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Astro320 Problem Set3 Solutions

This document contains solutions to problems from Problem Set 3 of the course ASTR 320. The problems involve: [1] Deriving an expression for flow velocity in a venturi meter in terms of fluid properties and pipe diameters; [2] Finding the velocity field for an infinitesimally thin rotating disk of fluid; [3] Calculating the circulation and lift force on an airfoil shaped wing based on Bernoulli's equation and assumptions of ideal, incompressible flow.

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Mike Rowen Banares
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161 views5 pages

Astro320 Problem Set3 Solutions

This document contains solutions to problems from Problem Set 3 of the course ASTR 320. The problems involve: [1] Deriving an expression for flow velocity in a venturi meter in terms of fluid properties and pipe diameters; [2] Finding the velocity field for an infinitesimally thin rotating disk of fluid; [3] Calculating the circulation and lift force on an airfoil shaped wing based on Bernoulli's equation and assumptions of ideal, incompressible flow.

Uploaded by

Mike Rowen Banares
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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ASTR 320: Solutions to Problem Set 3

Problem 1: The Venturi Meter


The venturi meter is used to measure the flow speed in a pipe. An example
is shown in Fig. 1, where the venturi meter (indicated by the dashed lines) is
placed in a pipe of diameter A1 . The venturi meter itself consists of a pipe
of diameter A2 , as indicated. The pipe transports an incompressible fluid
of density ρ with a flow velocity u1 (this is the quantity to be meaured).
The flow velocity in the narrow pipe is u2 . The main and narrow pipes are
connected via a U-shaped pipe that is filled with a fluid of density ρ̃ > ρ. The
quantity to be measured is h, the difference in the heights of the colums of
the dense fluid. Throughout you may assume that the fluid flowing through
the venturi meter is ideal.

a) Show that, for an ideal fluid, the specific enthalpy h ≡ ε + P/ρ takes on
the following form:
γ P
h=
γ−1 ρ
with γ the adiabatic index.

SOLUTION: SEE LECTURE NOTES L11.9

b) Assume that the venturi meter of Fig. 1 is located in the Earth’s gravita-
tional field, with the direction of gravitational acceleration perpendicular to
the flow direction. Express the pressure difference at points 1 and 2 in terms
of u1 , u2 , and ρ. You can assume that the flow is laminar.

SOLUTION: Using the fact that the Bernoulli constant is conserved along
streamlines, we have that

u21 u22
+ h1 + Φ1 = + h2 + Φ2
2 2
Using that Φ1 = Φ2 , and that h = (γ/γ − 1) P/ρ, the above reduces to

1
Figure 1: Illustration of a venturi meter.

u21 γ P1 u2 γ P2
+ = 2+
2 γ −1 ρ 2 γ −1 ρ
which yields
γ −1ρ  2 
P1 − P2 = u2 − u21
γ 2

b) Derive an expression for u1 as function of h, the densities ρ and ρ̃, and


the areas A1 and A2 .

SOLUTION: The flow rate through the main pipe is ρ u1 A1 and has to be
equal to the flow rate through the narrow pipe, which is ρ u2 A2 . Since the
fluid is incompressible, we thus have that u1 = u2 (A2 /A1 ). In addition, we
have that

P1 − P2 = (ρ̃ − ρ) g h

2
with g the gravitational acceleration. This follows from demanding that the
pressure at the two points along the U-shaped pipe connected by the long
dotted line is equal to each other. Equating this to the expression for the
pressure difference derived under a), we have that
" 2 #
γ −1ρ  2  γ −1ρ 2 A1
(ρ̃ − ρ) g h = u2 − u21 = u −1
γ 2 γ 2 1 A2

Hence, we have that


! " 2 #−1
2γ ρ̃ A1
u21 = gh −1 −1
γ−1 ρ A2

Problem 2: Vorticity in a thin disk


Consider an infinitessimally thin disk of fluid in rotation around the disk’s
(vertical) symmetry axis. It is given that the flow is symmetric around the
same symmetry axis, and that the circulation around any curve C on the disk
is zero, as long as the curve does not enclose to symmetry point of the disk,
R = 0. Derive an expression for the velocity field ~u(~x), i.e., what are the
various components of ~u as function of location in the disk? Clearly explain
your steps in this derivation.

