GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET

BATHINDA DISTRICT, PUNJAB

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD

Ministry of Water Resources
Government of India
North Western Region
CHANDIGARH
2013
 Contributor
DINESH TEWARI
Scientist “C”

Prepared under supervision of

A. K. BHATIA
Regional Director

OUR VISION
“FRESH AND ADEQUATE WATER - FOR ALL”
 GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET
BATHINDA DISTRICT, PUNJAB

CONTENTS
DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 HYDROMETEOROLOGY
3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOILS
4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO
4.1 HYDROGEOLOGY
4.2 GROUND WATER RESOURCES
4.3 GROUND WATER QUALITY
4.4 STATUS OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
5.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT
5.1 GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT
5.2 WATER CONSERVATION AND ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE
6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND PROBLEMS
7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY
8.0 RECOMMENDATIONS
 BATHINDA DISTRICT AT A GLANCE
Sl. ITEMS Statistics
NO.

1. GENERAL INFORMATION

i. Geographical Area (sq. km.) 3367

ii. Administrative Divisions (As on 31-03-2012)

Number of Tehsils 3-Bathinda, Rampura

phul & Talwandi Sabo
Number Of Blocks 7-Bathinda, Nathana,
Rampura, Phool, Talwandi
Sabo, Sangat and Maur
Number Of Panchayats -

Number Of Villages 285

iii. Population (As per 2011Census) 1388859

Urban 499916
Rural 888943
Males 744875
Females 643984
Persons per sq. km 414
% increase over 2001 to 2011 17.37
Literacy rate 69.6 %
iv. Average Annual Rainfall (mm) 408

2. GEOMORPHOLOGY

Major physiographic Units Flat alluvial plain

Major Drainage Bathinda branch , Kotla

branch & Abohar Branch
3. LAND USE (Thousand Hectare)

a. Forest Area 8

b. Net area sown 296

c. Total cropped area 556

d. Area under non agriculture use 31

4. MAJOR SOIL TYPES Arid brown & Siezoram
soils
5. AREA UNDER PRINCIPAL CROPS 556000 ha.

6. IRRIGATION BY DIFFERENT SOURCES

(Areas and Number Of Structures)
Dugwells -

Tubewells/Borewells 63000
(76000 ha .)
Tanks/ponds -

Canals 219000 ha.

Other sources -

Net Irrigated area 295000 ha.

.
Gross irrigated area 555100 ha.

7. NUMBERS OF GROUND WATER MONITORING

WELLS OF CGWB (As on 31-3-2012)

No. of dug wells 19

No of Piezometers 12

8. PREDOMINANT GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS Alluvium

9. HYDROGEOLOGY

*Major Water bearing formation Sand,

*(Pre-monsoon depth to water level ) 3.43 - 20.39 m bgl

*(Post-monsoon depth to water level ) 2.24 -20.76 m bgl

*Long term water level trend in 10 yrs in m /yr Fall : –0.77 to –0.03
Rise : 0.05 to 0.13

10. GROUND WATER EXPLORATION BY CGWB

No. of wells drilled

EW 5
OW -
PZ 9
SH -

Depth range(m) 250 - 545

 Discharge(liters per minutes) 1000-1736

Storativity (S) 2.6*10-2

Transmissivity (m2/day) 2724

11. GROUND WATER QUALITY

EC (micro mhos at 25oC) 288 to 3490

F (mg/l) 0.19 to 7.25

Fe (mg/l) Nd to 2.165

As (mg/l) 0.0001 to 0.0061

Type of water Na-HCO3

12 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (2011) –

in ham

Net Ground water Availability 101681

Net Annual Ground water Draft 121452

Projected Demand for Domestic and industrial Uses 4500

upto 2025

Stage of Ground Water Development 119%

13 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY -

14. EFFORTS OF ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE& RAIN -

WATER HARVESTING

15. GROUND WATER CONTROL AND REGULATION

Number of OE Blocks. - 4 – Phul, Rampura,

Maur, Nathana

-
No. Critical Blocks

No.of blocks notified -

16 MAJOR GROUND WATER PROBLEMS AND ISSUES. Water quality and Water
level rise in
Southwestern part of
the district.
GROUND WATER INFORMATION BOOKLET
BATHINDA DISTRICT, PUNJAB

1.0 INTRODUCTION
Bathinda district is situated in the southern part of Punjab State. It lies
between 29o 33’ and 30o 36’ North latitude and 74o 38’ and 75o 46’ East
longitude. . It falls in Survey of India Topo sheets No. 44J, 44K, 44N, and 44O
It covers an area of 3367 Sq. Km. The district is surrounded by Sirsa and
Fatehabad district of Haryana State in the south, Sangrur and Mansa districts in
the East, Moga in the North-East and Faridkot and Muktsar districts in North-
West. The Bathinda district has 3 Sub-Divisions, Bathinda, Rampura phool,
Talwandi sabo. It has Seven blocks named Bathinda, Nathana, Rampura,
Phool, Talwandi sabo, Sangat, Maur. The district has a good network of canals
for irrigation and domestic purposes. The main canals in the area which feed
the various distributaries and minor canals are the Bathinda branch and Kotla
branch canal originated from Sirhind canal. The CGWB has carried out ground
water exploration and hydrogeological studies in the district.

