Nation State: Journal of International Studies P ISSN 2620-391X

Vol. 1 No. 2 | Desember 2018 E ISSN 2621-735X

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The U.S. Foreign Policy under Trump Administration to

Recognize Jerusalem as the State Capital of Israel
Hasbi Aswar*
Prodi Hubungan Internasional, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta – Indonesia
Email: hasbiaswar@uii.ac.id
Submitted: 18 August 2018 | Accepted: 16 October 2018

Abstrak:
Sebuah pernyataan kontroversial dari Presiden Amerika Serikat, Donald Trump, yang secara tegas menyatakan
Jerusalem sebagai ibukota dari Israel memancing perdebatan yang mengancam harmoni di Timur Tengah.
Sangkalan keras banyak bermunculan mulai dari negara-negara Asia Tenggara hingga Eropa atas pernyataan
Trump yang kemudian merepresentasikan kebijakan luar negeri Amerika Serikat. Pertanyaan keras dari Trump
dianggap memperkeruh keadaaan dari perselisihan antara Israel dan Palestina daripada menurunkan tensi
konflik. Esai ini berargumen bahwa pernyataan yang keluar dari Trump untuk mengakui Jerusalem sebagai
ibukota resmi dari Israel, dipengaruhi oleh keadaan dari politik domestik Amerika Serikat, guna melunasi janji
kampanyenya dari Partai Republik yang mayoritas basis pemilih berasal dari Kristen Evangelist.
Kata kunci: politik luar negeri, politik domestik, Timur Tengah

Abstract:
A speech from the President of United States, Donald Trump, who explicitly state Jerusalem as the capital city of
Israel triggering debate that threatens harmonization of the Middle East. Disagreement appear from South East
Asia state up to European state regarding to Trump’s statement, which turn into United States foreign policy.
Trump’s statement described as the main reason of increasing tension Palestinian – Israel conflict. This essay argues
that The US policy toward Jerusalem was merely influenced by domestic politics in the sense that to satisfy Trump`s
main voters of the Republican Party that is Evangelical Christian base.
Keywords: foreign policy, domestic politics, Middle East

INTRODUCTION
On 6 December 2017, Trump and praised but the majority of states
declared a new controversial speech criticized and rejected this policy.
and announcement that recognized Later, so many governments
Jerusalem as the capital of Israel. This condemn trump`s speech, from
recognition followed by Trump policy Middle Eastern countries, South East
to relocate the US embassy in Tel Aviv Asia, Europe, even from the people in
to Jerusalem. The new embassy will America. Some permanent members
open in May 2018. This new policy of of the UN Security Council proposed
the USA then got response differs for condemning this policy but later
from the many states and the world. vetoed by the US. Later, the UN
For Israel, this recognition welcomed General Assembly passed a motion to

*
Penulis adalah dosen pada Program Studi Hubungan Internasional Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta -
Indonesia.

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condemn Trump by 128 supported the political system, state ideology,

motion, 9 opposed and 35 abstained. national wealth, military power,
This new policy was also territory and population, social
responded by the people of the world identities (religion & ethnicity),
through demonstration that government organization as well as the
happening in many countries. In role of political parties and interest
Palestine, in the USA, Pakistan, groups within the state. The last level
Netherlands, Germany, Lebanon, is that global or systemic level, in this
Jordan, Australia, Montenegro, Iran, level structural factor becomes an
Morocco, Poland, United Kingdom, important variable to analyze the
Greece, and Indonesia. Even, a behavior of states such as distributions
Militant salafi group in Palestine of power, attitudes, as well as the
launched rockets to Israel as the part global issues like environmental issues,
of its anger of Trump policy. disease, terrorism, conflict and etc
Many critics also came from (Mansbach & Taylor, 2012: 8-9).
many political observers and analysts The terms of US foreign policy,
who argued that Trump policy would influenced by these three variables on
only prolong and worsen the conflict every foreign policy decision-making
instead of supporting the peace talks process. Particularly, on domestic
between Palestine and Israel. This factors issues that influence the
article purports to discuss the nature of process of foreign policy making, at
Trump`s policy to recognize Jerusalem least five factors that always influence
as the capital city of Israel. Again, this in the US, they are president and
article also will discuss the influence of Congress, executive-branch politics,
domestic politics that shape Trump`s interest groups (lobbying), News
foreign policy toward Israel & Media and public opinion (Jentleson,
Jerusalem. 2010, 67).
On the issue of US foreign policy
DOMESTIC POLITICS AND toward Israel, the Israel Lobby is one
THE US FOREIGN POLICY most influential lobby among the
TOWARD ISRAEL interest groups in the US. This group
In the process of foreign policy for a long time has shaped the foreign
making, there are three levels that policy of the US toward Israel.
influence that process, the individual Basically, this lobby is not a unified
decision maker, the nation-state level movement or organization rather a
and the systemic level. At the loose coalition of individuals and
individual level, it analyzes the role of organizations that actively work to
decision maker`s characteristics, shape US foreign policy in pro-Israel
personality, ways of reaching direction. The people of organization
decisions, and beliefs. At the nation- can be from the Jewish group or from
state level or unit level, it analyzes how Christian Evangelical groups or
the internal or domestic aspect of the people.
state determine state behavior such as