SOLUTION: First we note that cylindrical coordinates are the coordinates


of choice here. We pick the z-axis to be along the symmetry axis of the disk,
and set z = 0 for the disk plane.
The circulation corresponding to some curve C is given by
I Z
ΓC = ~u · d~l = w ~
~ · dS
C S

where S is the surface bound by C (which, for simplicity, we take to be in


the disk plane). Since ΓC = 0 for any C that does not enclose R = 0, we
must have that the vorticity w~ = 0 everywhere, except possibly at R = 0.
In cylindrical coordinates, the vorticity is given by
" #
1 ∂ 1 ∂uR
w
~= (R uθ ) − êz
R ∂R R ∂θ

3
Due to the azimuthal symmetry of the flow, we have that ∂uR /∂θ = 0 (i.e.,
there can’t be any θ-dependence. Hence, using that the vorticity has to
vanish everywhere except at R = 0, we have that
∂
(R uθ ) = 0
∂R
which implies that uθ ∝ 1/R. In addition, we have uz = 0 (to keep the disk
infinitessimally thin), while uR is unconstrained. NOTE: uR is not necessarily
zero. It can be non-zero and with a dependence on R; it is not allowed,
however, to have a dependence on θ (violation of azimuthal symmetry).

Problem 3: Lift on an airfoil


Consider the wing of airplane, a cross section of which is depicted below. Let
c be the chord of the wing. Because of the shape of the airfoil, air flows over
the wing with a speed u∞ + ∆u↑ , and under the wing with a speed u∞ − ∆u↓ .
Here u∞ is the speed of the airplane with respect to the air far from the wing.
In general we have that ∆u ≡ ∆u↑ + ∆u↓ ≪ u∞ .

a) Give an expression for the circulation, Γ, around the airfoil in terms of c,


∆u↑ and ∆u↓ . In doing so, you may ignore the thickness of the wing.

SOLUTION: The circulation is defined as


I
Γ= ~u · d~l

Since we may ignore the thickness of the wing, the contour consists only of
the part over the wing, combined with that under the wing. Hence, using
that the circularity is defined in the counter-clockwise direction, we have that

Γ = −(u∞ + ∆u↑ ) c + (u∞ − ∆u↓ ) c = −c∆u

where ∆u ≡ ∆u↑ + ∆u↓ .

b) Use Bernoulli’s theorem to calculate the lift (=force) per unit wing-length
on the airfoil. You may treat the air as an ideal fluid with an adiabatic index

4
γ = 5/3, and assume that the plane is flying sub-sonic, so that the air may
be treated as incompressible. Express your answer in terms of u∞ , Γ, and
the density of the air, ρ. You may once again ignore the thickness of the
wing.

SOLUTION: According to Bernoulli’s theorem, the Bernoulli function B =


u2 /2 + Φ + h is constant along the flow. If we assume that the flows that go
over and under the wings have identical values for B (this *is* a questionable
assumption!!!) and we ignore differences in the gravitational potential above
and below the wing (this is a reasonable assumption, since we were told that
we may ignore the thickness of the wing), then we have that
1 2 1
u↑ + h↑ = u2↓ + h↓
2 2
where u↑ = u∞ + ∆u↑ and u↓ = u∞ − ∆u↓ = u↑ − ∆u. In addition, we
have that h↑ = (5/2)P↑ /ρ↑ and h↓ = (5/2)P↓/ρ↓ , where we have used the
results from 1a and the fact that γ = 5/3. Since we may ignore differences
in density above and below the wing (the wing thickness is neglible and the
air is incompressible), we thus have that
1 2 1
ρu↑ + (5/2)P↑ = ρ(u↑ − ∆u)2 + (5/2)P↓
2 2
If we assume that |∆u| ≪ |u∞ | then this translates to

∆P ≡ P↑ − P↓ = (2/5)ρu↑∆u

The pressure is the force per unit area. The area of the wing is the product of
the chord, c, and the length of the wing L. Hence, the force per unit length
(=the lift) can be written as

Lift = c∆P = (2/5)cρu↑ ∆u = −(2/5)ρΓu∞

where in the last step I have once again used that |∆u| ≪ |u∞|, such that
u↑ ≃ u∞ .

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