Presented by Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
Presented by Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
Presented by Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
Data collection,
Data collection
Pollution monitoring,
Offshore exploration
Disaster prevention,
Disaster prevention
Assisted navigation ,and
Tactical surveillance
applications.
applications
Moreover,
Multiple unmanned or autonomous
M li l d
underwater vehicles (UUVs, AUVs),
( )
equipped with underwater sensors, will
also find application in exploration of
also find application in exploration of
natural undersea resources and
gathering of scientific data in
collaborative monitoring missions.
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To make these applications
To make these applications
viable, there is a need to
enable “underwater
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communications”
i ti ”
among underwater devices.
among underwater devices.
Underwater sensor nodes and vehicles must
Underwater sensor nodes and vehicles must
possess self‐configuration capabilities,
They must be able to :
They must be able to :
coordinate their operation by exchanging
configuration,
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location and movement information,
Relay the monitored data to an onshore
station.
station
Wireless underwater acoustic networking
Wireless underwater acoustic networking
is the enabling technology for these
applications. Under‐Water Acoustic
li ti U d W t A ti
Sensor Networks (UW‐ASNs)consist of a
variable number of sensors and vehicles
that are deployed to perform
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collaborative monitoring tasks over a
given area
given area.
To achieve this objective, sensors and
To achieve this objective sensors and
vehicles self‐organize in an autonomous
network which can adapt to the
network which can adapt to the
characteristics of the ocean environment .
Networks of sensors and AUVs, such as the Odyssey‐
, y y
class AUVs[2], can perform synoptic, cooperative
adaptive sampling of the 3D coastal ocean
environment
[3]. Experiments such as the Monterey Bay
field experiment [4] demonstrated the advantages
field experiment [4] demonstrated the advantages
of bringing together sophisticated new
robotic vehicles with advanced ocean models
to improve the ability to observe and predict
the characteristics of the oceanic environment.
UW‐ASNs can perform
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Pollution monitoring (chemical,
biological and nuclear). For example,
biological and nuclear) For example
it may be possible to detail the
chemical slurry of antibiotics,
h i l l f ibi i
estrogen‐type hormones and
insecticides .
Monitor streams, rivers, lakes and
Monitor streams rivers lakes and
ocean bays (water quality in situ
analysis) [51].
analysis) [51].
Monitoring of ocean currents and
g
winds
Improved weather forecast
Improved weather forecast
Detecting climate change
Under‐standing and predicting the effect of Human
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activities on marine ecosystems,
Biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or
Biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or
micro‐organisms, and other possible applications.
For example, in [52], the design and construction
of a simple underwater sensor network is described
to detect extreme temperature gradients (thermo
to detect extreme temperature gradients (thermo
clines), which are considered to be a breeding
ground for certain marine micro‐organisms.
It can help detecting underwater oilfields or
It can help detecting underwater oilfields or
reservoirs,
Determine routes for laying undersea
Determine routes for laying undersea
cables,
Assist in exploration for valuable minerals.
A l f l bl l
Sensor networks that measure seismic
Sensor networks that measure seismic
activity from remote locations ……can
Provide tsunami warnings to coastal
areas [42],
[ ]
Study the effects of submarine
k (seaquakes).
earthquakes
th (seaquakes)
Sensors can be used to identify hazards on
Sensors can be used to identify hazards on
the seabed,
locate dangerous rocks
locate dangerous rocks
shoals in shallow waters,
Mooring positions of Submerged wreck,
Perform Bathymetry profiling.
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AUVs and fixed underwater sensors can collaboratively monitor
areas for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting and intrusion
f ill i t ti d i t i
detection systems.
For example, in [15], a 3D underwater sensor network is
For example in [15] a 3D underwater sensor network is
designed for a tactical surveillance system that is able to detect
and classify submarines, small delivery vehicles (SDVs) and
divers based on the sensed data from mechanical , radiation,
magnetic and acoustic micro sensors.
With respect to traditional radar/sonar systems, underwater
sensor networks can reach a higher accuracy, and enable
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detection and classification of low signature targets by also
combining measures from different types of sensors.
The simultaneous operation of
The simultaneous operation of
multiple AUVs with acoustic and
optical sensors can be used to
perform rapid environmental
perform rapid environmental
assessment and detect mine‐like
objects.
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Underwater networking is a rather unexplored area
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although underwater communications have been
experimented since World War II, when, in 1945,
A
An underwater telephone was developed in the United
d t t l h d l d i th U it d
States to communicate with submarines .
[39]. Acoustic communications are the typical physical
layer technology in underwater networks.
In fact, radio waves propagate at long distances
p p g g
through conductive sea water only at extra low
frequencies (30–300 Hz), which require large
antennae and high transmission power.
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The Berkeley Mica 2 Motes, the most popular
experimental platform in the sensor networking
experimental platform in the sensor networking
community, have been reported to have a
transmission range of 120 cm in underwater at 433
MHz by experiments performed at
MHz by experiments performed at
Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory (RESL)
University of Southern California.