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In doing its activity, this lobby CURRENT US FOREIGN

group or people do many things to POLICY TOWARD JERUSALEM
ensure the protection of Israel interest The status of Jerusalem in the
in the US foreign policy such as history was actually under UN-
participating in the election, making Administration in the sense that
campaign contributions, molding neither Israel nor Palestine had the
public opinion, pressuring Congress right to claim this place. According to
and the executive branch etc. AIPAC the UN General Assembly`s
(American-Israeli) is known as the Resolution in 1947 called to separate
core of the lobby`s influence in the US Jewish and Arab states but excluded
politics. One example of AIPAC role Jerusalem for this two-state solution
in the US politics is that this lobby and was to be under the UN-
group will support everything Administered international city. This
(financial, media campaign) for the resolution was supported by the US.
pro-Israel US politician. On the other However, after the 1948 Arab-Israeli
hand, to politicians who are hostile war this UN resolution two-state
toward Israel, AIPAC will also solution no longer came into existence
contribute to defeating them by because Palestinian regions are
supporting their opponents occupied and divided by Egypt that
(Mearsheimer & Walt, 2006, 14-17). occupied Gaza and the Jordanians
According to Mearsheimer and took over the West Bank. Israel came
Waltz (2006), the US Foreign Policy to control West Jerusalem, while
toward Israel is not really for the US Jordan took over East Jerusalem,
strategic interest but more to the including the Old City and its Muslim,
influence of the Israel lobby in the US Jewish, and Christian holy sites.
politics. Indeed, the pro-Israel policy Following the 1948 war, US
of the US has created many bad things granted Israel a full diplomatic
to the US international politics. First of recognition with Tel Aviv as its capital
all, it has created a negative perception despite Israel claimed that West
among Muslims toward America all Jerusalem as its capital city and began
over the world as well as created a to establish its government
feeling of hatred toward America and infrastructure there. During the six-
as the result creating Islamic terrorism day war of 1967 Israel occupied the
that threat to the US. Secondly, Israel west bank and East Jerusalem, the US
also cannot be relied on as a loyal ally opposed this occupation and
as sometimes it disobeys the US considered that east Jerusalem as an
request and reneges on promises it has Israeli occupied territory. Moreover,
made on some agreements. Even, the US looked to UN resolution 242,
Israel reportedly has provided which proposed for a land of the peace
sensitive US military technology to settlement between warring parties as
Cina as the potential of US rivals the basis for a future resolution to the
(Mearsheimer & Walt, 2006, 5-6). Arab-Israeli conflict.

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By 1990s, as the result of Oslo government ministries as well as the

Accords, the US eventually would official residence of the prime minister
recognize a part of Jerusalem as the and the president. This statement of
Israeli capital and another part of the recognition is then followed by an
Palestinian capital (Sciarcon, 2018). In initiative to move US embassy from
1995 the US Congress produced the Tel Aviv to Jerusalem (Whitehouse,
Jerusalem Embassy Act that declared: 2017).
a) Jerusalem should remain undivided According to the proponents of
while it protects all of its ethnic and Trump decision, such as Martin Indyk
religious groups, b) Jerusalem should & Daniel Shapiro, they argue that US
be recognized as the capital of Israel, diplomatic representation to Israel is
and c) the U.S. embassy should be supposed to base at the country`s seat
moved to Jerusalem. The requirement of government, particularly since the
to move the US embassy should be ambassador and embassy staff
waived in the six-month interval frequently conduct business there.
(Slonim & Watson, 2000). In reality, Furthermore, the US almost
Presidents Bill Clinton, George W. universally recognizes whatever capital
Bush, and Barack Obama issued a country chooses for itself, and Israel
waivers since then but never realized. should be no exception. Thus, the
Trump did so and again with an diplomatic impact of such a move
announcement in December 2017. could be contained by location the
In his announcement in the white embassy in West Jerusalem (Laub,
house, 6 December 2017, Trump 2017). The opening of the new
argued that the declaration of embassy of the US in Jerusalem will be
recognition Jerusalem as the capital of on 14 May 2018. Even Trump will
Israel marked the beginning of a new come and see the opening of that
approach to the conflict between Israel embassy (the New Arab, 2018).
and the Palestinians. He mentioned After Trump`s announcement,
that previous presidents failed to adopt many critics raised up toward the US
and implement in 1995 congress act from many countries even from the
due to laxity of courage or for peace US close allies in Europe including
reason. But Trump believed that there Britain, Germany, Italy, and France. In
should be a new formula, recognition Palestine, President Mahmoud Abbas
of Jerusalem as the capital of Israel, to said the United States had disqualified
create peace process in Israel-Palestine itself, as a mediator and will no longer
conflict resolution. accepted of its role in the political
Trump emphasized in his speech process in the issue of Israel-Palestine.
that Israel has made Jerusalem for a Abbas insisted that Jerusalem is the
long time as its capital city. Jerusalem eternal capital of the state of Palestine,
is the seat of the modern Israeli and is not for sale for gold or billions
government, the home of the Israeli (The New Arab, 2018). On the other
parliament, the Knesset, the Israeli hand, Palestinian negotiator and
Supreme Court, headquarters of many politician, Saeb Erekat, said that

