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Load Flow Analysis

The document describes a network model formulation for power systems. It defines key terms like bus power, bus current, and bus admittance. The network is modeled as a matrix of admittances (YBUS) relating the bus currents (IBUS) to voltages (VBUS). Kirchhoff's current law is applied to relate the current injected at each bus to the voltages across the network. Load flow analysis uses these relationships to solve for the unknown real and reactive powers at each bus given the known values. A slack bus is needed as the total real and reactive losses depend on its unknown power injections.

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Malcolm
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117 views4 pages

Load Flow Analysis

The document describes a network model formulation for power systems. It defines key terms like bus power, bus current, and bus admittance. The network is modeled as a matrix of admittances (YBUS) relating the bus currents (IBUS) to voltages (VBUS). Kirchhoff's current law is applied to relate the current injected at each bus to the voltages across the network. Load flow analysis uses these relationships to solve for the unknown real and reactive powers at each bus given the known values. A slack bus is needed as the total real and reactive losses depend on its unknown power injections.

Uploaded by

Malcolm
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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NETWORK MODEL FORMULATION

Consider an ith bus of an n − bus power system.


It is convenient to work with power at each bus injected into the transmission system,
called the ‘Bus Power’.

The ith bus power is defined as


𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝐺𝑖 − 𝑆𝐷𝑖
𝑆𝐺𝑖 = 𝑃𝐺𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝐺𝑖
𝑆𝐷𝑖 = 𝑃𝐷𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝐷𝑖
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

𝑆𝑖 = 𝑆𝐺𝑖 − 𝑆𝐷𝑖
= (𝑃𝐺𝑖 − 𝑃𝐷𝑖 ) + 𝑗(𝑄𝐺𝑖 − 𝑄𝐷𝑖 )
Where, 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛

The ‘Bus Current’ at the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus is defined as,

𝐼𝑖 = 𝐼𝐺𝑖 − 𝐼𝐷𝑖
-Let𝑦𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) be the total admittances connected between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and 𝑘 𝑡ℎ buses and 𝑦𝑖0
be the admittance between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus and the ground.

Also, 𝑦𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = 0, if there is no transmission line between the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ and the 𝑘 𝑡ℎ bus.

Applying KCL at the 𝑖 𝑡ℎ bus, we get


𝐼𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖0 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑦𝑖1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉1 ) + 𝑦𝑖2 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉2 ) + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖−1 ) + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑖+1 ) + ⋯
+ 𝑦𝑖𝑛 (𝑉𝑖 − 𝑉𝑛 )

Or, 𝐼𝑖 = −𝑦𝑖1 𝑉1 − 𝑦𝑖2 𝑉2 − 𝑦𝑖3 𝑉3 − ⋯ − 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 𝑉𝑖−1 + (𝑦𝑖0 + 𝑦𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 + ⋯ +
𝑦𝑖𝑛 )𝑉𝑖

Thus, in general,

𝐼𝑖 = 𝑌𝑖1 𝑉1 + 𝑌𝑖2 𝑉2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑖 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑖𝑛 𝑉𝑛


𝑛

= ∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 )
𝑘=0

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
Where,
𝐼𝑖
𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑉 = 0 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑘
𝑉𝑘

= 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠


𝐼𝑖
And, 𝑌𝑖𝑖 = (𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑉 = 0 𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑖 )
𝑉𝑖

= 𝑆ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑡 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑖𝑡 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 − 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = −𝑦𝑘𝑖 = 𝑁𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠

(𝑌𝑖𝑘 (𝑖 ≠ 𝑘) = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑘 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠


𝑌𝑖𝑖 = 𝑦𝑖0 + 𝑦𝑖1 + 𝑦𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖−1 + 𝑦𝑖,𝑖+1 + ⋯ + 𝑦𝑖𝑛

= 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖 𝑡ℎ 𝑏𝑢𝑠


𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 = 𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆
Where,
𝐼𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 1 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑉𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 1 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑠 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒𝑠
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 𝑖𝑠 𝑛 × 𝑛 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠
𝑌11 𝑌12 … 𝑌1𝑛
𝑌21 𝑌22 … 𝑌2𝑛
. . … .
𝑌𝐵𝑈𝑆 =
. . .. .
. . … .
[𝑌𝑛1 𝑌𝑛2 … 𝑌𝑛𝑛 ]𝑛𝑥𝑛

LOAD FLOW PROBLEM

The complex power injected by the source into the ith bus of a power system is
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑃𝑖 + 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 𝐼𝑖∗ , 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑛
Since it is convenient to work with Ii instead of Ii∗ , we take the complex conujgate of the above equation

𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖∗ 𝐼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛


𝑛

Substituting 𝐼𝑖 = (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ) )
𝑘=𝑛
𝑛
∗
We have, 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑗𝑄𝑖 = 𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 )) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

Equating real and imaginary parts, we get


𝑛
∗
𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 (𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ))) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

𝑛
∗
𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 (𝑉𝑖 (∑(𝑌𝑖𝑘 𝑉𝑘 ))) , 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛
𝑘=1

𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑉𝑖 = |𝑉𝑖 |𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑖 , 𝑉𝑘 = |𝑉𝑘 |𝑒 𝑗𝛿𝑘 , 𝑌𝑖𝑘 = |𝑌𝑖𝑘 |𝑒 𝑗𝜃𝑖𝑘


Then,
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = |𝑉𝑖 | ∑|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )


𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −|𝑉𝑖 | ∑|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 )


𝑘=1

(𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛)

Example: This example will demonstrate the need of a slack bus. Consider a sample
four bus system out of which two buses are PQ buses, one is PV bus, and the
remaining one is a slack bus.

No. Bus Type Known Unknown


1. Slack Bus |𝑉1 |, 𝛿1 𝑃1 , 𝑄1
2. PQ Bus 𝑃2 , 𝑄2 |𝑉2 |, 𝛿2
3. PQ Bus 𝑃3 , 𝑄3 |𝑉3 |, 𝛿3
4. PV Bus 𝑃4 , |𝑉4 | 𝑄4 , 𝛿4

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃1 + 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4


= 𝑃1 + 𝐾1
Where, 𝐾1 = 𝑃2 + 𝑃3 + 𝑃4 (𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠, 𝑄𝐿 = ∑𝑄𝑖 = 𝑄1 + 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 + 𝑄4
= 𝑄1 + 𝑄4 + 𝐾2
Where, 𝐾2 = 𝑄2 + 𝑄3 (𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)
Since 𝑃𝐿 and 𝑄𝐿 are not known prior to load flow solution, the real and reactive powers
(𝑃𝑖 and 𝑄𝑖 ) cannot be fixed at all the buses. In the above example, 𝑃1 , 𝑄1 and 𝑄4 cannot be
fixed prior to load flow solution. After the load flow solution is complete, the total real
and reactive powers, 𝑃𝐿 = ∑𝑖 𝑃𝑖 and 𝑄𝐿 = ∑𝑖 𝑄𝑖 become known and the slack bus has to
supply excess real power 𝑃1 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝐾1 , and excess reactive power 𝑄1 = 𝑄𝐿 − 𝑄4 − 𝐾2 .
STATIC LOAD FLOW EQUATIONS
𝑛

𝑃𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = |𝑉𝑖 | ∑(|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | cos(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 ))


𝑘=1
𝑛

𝑄𝑖 (𝑅𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟) = −|𝑉𝑖 | ∑(|𝑉𝑘 ||𝑌𝑖𝑘 | sin(𝜃𝑖𝑘 + 𝛿𝑘 − 𝛿𝑖 ))


𝑘=1

Where, 𝑖 = 1,2, … , 𝑛

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