Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 The statistical population could be the collection of air quality values for all U. S. based flights flown
during the period of the study. It could also be expanded to include all flights for the year or even all
those that could have conceivably been flown. The sample consists of the measurements from the 158
actual flights on which air quality was measured.

1.2 The statistical population is the collection of rapper preferences of students’ at your school. The sample
consists of the rappers named by each person who calls the station.

This sample is not representative of all students’ preferences. Those who listen to a particular station
or program are a special subgroup with similar listening tastes. A better approach would be to use a
random number table to select persons from your college directory. Use 3 digits for the page number,
2 digits for the column(if two columns of names) and 3 digits for the position in the column. Those
selected can be contacted by phone.

1.3 a) A laptop owned by student.

b) Weight of laptop.

c) Collection of numbers, for all student owned laptops, specifying the weight of the laptop.

1.4 a) The variable of interest is starting salary. The statistical population is the collection of all starting
salaries for engineers graduating from the university. The sample consists of the 20 starting salaries
for the engineers asked to report their starting salaries.

b) The variable of interest is condition of a chip, either defective or non-defective. The statistical
population is the collection of conditions for all six thousand chips manufactured that day. The
sample consists of the 5 defective and 45 non-defective chips that were tested.

c) The variable of interest is the tensile strength of a specimen. The statistical population is the
collection of tensile strengths for all possible specimens that could be manufactured. This speci-
fication is somewhat of an abstraction. The sample consists of the 20 measured tensile strengths.

1
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 2 CHAPTER l. INTRODUCTION

1.5 A hard drive is the population unit and the distance between the head and the disk is the variable.
The statistical population is the collection of distances for all drives that are manufactured. It could,
more abstractly, be the collection of distances for all those manufactured or could be manufactured.
The sample consists of the collection of distances that are measured.

1.6 Number the seniors from 0 to 9 or put them on an ordered list. We then select 6 random numbers
which will identify the students to be included on the team. We used the first page of Table 7, row 31
and column 21. Reading down, we find

7 1 3 5 5 0 7 8

Ignoring the numbers that are repeated, we select the students numbered 7, 1, 3, 5, 0, and 8.

1.7 a) For the new sample, x = 214.67

225
Sample mean

220

• UCL
• • • •
• • • • • • •
• •
215

• • LCL
210

0 5 10 15

Sample number

Figure 1.1: X-bar chart for slot depth. Exercise 1.7

b) The new x is below the lower control limit LCL = 215 so the process is not yet stable.

1.8 a) We calculate
4.25 − 3.00 − · · · − 1.50 + 3.25
x= = 1.698
24

b) Alternatively, we calculate

10 + 3 + 6 − 2 − 6 · · · − 1 + 5 + 9 + 0
= 1.698
96

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 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 3

The two means are always the same. The sum of the x is the sum of all 96 observations divided
by 4. Dividing this sum by 24, we see that x is also the sum of all 96 observations divided by 96.

• UCL
• •
• •
• •
Sample mean

•
• • • •
• •
• •
•
0

• •
• •
•
LCL
-5

•
•

0 5 10 15 20

Sample number

Figure 1.2: X-bar chart for crank bore diameter. Exercise 1.8
c) The X-bar chart reveals that the process was out of control during hours 4 and 5 since the means
were below the lower limit. That is, the measurements were substantially below the specification
during these hours. At hour 19, the process was again out of control. This time the critical
diameter was substantially greater than the specification.

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.

Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Miller-and-Freunds-Probability-and-Statistics-for-Engineers-8th-Edition-by-Johnson
Full file at https://testbanku.eu/Solution-Manual-for-Miller-and-Freunds-Probability-and-Statistics-for-Engineers-8th-Edition-by-Johnson