Presented by Imtiaz Ahmed Khan

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Presented by

Imtiaz Ahmed Khan
‰Data collection, 
Data collection
‰Pollution monitoring, 
‰Offshore exploration 
‰Disaster prevention,
Disaster prevention
‰Assisted navigation ,and
‰Tactical surveillance 
applications. 
applications
Moreover,
Multiple unmanned or autonomous 
M li l d
underwater vehicles (UUVs, AUVs), 
( )
equipped with underwater sensors, will 
also find application in exploration of
also find application in exploration of 
natural undersea resources and 
gathering of scientific data in 
collaborative monitoring missions. 
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„To make these applications 
To make these applications
viable, there  is a need to 
enable “underwater    
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communications” 
i ti ”
among underwater devices.
among underwater devices. 
Underwater sensor nodes and vehicles must 
Underwater sensor nodes and vehicles must
possess self‐configuration capabilities,  
They must be able to :
They must be able to :
„ coordinate their operation by exchanging 
configuration,
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„ location and movement information,

„ Relay  the monitored data to an onshore

station.
station
Wireless underwater acoustic networking 
Wireless underwater acoustic networking
is the enabling technology for these 
applications. Under‐Water Acoustic 
li ti U d W t A ti
Sensor Networks (UW‐ASNs)consist of a 
variable number of sensors and vehicles 
that are deployed to perform 
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collaborative monitoring tasks over a 
given area
given area.
„ To achieve this objective, sensors and 
To achieve this objective sensors and
vehicles self‐organize in an  autonomous 
network which can adapt to the
network which can adapt to the 
characteristics of the ocean environment .
„ Networks of sensors and AUVs, such as the Odyssey‐
, y y
class AUVs[2], can perform synoptic, cooperative 
adaptive sampling of the 3D coastal ocean 
environment
„ [3]. Experiments such as the Monterey Bay
field experiment [4] demonstrated the advantages
field experiment [4] demonstrated the advantages
of bringing together sophisticated new
robotic vehicles with advanced ocean models
to improve the ability to observe and predict
the characteristics of the oceanic environment.
UW‐ASNs can perform  
p

„ Pollution monitoring (chemical, 
biological  and nuclear). For example,  
biological and nuclear) For example
it may be possible to detail the 
chemical slurry of antibiotics, 
h i l l f ibi i
estrogen‐type hormones and 
insecticides . 
„ Monitor streams, rivers, lakes and 
Monitor streams rivers lakes and
ocean bays   (water quality in situ 
analysis) [51].
analysis) [51]. 
„ Monitoring  of ocean currents and 
g
winds 
„ Improved weather forecast 
Improved weather forecast
„ Detecting climate change
„ Under‐standing and predicting the effect of Human 
g p g
activities on marine ecosystems, 

„ Biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or 
Biological monitoring such as tracking of fishes or
micro‐organisms,  and other possible applications.

„ For example, in [52], the design and construction
of a simple underwater sensor network is described 
to detect extreme temperature gradients (thermo
to detect extreme  temperature gradients (thermo 
clines), which are considered  to be a breeding  
ground for certain marine  micro‐organisms.
„ It can help detecting underwater oilfields or 
It can help detecting underwater oilfields or
reservoirs, 
„ Determine routes for laying undersea 
Determine routes for laying undersea
cables,  
„ Assist in exploration for valuable minerals.
A l f l bl l
„ Sensor networks that measure seismic 
Sensor networks that measure seismic
activity from remote locations ……can 
„ Provide tsunami warnings to coastal  
areas [42],
[ ]
„ Study the effects of submarine 

k (seaquakes).
earthquakes  
th (seaquakes)
„ Sensors can be used to identify hazards on 
Sensors can be used to identify hazards on
the seabed, 
„ locate dangerous rocks 
locate dangerous rocks
„ shoals in shallow waters, 

„ Mooring positions of Submerged  wreck,

„ Perform  Bathymetry profiling.
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„ AUVs and fixed underwater sensors can collaboratively  monitor 
areas for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting and  intrusion  
f ill i t ti d i t i
detection systems.

„ For  example, in [15], a 3D underwater sensor network is 
For example in [15] a 3D underwater sensor network is
designed for a tactical surveillance system that is able to detect 
and classify submarines,  small delivery vehicles (SDVs) and 
divers   based on the sensed data from  mechanical , radiation, 
magnetic and acoustic  micro sensors.

„ With respect to traditional radar/sonar systems, underwater 
sensor networks can reach a higher accuracy, and enable 
k h hi h d bl
detection and classification of  low signature targets by also
combining measures from different types of  sensors.
The simultaneous operation of 
The simultaneous operation of
multiple AUVs with acoustic and 
optical sensors can be used to 
perform rapid environmental
perform rapid environmental 
assessment and detect mine‐like 
objects.
bj t
„ Underwater networking is a rather unexplored area 
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although underwater communications have been 
experimented since World War II, when, in 1945,  
A
An underwater telephone was developed in  the United 
d t t l h d l d i th U it d
States to communicate with submarines .

