Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 49 views

    2 Composition

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Hesham Ahmed
    The document discusses the composition of drilling mud, which has multiple phases including a water phase, reactive clay solids, inert solids, and soluble chemicals. The water phase can be fresh water, brackish water, sea water, or brine water. Reactive solids include commercial clays and formation clays drilled up. Inert solids include barite, hematite, calcium carbonate, and lost circulation materials. Soluble chemicals are used to control the pH and thin the mud.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    2 Composition

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Hesham Ahmed
    49 views18 pages
    The document discusses the composition of drilling mud, which has multiple phases including a water phase, reactive clay solids, inert solids, and soluble chemicals. The water phase can be fresh water, brackish water, sea water, or brine water. Reactive solids include commercial clays and formation clays drilled up. Inert solids include barite, hematite, calcium carbonate, and lost circulation materials. Soluble chemicals are used to control the pH and thin the mud.

    Original Description:

    2 Composition

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the composition of drilling mud, which has multiple phases including a water phase, reactive clay solids, inert solids, and soluble chemicals. The water phase can be fresh water, brackish water, sea water, or brine water. Reactive solids include commercial clays and formation clays drilled up. Inert solids include barite, hematite, calcium carbonate, and lost circulation materials. Soluble chemicals are used to control the pH and thin the mud.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    49 views18 pages

    2 Composition

    Uploaded by

    Tamer Hesham Ahmed
    The document discusses the composition of drilling mud, which has multiple phases including a water phase, reactive clay solids, inert solids, and soluble chemicals. The water phase can be fresh water, brackish water, sea water, or brine water. Reactive solids include commercial clays and formation clays drilled up. Inert solids include barite, hematite, calcium carbonate, and lost circulation materials. Soluble chemicals are used to control the pH and thin the mud.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    You are on page 1of 18

    Mud Composition

    Composition:
    Phases

    z Phases of a Drilling Fluid


    z Water (continuous) phase

    z Reactive commercial clay solids

    z Reactive formation (drilled) solids

    z Inert formation (drilled) solids

    z Inert commercial solids

    z Soluble chemicals
    Composition:
    Water phase

    z Definition: The continuous (liquid)


    phase of the drilling fluid (mud)

    z Can be fresh water, brackish water, sea


    water, saturated salt water, or another
    type of brine fluid

    z Can be hard water containing a high


    concentration of calcium or magnesium
    Composition:
    Fresh water

    z Usually available only on land locations


    z Advantages:
    z Commercial clays hydrate more

    z Most chemicals are more soluble

    z Disadvantages:
    z Formation clays hydrate more, which

    can result in hole problems and


    damage to the producing zone
    Composition:
    Brackish water

    z Usually in a marine environment

    z Slightly salty

    z Higher calcium and magnesium than


    fresh water
    Composition:
    Sea water

    z Chlorides and hardness varies


    z Chlorides in Gulf of Mexico 15,000 -

    30,000 mg/l
    z Calcium in Gulf of Mexico 400 ± mg/l

    z Magnesium in Gulf of Mexico 1200±

    mg/l
    z Hardness in North Sea much higher
    Composition:
    Saturated salt water

    z Used primarily to drill through large salt


    formations
    z Salt must be added to achieve saturation
    z Prevents hole enlargement due to
    leaching or dissolving salt from the
    formation
    z Leaching could result in hole problems
    and expensive mud and cement costs
    Composition:
    Brine water

    z Usually used for clay (shale) inhibition


    z Potassium chloride (KCl)

    z Calcium Chloride CaCl


    2
    z Formates (Na , K )
    + +

    z Bromides
    Composition:
    Reactive solids

    z S.G. = 2.6, Density = 21.67 ppg


    z Commercial clays
    z Sodium Montmorillonite or bentonite

    z M-I GEL

    z Attapulgite

    z SALT GEL
    Composition:
    Reactive solids

    z Formation clays (drilled solids)


    z S.G. = 2.6, Density = 21.67 ppg

    z Montmorillonite (swelling clay)

    z Illite (non-swelling clay)

    z Kaolinite (non-swelling clay)

    z Chlorite (non-swelling clay)

    z Gumbo Shale (combination of above

    clays)
    Composition:
    Inert solids

    z Commercial
    z Barite (barium sulfate)

    z S.G. = 4.2, Density = 35 ppg

    z (M-I BAR)

    z Used to increase mud density up to

    maximum of 22 ppg±
    Composition:
    Inert solids

    z Hematite (iron oxide)


    z S.G. = 5.0, Density = 41.67 ppg

    z Fer-Ox

    z Used to increase mud density up to

    maximum of 25 ppg ±
    Composition:
    Inert solids

    z Calcium Carbonate
    z S.G. = 2.8, Density = 23.34 ppg

    z Acid soluble

    z Lo-Wate

    z Used to increase fluid density up to

    maximum of 14.0 ppg ±


    z Used as bridging agent in drill-in,

    oil and synthetic fluids


    Composition:
    Inert solids

    z Lost Circulation Material


    z Material used to bridge off (seal)

    formations where whole mud is being


    lost to the formation
    z Nut shells (mostly pecan & walnut)

    z Mica

    z Fiber (wood, paper, plastic, etc.)


    Composition:
    Inert solids

    z Formation solids
    z S.G. = 2.6 ±, Density = 21.67 ppg ±

    z Sand

    z Limestone

    z Dolomite
    Composition:
    Soluble chemicals

    z Caustic Soda (NaOH) pH 13.3


    z Caustic Potash (KOH) pH 13.3
    z Lime [Ca(OH)2] pH 12.4
    z Soda Ash (Na2CO3) pH 11 - 11.5
    z Sodium Bicarb (NaHCO3) pH 8.4
    z Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
    Composition:
    Soluble chemicals

    z Lignosulfonate (organic acid)


    z Spersene (chrome lignosulfonate)
    z Spersene CF (chrome-free
    lignosulfonate)
    z Chemical de-flocculant (mud thinner)
    adds anionic (negative) charges to the
    mud.
    Composition:
    Soluble chemicals

    z Lignite (organic acid)


    z Tannathin (lignite)
    z XP-20 (chrome lignite)
    z Chemical de-flocculant (mud thinner)
    adds anionic (negative) charges to the
    mud.
    z Neutralizes positive sites on the clays
    causing them to repel each other.

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy