Printed Circuit Board Fabrication

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SOON CHIN FHONG
IGNATIUS AGUNG WIBOWO
PENERBIT UTHM
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CONTENTS
Preface ix
Acknowledgment xiii
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1
What is Printed Circuit Board? 2
Printed Circuit Board Option 5
PCB CAD Software 5
PCB Layout 6
The EAGLE Software 9
System Requirements for EAGLE Software 10
Chapter 2 PCB MAKING TECHNIQUES 11

Basic PCB Manufacturing Process 11
Mass PCB Fabrication Technique 19
Summary 28
Chapter 3 FAMILIARIZATION WITH EAGLE 29

Getting the Software 29
Software Installation 32
Running EAGLE for the First Time 36
Control Panel 37
Schematic Editor 41
Board Editor 42
Summary 51
Chapter 4 PCB LAYOUT FOR A MICROCONTROLLER

CIRCUIT 53
Create a New Project 55
Adding and Parts Arrangement 55
Changing the Value and Name of the Part 61
Changing the Position of the Value and Name of a Part 63
Viewing the Footprint of the Parts in Board Window 64
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Wiring the Power Supply and Ground 64
Wiring the Defaults Wires 67
Electrical Rule Check (ERC) and Troubleshooting 68
Display Control of the PCB Layout 73
Auto Route Board 78
PCB Layout Touch Up 86
Silk Screen Production 96
Parts List Generation 98
Summary 100
Chapter 5 PCB LAYOUT FOR OPTOISOLATOR AND LPF 103

Creating a New Project 104
Creating New Schematic 105
Adding Parts 105
Deleting Parts 108
Changing the Value and Name of the Parts 108
Arranging Components 109
Wiring the Circuit 110
Troubleshooting 111
Changing the Position of Value and Name of the Components 116
Board Layout 117
Arranging Components in the Board 118
Autorouting 120
Adding Component after the Board is Ready 123
Adding a Frame 125
Adjusting Track Width 128
Manual Touching 133
Printing the Tracks and Pads 133
Printing the Silk Screen 136
Bill of Material 138
Generating Part List 140
Backup Files 140
Summary 141
Chapter 6 MICROCONTROLLER AND MEMORY DEVICES 143

Creating Microcontroller and Memory Devices Circuit and
Layout 143
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Summary 148
Chapter 7 MAKING A LIBRARY 149

Create New Library Sub-Directory 150
Create New Library in mylibrary Sub-Directory 154
Create a Symbol for the New Library 155
Create Package for the New Library 163
Create Device for New Library 171
Testing out the New Library 176
Summary 178
Chapter 8 MANUFACUTRING DATA PREPARATION 179

Generating the Excellon Drill File 181
Generating Gerber File 183
Summary 184
Chapter 9 EASY PCB FABRICATION PROCESS 185

Creating the Transfer 186
Transfer of Printed Circuit 188
Etching Process 191
Removing Printer Toner Traces 194
Drilling Holes 196
Summary 197
Biblography 199
Index 201

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PREFACE
Printed Circuit Board Making Using Eagle was initiated with the intention
to help the undergraduate student to possess a skill in fabricating printed
circuit board for their graduation project through a CAD tool known as
Eagle. Indeed, the skill requirement is not just restricted to undergraduate
students, all technical school and college students who are doing an
electronic or electrical course must have the experience in producing a
printed circuit board. This book is also written to meet the needs of the
electronic hobbyist, perhaps, are interested to overcome the complexity
problem in electronic design by using Eagle as a tool. A major portion of
this book is practically oriented, and it has been carefully written in such a
way that step by step guidance is provided to straighten the learning path.
It makes your acquisition of a CAD tool skill so much easier at the end of
the day!
Eagle comes in multiple languages version such as English and German.

It can be installed in Windows, Mac and Linux operating system. You can
export your schematic and layout in common image formats. The software
has the flexibility to generate the output either in the direct PCB layout
form or in Gerber files. This software has been adopted by renowned
company such as AMD, AT&T, BASF, BWM, DuPont, Hewlett Packard,
IBM, Intel, Motorola, National Semiconductor, Nokia, NASA, Phillips
and many more.
In Chapter 1, you will gain understanding on the formation of copper clad

board and printed circuit board, various types of PCB and CAD tools
available, PCB layout layers and introduction to Eagle software. The
difference between freeware and professional version of Eagle will be
explained.
Chapter 2 offers you a idea in professional PCB fabrication techniques in

lab using various types of machines.
Chapter 3 explains the familiarization with the Eagle software

environment. It is for you to go through before starting to make any drawing
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because you will be utilizing a lot of the tools from this chapter. When you
are familiar with the graphic tools, assessing the icon is so much faster.
The explanation in Chapter 4 is done deliberately in order to guide