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moving the embassy would be the end high priority for Palestine in their daily
of the peace process and threaten to discourse and foreign policy agenda.
unleash extremism and violence Furthermore, through this
(Frantzman, 2016). Turkey Prime communiqué, OIC member states
Minister and Saud Arabi`s King reaffirm their commitment to support
Salman bin Abdul Aziz have said the the Palestinian people right to pursue
Islamic world should act with unity their self-determination and political
against the US decision. independence as well as to support to
A day after Trump the comprehensive –peace based on
announcement, the United Nations the two-state solution with East
Security Council held an emergency Jerusalem as the capital of the state of
meeting, 7 December 2017, where 14 Palestine. OIC member states also
out of 15 members condemned emphasized that Trump`s declaration
Trump`s decision and said that it was is a dangerous declaration as it is a
in violation of UN Resolution and violation of international law, and the
international law. This emergency Fourth Geneva Convention, and the
meeting was requested by Bolivia, U.N. Security Council resolutions No.
Britain, Egypt, France, Italy, Senegal, 478 (1980) and 2334 (2016), the
Sweden and Uruguay but this meeting foundations of the peace process that
failed to produce a resolution because stipulate that City of Al-Quds Ash-
of vetoed by the United States Sharif as a final status issue that the US
(Beaumont, 2017). also signed these agreements. And the
On 13 December 2017, Erdogan most important thing in this
invited leaders and representatives of communiqué is all member states
57 Muslim countries as the member of declared to recognize East Jerusalem
the organization of Islamic as the capital of the state of Palestine
Cooperation (OIC) to gather in and invited all countries to follow their
Istanbul in response to the U.S. step to recognize the state of Palestine
recognition of Jerusalem as the capital and its capital, East Jerusalem (Daily
of Israel. This emergency summit has Sabah, 2017).
announced final communiqué to reject On 21 December 2017, an
and condemn the unilateral decision emergency session of The United
by the president of the USA who Nations General Assembly was held
recognized Jerusalem as the capital of and as the result majority of the
Israel. This decision is considered as members declare that a unilateral US
null and void legally; attacking the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel`s
historical, legal, natural and national capital is null and void. 128 countries
rights of the Palestinian people, voted in favor of the resolution
undermining all peace efforts; impetus rejecting the US decision, 9 countries
to extremism and terrorism, and a voted against and 35 abstained
threat to international peace and (Aljazeera, 2017). This resolution was
security. This communiqué also calls actually non-binding and only
to all member states of OIC to give symbolic but the veto indicated the