Optical waves do not suffer from such high
Optical waves do not suffer from such high
attenuation but are affected by scattering.
Moreover,
Moreover
Transmission of optical signals requires
high precision in pointing the narrow laser
high precision in pointing the narrow laser
beams. Thus, links in underwater networks
are based on acoustic wireless
are based on acoustic wireless
communications [45].
For ocean
For ocean‐bottom
bottom or ocean
or ocean‐column
column
monitoring is to deploy underwater sensors
that record data during the monitoring
that record data during the monitoring
mission, and then recover the instruments
.[37].
[37]
This approach has the following
disadvantages:
No real
No real‐time
time monitoring.
monitoring
No on‐line system reconfiguration.
No failure detection
f l d
Limited storage capacity.
There is a need to deploy underwater
There is a need to deploy underwater
networks that will enable real‐time
monitoring of selected ocean areas, remote
monitoring of selected ocean areas, remote
configuration and interaction with onshore
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human operators.
This can be obtained by connecting
y
underwater instruments by means of
wireless links based on acoustic
communication.
Communications channel, such as limited
Communications channel such as limited
bandwidth
Capacity and variable delays [38],
Capacity and variable delays [38]
So , Require very efficient and reliable
New data communication protocols.
The available bandwidth is severely limited
The available bandwidth is severely limited
The underwater channel is severely
impaired especially due to multi path and
impaired, especially due to multi‐path and
fading
Propagation delay in underwater is five
P d l d f
orders of magnitude higher than in radio
f
frequency (RF) terrestrial channels, and
(RF) i l h l d
extremely variable;
High bit error rates and Temporary losses of
High bit error rates and Temporary losses of
connectivity (shadow zones) can be
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experienced due to the extreme
characteristics of the under water channel.
Battery power is limited and usually
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batteries cannot be recharged, also because
solar energy cannot be exploited;
Underwater sensors are prone to failures
because of fouling and corrosion.
Static two
Static two‐dimensional
dimensional UW
UW‐ASNs
ASNs for ocean
for ocean
bottom monitoring.
Static three‐dimensional UW‐ASNs for
ocean column monitoring.
ocean column monitoring.
Three‐dimensional networks of
Three dimensional networks of
autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs).
These are constituted by sensor
nodes that are anchored to the
bottom of the Ocean, Typical
bottom of the Ocean, Typical
applications may be environmental
monitoring, or monitoring of
it i it i f
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underwater plates in tectonics
These include networks of sensors
whose depth can be controlled by
whose depth can be controlled by
means of techniques discussed in
S i 22 d
Section 2.2, and may be used for
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surveillance applications or monitoring
of ocean phenomena (ocean bio–
g
geochemical processes, water
p ,
streams, pollution).
These networks include fixed portions
composed of anchored sensors and mobile
composed of anchored sensors and mobile
portions constituted by autonomous
vehicles,
vehicles
(I) send commands and configuration data to the sensors
(uw‐sink to sensors);
(II) Collect monitored data (sensors to uw‐sink).
(III) The vertical link is used by the uw‐sinks to relay data to a
surface station.
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In deep water applications, vertical transceivers must be long
range transceivers as the ocean can be as deep as 10 km.
(IV)The surface station is equipped with an acoustic transceiver
that is able to handle multiple parallel communications with the
deployed uwsinks It is also endowed with a long range RF
deployed uwsinks. It is also endowed with a long range RF
and/or satellite transmitter to communicate with the onshore
sink (os‐sink) and/or to a surface sink (s‐sink).
Sensors Linked with UW sink or Multi hop
Sensors Linked with UW sink or Multi hop
paths.
Power needed to transmit data
Power needed to transmit data
Direct link reduce the network.
Too many repeater used to collect the data.
Possibilities to lost data.
Only ocean bottom can monitor.
Used to detect and observe phenomena that
Used to detect and observe phenomena that
cannot be adequately observed by means
of ocean bottom sensor nodes(2D) i e to
of ocean bottom sensor nodes(2D), i.e., to
perform cooperative sampling of the 3D
ocean environment
ocean environment.
Sensor nodes float at different depths in
order to observe a given phenomenon
order to observe a given phenomenon.
Sensors should collaboratively
Sensors should collaboratively
regulate their depth in order to
achieve 3D coverage of the ocean
achieve 3D coverage of the ocean
column, according to their sensing
ranges. Hence, it must be possible
H i b ibl
to obtain sampling of the desired
phenomenon at all depths.
Since in 3D underwater networks there
Since in 3D underwater networks there
may be no notion of uw‐sink, sensors
should be able to relay information to
h ld b bl t l i f ti t
the surface station via multi‐hop paths.
Thus, network devices should
coordinate their depths in such a way
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that the network topology is always
connected,
connected