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Aceticus That Was Isolated From Soil by Enrichment in A Calcium-Acetate-Containing Minimal

The history of the genus Acinetobacter dates back to the early 20th century when the first organism was isolated from soil. Over subsequent decades, similar organisms were described and assigned to multiple genera before being consolidated into the single genus Acinetobacter in 1954. Acinetobacter baumannii is a strictly aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen capable of causing a variety of infections. It is tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions and can survive on surfaces for months, posing challenges for infection control. A. baumannii has also acquired resistance to numerous classes of antimicrobials.

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23 views

Aceticus That Was Isolated From Soil by Enrichment in A Calcium-Acetate-Containing Minimal

The history of the genus Acinetobacter dates back to the early 20th century when the first organism was isolated from soil. Over subsequent decades, similar organisms were described and assigned to multiple genera before being consolidated into the single genus Acinetobacter in 1954. Acinetobacter baumannii is a strictly aerobic, Gram-negative bacterium that has emerged as an important nosocomial pathogen capable of causing a variety of infections. It is tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions and can survive on surfaces for months, posing challenges for infection control. A. baumannii has also acquired resistance to numerous classes of antimicrobials.

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Arslan Ali
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© © All Rights Reserved
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The history of the genus Acinetobacter dates back to the early 20th century, in 1911, when

Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist, described an organism named Micrococcus calco-


aceticus that was isolated from soil by enrichment in a calcium-acetate-containing minimal
medium (24). Over the following decades, similar organisms were described and assigned to at
least 15 different genera and species, including Diplococcus mucosus (587), Micrococcus
calcoaceticus (24), Alcaligenes haemolysans (228), Mima polymorpha (117), Moraxella
lwoffi (14), Herellea vaginicola (116), Bacterium anitratum (485), Moraxella
lwoffi var. glucidolytica (434), Neisseria winogradskyi (323), Achromobacter anitratus (60),
and Achromobacter mucosus (352). For a comprehensive review of the history of the genus, the
reader is referred to the work of Henriksen (228).
The current genus designation, Acinetobacter (from the Greek ακινɛτοσ [akinetos], i.e.,
nonmotile), was initially proposed by Brisou and Prévot in 1954 to separate the nonmotile from
the motile microorganisms within the genus Achromobacter (61). It was not until 1968 that this
genus designation became more widely accepted (21). Baumann et al. published a
comprehensive survey and concluded that the different species listed above belonged to a single
genus, for which the name Acinetobacter was proposed, and that further subclassification into
different species based on phenotypic characteristics was not possible (21). These findings
resulted in the official acknowledgment of the genus Acinetobacter by the Subcommittee on the
Taxonomy of Moraxella and Allied Bacteria in 1971. (Anton Y. Peleg et al., 2009)

Acinetobacter baumannii is   a   strictly   aerobic,   nonmotile,   Gram­negative,


nonfermentative, oxidase­negative, and catalase­positive organism. Within the healthcare
settings, Acinetobacter baumannii has   become   a   common   pathogen,   which   can
infect the respiratory tract, blood, soft tissues, and urinary tract of an individual. It is the
etiological   agent   of   nosocomial   infections   resulting   in   septicemia,   meningitis,
endocarditis,   pneumonia,   wound,   and   urinary   tract   infections   [1, 2].   There   are
32 Acinetobacter named   and   unnamed   species,   which   have   been   identified   [3].
The Acinetobacter species   cause   infections,   which   are   associated   with   increased
morbidity and mortality rates [4, 5].
A. baumannii is tolerant to wide ranges of temperature, pH, and humidity. Studies
have   shown   that   this   bacterium   can   survive   on   dry   surfaces   for   5   months,   posing   a
challenge   to   hospital   infection   control   measures   [4];   therefore,   this   pathogen   is
considered as progressively important nosocomial pathogen, which can cause outbreak of
serious infections. Despite the fact that the organism is often nosocomial, initial infection
can be transmitted by patients, admitted from other hospitals [6, 7].
Almost 25 years ago, A. baumannii was found to be resistant against antimicrobial
drugs,   such   as   aminopenicillins,   cephalosporins,   first­   and   second­generation
cephalosporins, cephamycins, aminoglycosides, ureidopenicillins, chloramphenicol, and
tetracyclines.   Strains   of A. baumannii have   started   to   acquire   resistance   to   newly
developed   antimicrobial   drugs   and   become   prevalent   in   many   hospitals   [8].   More
recently, the term “extensively drug­resistant” A. baumannii (XDRAB) has been used
to   characterize   bacterial   isolates   resistant   to   all   authorized   antibiotics   except   two
categories   of   antibiotic   such   as   tigecycline   and   polymyxins.  (Mohammed
K. Almaghrab et al., 2018)

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global crisis due to escalating evolution of
resistance coupled with a diminished antibiotic pipeline. A recent high profile report estimates
that, by 2050, 10 million people will die from AMR per year if the current situation continues
uncontrolled1. However, this prediction was challenged due to the lack of detailed data on AMR
burden, its morbidity and mortality, the modeling of future scenarios, etc2. Therefore, accessing
the global prevalence of antibiotic resistance of the pathogens and investigating its
developmental trend will aid our understanding of the current situation as well as make proper
estimation of future scenario. Thus, this will be highly important for policy making.( Ruiqiang
Xie et al., 2018)

Antibiotic-resistant A. baumannii has emerged as one of the most problematic


nosocomial pathogens [1]. While more than 80 complete genome sequences of
several strains of A. baumannii have been published, only very few potential
virulence factors have been implicated in its disease pathogenesis [2]. The outer
membrane protein (OmpA) and a capsular polysaccharide seem to be involved in the
interaction with epithelial cells in vitro or in virulence [3, 4]. Other surface
components or secreted proteins play a minor role both in vitro or in vivo. With these
limited number of virulence factors, it has been suggested that the fulminant course
of disease might be due to exaggerated host response
to A. baumannii lipopolysaccharide [5–8].

As with other non-fermentative Gram-negative bacilli, A. baumannii can develop


resistance to all classes of antimicrobials; and multi-drug resistant (MDR) isolates
are sharply increasing in frequency, forcing clinicians to use last resort antibiotics
such as colistin [9–11]. Several studies showed the presence of this pathogen in
various hospital environments where A. baumannii is transmitted by direct contact
with infected patients or indirect contact with contaminated inanimate surfaces [12–
14]. Importantly, cross-transmission of microorganisms from abiotic surfaces may
have a significant role in ICU-acquired infections [15–17].

One important factor contributing to the spread of A. baumannii in these


environments seems to be its capacity to withstand desiccation and starvation [18–
20]. Also, it can produce biofilms, a community of bacteria enclosed within a
protective polymeric matrix [21]. This ability to form biofilms is another potential
virulence factor because it increases the survival rate of this bacterium on dry
surfaces and may contribute to its persistence in the hospital environment,
increasing the probability of causing nosocomial infections and outbreaks [1].

Despite the link among contamination, Acinetobacter survival in the patient care
environment and the risk of healthcare-associated infections have not yet been
established, gaining insight into the mechanisms of long-term persistence of this
pathogen in hospital settings is fundamental to prevent clonal spread, and to the
development of novel targets for both diagnostic tests and therapeutic agents. There
is a knowledge gap concerning the bacterial transition from a stressed state (i.e., on
inanimate surfaces) to a new environment with available nutrients and higher
temperature (i.e., inside a new host). Those bacteria under stress should conserve or
express factors that may favor subsequent colonization or infection. We want to test
this hypothesis by passing stressed cells into a favorable environment which
simulates a new host.(Itziar Chapartegui-González et al., 2018)

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