„ [39]. Acoustic communications are the typical  physical 
layer technology in underwater networks.  
„ In fact, radio waves propagate at long distances 
p p g g
through conductive sea water only at extra low 
frequencies  (30–300 Hz), which require large 
antennae  and high transmission power. 
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„ The Berkeley Mica 2 Motes, the most popular 
experimental platform in the sensor networking
experimental platform in the sensor networking 
community,  have been reported to have a 
transmission  range of 120 cm in underwater at  433 
MHz by experiments performed at
MHz by experiments performed at
Robotic Embedded Systems Laboratory (RESL) 
University of Southern California. 
„ Optical waves do not suffer from such high 
Optical waves do not suffer from such high
attenuation  but are affected by scattering. 
Moreover,
Moreover
„ Transmission of optical signals requires 
high precision in pointing the narrow laser
high precision in pointing the narrow laser 
beams. Thus, links in underwater networks 
are based on acoustic wireless
are based on acoustic wireless 
communications [45].
„For ocean
For ocean‐bottom
bottom or ocean
or ocean‐column
column 
monitoring is to deploy underwater sensors 
that record data during the monitoring
that record data during the monitoring  
mission, and then recover the instruments 
.[37]. 
[37]
This approach has the following 
disadvantages:
„ No real
No real‐time
time monitoring.
monitoring
„ No on‐line system reconfiguration.

„ No failure detection
f l d
„ Limited storage capacity.
„ There is a need to deploy underwater
There is a need to deploy underwater
networks that will enable real‐time 
monitoring of selected ocean areas, remote
monitoring of selected ocean areas, remote 
configuration and interaction with onshore 
p
human operators.  
„ This can be obtained by connecting 
y
underwater instruments  by means of 
wireless links based on acoustic
communication.
„ Communications channel,   such as limited 
Communications channel such as limited
bandwidth
„ Capacity and variable delays [38], 
Capacity and variable delays [38]

„So , Require very efficient and reliable   
New  data communication protocols.
„ The available bandwidth is severely limited
The available bandwidth is severely limited
„ The underwater channel is severely 
impaired especially due to multi path and
impaired, especially due to multi‐path and 
fading 
„ Propagation delay in underwater is five 
P d l d f
orders  of magnitude higher than in radio 
f
frequency (RF) terrestrial channels, and 
(RF) i l h l d
extremely  variable;
„ High bit error rates and Temporary losses of  
High bit error rates and Temporary losses of
connectivity (shadow zones) can be 
p
experienced  due to the extreme 
characteristics of the under water  channel.
„ Battery power is limited and usually 
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batteries  cannot be recharged, also because 
solar energy  cannot be exploited;
„ Underwater sensors are prone to failures 
because of fouling and corrosion.
„ Static two
Static two‐dimensional
dimensional UW
UW‐ASNs
ASNs for ocean 
for ocean
bottom   monitoring. 

„ Static three‐dimensional UW‐ASNs for 
ocean column monitoring.
ocean column  monitoring. 

„ Three‐dimensional networks of 
Three dimensional networks of
autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). 
These are constituted by sensor  
nodes that  are anchored to the 
bottom of the Ocean, Typical
bottom of the Ocean, Typical  
applications may be environmental 
monitoring,  or monitoring of 
it i it i f
p
underwater plates in tectonics
„ These include networks of sensors 
whose depth can be controlled by 
whose depth can be controlled by
means  of techniques discussed in 
S i 22 d
Section 2.2, and may  be used for 
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surveillance applications or monitoring 
of ocean phenomena (ocean bio–
g
geochemical   processes, water 
p ,
streams, pollution).
These networks  include fixed portions 
composed of anchored sensors and mobile
composed of anchored sensors and mobile 
portions constituted by autonomous 
vehicles, 
vehicles
„ (I) send commands and configuration data to the sensors 
(uw‐sink to  sensors); 
„ (II) Collect monitored data (sensors to uw‐sink). 
„ (III) The vertical link is used by the uw‐sinks to relay data to a 
surface station. 
f
„ In deep water applications, vertical transceivers must be long 
range transceivers  as the ocean can be as deep as 10 km. 

„ (IV)The surface station is equipped with an acoustic transceiver 
that is able to handle multiple parallel communications with the 
deployed uwsinks It is also endowed with a long range RF
deployed  uwsinks.  It is also endowed with a long range RF 
and/or satellite transmitter to communicate with the onshore 
sink (os‐sink) and/or to a surface sink (s‐sink).
„ Sensors Linked with UW sink or Multi hop 
Sensors Linked with UW sink or Multi hop
paths.
„ Power needed to transmit  data 
Power needed to transmit data
„ Direct link reduce the network.

„ Too many repeater used  to collect the data. 
Possibilities  to lost data.
„ Only ocean bottom  can monitor.
„ Used to detect and observe phenomena that 
Used to detect and observe phenomena that
cannot  be adequately observed  by means 
of ocean bottom sensor nodes(2D) i e to
of ocean bottom  sensor nodes(2D), i.e., to 
perform cooperative sampling  of the 3D 
ocean environment
ocean environment. 
‰ Sensor nodes  float at  different depths in 
order to observe a given phenomenon
order to observe a given phenomenon.
„ Sensors should collaboratively 
Sensors should collaboratively
regulate their depth in order to 
achieve 3D coverage of the ocean
achieve 3D coverage of the ocean 
column, according to their sensing 
ranges. Hence, it must be possible  
H i b ibl
to obtain sampling of the desired 
phenomenon   at all depths.
„
Since in 3D underwater networks there 
Since in 3D underwater networks there
may be no notion of uw‐sink, sensors 
should be able to relay information to 
h ld b bl t l i f ti t
the surface station via multi‐hop paths. 
Thus, network devices should 
coordinate their depths  in such a way 
p y
that the network topology is always 
connected,
connected

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