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world rejection to this new US policy the perfect issue for Iran and Islamist
to Jerusalem as well as contributed to militants to use in mobilizing support
America`s diplomatic isolation. against the United States and those
One month before Trump who endorse its policies (Telhami,
declaration, the University of 2017). Indeed, Trump`s policy can
Maryland and the Nielsen heighten the sense of hopelessness
Scarborough polling organization among Palestinians and will lead to
conducted a “Critical Issues Poll” embolden the extremist in the West
about American people perception of Bank and East Jerusalem as well as can
the plan to move America`s Embassy be a threat for the US and Israel
from Jerusalem to Tel Aviv. This poll security in the Middle East (Sciarcon,
chose 2000 American people, from 2018).
Republicans and Democrats as well as Foreign policy analysts and
independent people. This poll showed observers came up with similar
that 63% American opposed and only conclusion that Trump policy toward
31% supports the move. Even, Jerusalem is not really because of for
Republicans who support this move pursuing the US national interest in the
only 49%, a very small difference with Middle East nor for international
Republicans who oppose 44%. Both commitment or the concern of allies,
Democrats and Independents people indeed it has nothing to do with the US
who oppose are respectively 81% and Interest and potentially can create
60% (Zuesse, 2017). many worse things to the US
international politics. The real reason
Support
Total
31%
Republicans
49%
Democrats
15%
Independent
28% for new US foreign policy is because of
Oppose 63% 44% 81% 60% domestic reason. In the context of
Source: https://www.globalresearch.ca/poll-by-2-to- foreign policy studies, Trump`s
1-americans-oppose-moving-u-s-embassy-to- foreign policy is more influenced by
jerusalem/5622652
the state level (Sciarcon, 2018).
The first domestic influence on
THE INFLUENCE OF Trump policy is that Trump was
DOMESTIC POLITICS ON motivated by the need to get support
TRUMP`S POLICY from Evangelical Christian base as he
Many observers and foreign suffered through a historically
policy analysts try to analyze the unpopular first-year presidency.
reason behind Trump`s policy to Evangelical Christian was known to
Jerusalem. Some say that this new constitute a high percentage of
policy would go against the very Republican voters and have long
priorities that the administration has viewed the recognition of Israeli
set for itself in the Middle East: control of all Jerusalem as a chief
fighting Islamist militancy and priority. After Trump recognition,
confronting Iranian influence. While Two-thirds of Evangelicals say
other mentioned that Jerusalem can be Trump’s policy is already leaning
toward Israel. Trump is also

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considered that has given rights to influential person that backed Trump
Evangelical more than any other since his presidential candidacy.
president in history, indeed Trump has Adelson is the CEO of the Las Vegas
appointed some Evangelists in his Sands Corporation, and he is one of
administration such as such as the world wealthiest individuals. This
Supreme Court Justice Neil Gorsuch man is known as an important
and Secretary of Education Betsy De financier of militarist pro-Israel groups
Vos (Telhami, 2017; Sciarcon, 2018). as well as a prominent supporter of
Martin Indyk and Steven Spiegel right-wing politicians in both the US
agreed with this argument, Spiegel and Israel. He has backed Republican
mentioned that Trump`s policy is to Jewish coalition, the Zionist
please Trump`s base of Christian and organization of America, Freedom`s
Jewish conservative supporters. watch and the Foundation for defense
During the presidential campaign, democracies (rightweb, 2018).
Trump had repeatedly promised to In addition, Adelson has been a
recognize Jerusalem as Israel`s capital major donor to Republican Party and
and to move the US embassy to major supporter of Israeli Prime
Jerusalem. So, Trump policy is easily Minister, Benjamin Netanyahu.
understood to fulfill his campaign Adelson and his wife Miriam
pledge (DW, 2017). reportedly had spent more than $80
Surprisingly, this trump policy million on Republicans in 2016 and
did not get wider support from the contributed $35 million to help elect
broader American Jewish community, Trump and also gave $5 million to
the reason is on one hand most Trump’s presidential inauguration
American Jews are staunchly opposed (DePetris, 2017; Clifton, 2017).
to Trump’s domestic agenda while, on Adelson even offered for the US
the other hand, many American Jews government to help for establishing a
believe that the US unilateral new embassy building in Jerusalem
recognition of Jerusalem as Israel’s (Lederman, 2018).
capital actually harms the chances of In conclusion, the reason behind
peace between the Israelis and the the US new policy toward Jerusalem
Palestinians. Furthermore, many clearly it is not based on the US
American Jews have negative views of international interest especially in the
Israel’s current government and that Middle East, nor to support the
many younger American Jews have process of conflict resolution in
begun to distance themselves, or feel Palestine-Israeli conflict. However, the
detached, from Israel (Sciarcon, 2018). rhetoric of the US president shows
The second factor that broadly differently. Many observers concluded
mentioned is Sheldon Adelson factor. and expressed that it is easy to
He was reportedly upset that the understand that the US policy to
Trump administration delayed recognize Jerusalem as the capital of
relocating the embassy from Tel Aviv Israel is for the domestic reason that is
to Jerusalem. Sheldon is known as one to fulfill Trump promise to

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Evangelical Christian supporters as Trump in general election. Donald

major supporters of the Republican Trump created this policy although it
party as well as to satisfy pro-Israel was considered to contrast its strategic
Republican donor. policy in the Middle East. This issue
This policy must be taken by shows how domestic politics can have
Donald Trump to show and prove his a big influence to drive the US foreign
promise on Jerusalem after many times policy toward other countries.
he mentioned in his political campaign
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