you through steps in completing a simple digital board which is a
microcontroller circuit. You will gain an appreciation on how easy it is
to connect components in a schematic drawing with a very rich library of
devices and how to make use of basic tools to edit and manipulate parts in
a drawing. You will be shown how to apply Electrical Rule Check to detect
the error and warnings in the electronic circuit. Nonetheless, print option
and document preparation will be unveiled. In the board layout creation
procedures, the highlight is the ground making pattern.
Chapter 5 is a compliment to Chapter 4 by increasing the complexity in

the drawing though there are some repetitive steps in creating the drawing.
As a result, the learners will master and enhance their skills even further.
Another commonly used circuit, an optoisolator and low pass filter circuit
with more samples of devices is presented in this chapter. Other example
such as troubleshooting ERC error will be delineated. The additional board
manipulation techniques discussed in this chapter is the single and double
sided board creation, pattern correction, route and unroute technique,
layer display control, silk screen production, net classes settings, BOM
list generation and etc. Chapter 5 will also show you the dimensioning,
putting annotation and printing of a layout.
In order to demonstrate the capability of Eagle in producing memory

circuits’ layout, we have decided to include Chapter 6 to enhance your
learning experience. This chapter further shows you the use of bus example.
Advanced topics such as creating a new device library are included in

Chapter 7. First, the concept of measurement and dimension of a device
is explained through the actual device manufacturer datasheet. With that
understanding in mind, the learner learns the steps in creating the symbol
and package with exact dimension which is really utilizable with the correct
orientation of pins. The knowledge obtained from this topic is very useful
and practical if you are designing a PCB that incorporates new component
released into the market.
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To prepare the data for an automated PCB fabrication, Eagle provides the
facility to convert the board file into Gerber data which is understandable
by the photoplotter and Numerical Control drill machine. You will explore
the manufacturing data preparation steps in Chapter 8.
In the final chapter of this book, Chapter 9, you will have the opportunity to
explore the easy PCB fabrication technique in a very simple and low cost
approach. The whole process spanning from creating a transfer, manual
etching process to the preparing of PCB for component insertion will be
illustrated with lots of graphics.
Follow the instructions of the book should enable you to acquire the skill
in creating a useful printed circuit board with Eagle. Enjoy your learning
and all the best to you!
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acknowledgement
This is our combined effort in writing the second book. A high degree of
commitment has been put into it.
The drive of writing this book comes from our dear graduates Nicholas
Tan Jin Sheng and Low Si Khim and a lot of other students who have used
Eagle to fabricate the PIC microcontroller programmer and adopted Easy
PCB fabrication technique in their undergraduate project development.
The expression of many other students’ need to pick up CAD skill in PCB
design has made this book to be possible. To our colleague, Madam Cheng
Leong Yeok who has shown interest in finding out Eagle’s capability from
us, your enquiries has turned into motivation for us to carry on.
We are grateful to Mr. Khairul Bin Hj. Nani, our technician in the PCB
Fabrication laboratory of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia who has
been very helpful in preparing tools and facility for the graphic production
in this book. We thank Mr. Mohd Jais Bin Che Soh and Mr. Mahmod bin
Munajat who has generously shared their knowledge with us during our
work in Advance PCB Laboratory.
We are also indebted to our Dean from Faculty of Electrical and Electronic
Engineering, Prof. Ir. Dr. Zainal Abidin Bin Ahmad, our department heads
Associate Prof. Siti Hawa Bt Ruslan and Associate Prof. Dr. Zainal Bin
Alam bin Haron. Their continuous support and encouragement are very
valuable and meaningful to us.
Last but not least, to our beloved family who has supported us
unreservedly.
Thank you very much!
Soon Chin Fhong

soon@uthm.edu.my
Ignatius Agung Wibowo

agung@uthm.edu.my
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Unversiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Batu Pahat, Johor
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i

Chapter 2 PCB MAKING TECHNIQUES 11

Chapter 3 FAMILIARIZATION WITH EAGLE 29

Chapter 4 PCB LAYOUT FOR A MICROCONTROLLER

Chapter 5 PCB LAYOUT FOR OPTOISOLATOR AND LPF 103

Chapter 6 MICROCONTROLLER AND MEMORY DEVICES 143

Chapter 7 MAKING A LIBRARY 149

Chapter 8 MANUFACUTRING DATA PREPARATION 179

Chapter 9 EASY PCB FABRICATION PROCESS 185

Eagle comes in multiple languages version such as English and German.

In Chapter 1, you will gain understanding on the formation of copper clad

Chapter 2 offers you a idea in professional PCB fabrication techniques in

Chapter 3 explains the familiarization with the Eagle software

The explanation in Chapter 4 is done deliberately in order to guide

Chapter 5 is a compliment to Chapter 4 by increasing the complexity in

In order to demonstrate the capability of Eagle in producing memory

Advanced topics such as creating a new device library are included in

Soon Chin Fhong

Ignatius Agung Wibowo

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