus of elasticity
9. Draw a neat sketch of roof truss with its component parts. (Nov/Dec 2014)
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10. List the various types of roof covering commonly used. g.n
(Nov/Dec 2014)
•
•
•
Asbestos cement sheets
Ti l e s
Galvanized corrugated iron sheets
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• Aluminium sheets
• Slate roofing
11.How do you calculate the live load and wind load while designing
roof trusses? (NOV/DEC 13)
Live load is considered in the design of roof truss is based on the sloping roof with
the inclination angle and the wind load on trusses are calculated by taking the
algebraic sum of the average external wind pressure and the internal air pressure
with due considerations to local effects.
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12.What is a Purlin?
Purlin is a horizontal beam along the length of a roof, resting on principals
and supporting the common rafters or boards.
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(NOV/DEC 13)
The bending stress in tension should be less than permissible bending
stress (1.1x0.66fy)
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UNIT 5
1. Explain detail the steps involved in the design of channel purlin of a steel
roof truss. (MAY/JUNE
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2. i) L ist out the various elements of the roof truss and mark all its
significance. (MAY/JUNE 12)
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Principal rafter
Purlins gin
Sheeting’s
Principal tie
Struts
Principal rafter
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Principal rafter is the top chord member of the truss and is subjected
to compressive f orces when the loads from purlins are transferred at the
nodes.
Purlins et
As far as possible purlins should be located on panel points of top chord
members. However it depends upon the type of roofing materials also.
Generally the spacing of purlins varies from 1.35 to 2.0m.
Sheeting’s
Commonly used sheeting’s are GI and A.C.
GI sheets
Corrugated iron sheets are galvanized for protection against
corrosion and are used as roof coverings. The common sizes of GI
sheets are:
8 corrugations, 75mm wide and 19mm deep which have overall
width of 660mm.
10 corrugations, 75mm wide and 19mm deep, which have overall
width of 810mm.
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A.C.sheets
Asbestos cement sheets are better insulators for sun’s heat compared to GI
sheet. They are used commonly in the factories and godowns. They are available
in two common shapes, corrugated and traffold.
Principal tie
The lower chord of the truss is principal tie and carries tension. The long middle tie
member of the truss may sag because of its self weight and to check this sag tie
may be provided.
Struts
Struts are the members of the truss which are under compression while those
bearing tension are called ties.
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wheels is at the support. The lateral forces on the girder and the maximum
bending moments and shear due to these are calculated. The position of the
wheels should be same as that in step 1 and step3.
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The plastic section modulus of the trial section is determined by
Mp=fyx2XA/2Xy=ZPfy
ZP,REQ=(1.4 to 1.5)Mu/fy
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Section is classified.
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The girder is checked for moment capacity.
Local moment carrying capacity of the girder is checked.
The girder is checked for buckling resistance.
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The section is checked for shear capacity.
Buckling of the web under wheel load is checked.
The girder is checked for bearing.
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Rivets/bolts or welds connecting the channel to the I section are designed.
Deflection of the gantry girder is checked.
The girder is checked for fatigue strength. g.n
The bracket and the connection with column are designed.
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6. A roof truss shed is to be built in lucknow for an industry. The size of shed
is 24mx40m.the height of building is 12m at the eves. Determine the basic
wind pressure.
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