2.0 RAINFALL & CLIMATE

The district lies in the South-western region of the State and in far away
from the Shivalik ranges in the North of the state. It is the nearest to the Thar
Desert of Rajasthan and also far away from the Major rivers lines that run
through the state. Therefore, climatically, the district has a very hot in summer
and frequently scorching heat is in full swing. The climate of Bathinda district
can be classified as tropical steppee, semi arid and hot which is mainly dry
except in rainy months and characterised by intensely hot summer and cold
winter. During three months of monsoon season from July to September, the
moist air of oceanic origin penetrate into the district and causes high
humidity, cloudiness and good monsoon rainfall. The period from October to
November constitutes post monsoon season. The cold weather season
prevails from December to February followed by the hot weather season or
Pre-monsoon season which ends upto the last week of June.

Rain fall : The normal annual rainfall of Bhatinda District is 408 mm in 20 days
which is unevenly distributed over the district. The southwest monsoon sets in
last week of June and withdrawn towards end of September and contributes
about 82% of annual rainfall. July and August are the rainest months. Rest
18% of the annual rainfall occurs during non of the year in the form of thunder
storm and western disturbances. Rainfall in the district increases from
southwest to northeast.
 Rainfall
Normal Annual Rainfall : 408 mm
Normal monsoon Rainfall : 335 mm
Normal Rain days : 20
Temperature
Mean Maximum : 42C (May & June)
Mean Minimum : 3.9 C (January)

The rainfall data of the last 5 years of Bhatinda is given

below:

2008 2009 2010 2011 2013

Rainfall in 527.0 252.7 357.3 4943 215.9
mm
Source: IMD

3.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY AND SOIL TYPES

The district area is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvim. There is no
surface features worth to mention. The maximum elevation of the area is 220.6
m. amsl. and the minimum elevation is 197.5 m.amsl. The master slope of the
area is towards Southwest. The Southern part contains isolated sand dunes of
various dimensions. The soil in the district is mostly sandy. Being sandy Plain
region is dotted with scattered sand dunes which have a tendency to shift
towards eastern side. But with the development of latest Technology and
machinery the topography is under vast change with respect to various aspects
connected with green revolution. The district has two types of soils, the arid
brown soils and siezoram soils. The arid brown soils are calcareous in nature,
these soils are imperfectly to moderately drained. Salinity and alkalinity are the
principal problems of this soil. In siezoram soils the accumulation of calcium
carbonate is in amorphous or concretionary form (kankar). Presence of high
amount of calcium carbonate and poor fertility is the main problem of this soil.
The arid brown soils are found in mostly eastern parts of the district and
siezoram soils are found in the western part of the district.

4.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

4.1 Hydrogeology

The district is occupied by Indo-Gangetic alluvial plain of Quaternary age.

The Central Ground Water Board has drilled 5 exploratory borehole to delineate
and determine potential aquifer zones, evaluation of aquifer characteristics etc.
The area has both unconfined and confined aquifers. In alluvium thin granular
zones exist down to a depth of 450m. The top aquifer ranges from 40 to 56 m.
The depth of the top aquifer in the North is upto 56 m, in the south it is upto 58
m, in the East it is 38 m. and in the west it is 40 m. The top granular zone is
interspersed by 2 to 3 thin clay lenses. A thick clay bed of thickness from 15 to
35 m. present beneath the granular zone. The granular zones are more in
comparision to the clay beds in the Central and Northern parts of the district.
And clay beds are more dominant than the granular zones in the South and
western parts of the district. The fresh water granular zones exist upto 300 m in
the North, upto 200 m in the Central and upto 50 m. in the Southwestern parts
of the district. The exploratory wells at Khaliwale and Gulabgarh were tested at
discharge of 1006 and 1500 lpm. The transmissivity values were low in the
order of 1300 and 2724 m2/day respectively. The hydraulic conductivity value
varies from 1.6 to 19.17m/day. The value of storage coefficient was computed
as 2.6 x 10 –2 .

Water level behavior

During the Premonsoon the depth to water level in the district varies
from 20.39 m bgl (western and southern part) to 16.50 m.bgl ( Northern part). It
is shallow and around 4 m in the west and southern parts and water level are
deep above 12 m in Northern parts of the district. In the south and western part
of the district, the water levels range from 6 to 12 m. and gradually increase
towards North where the water level ranges from 14 to 1 m. The shallowest
water level recorded was 3.43 m.bgl at Raike Kalan in Bathinda block and the
deepest water level recorded was 20.39 at Dialpural in Bagtha Baika block.
During the Post-monsoon, the depth to water level is in the same pattern as in
pre-monsoon. The water level varies from 2.24 to 20.76 m.bgl. Seasonal
fluctuation of the water level varies from –0.03 to 2.5 m. Water level rise of
above 1 m. occurs in a small area. Remaining area shows either constant or
decline in water level. Maximum water level decline is seen at Phulla, Dialpura
and Dialpur mirza sites located in the North central part of the district.

The long-term (10 years) water level trend during premonsoon period
indicates that maximum decline is seen in the northern part of the district, at
Dialpur mirza and Dhapali the decline is of around 0.30 to 0.77 m/yr. In the
southern part of the district Jajjal and Bagi bander are showing a maximum rise
in water level around 0.05 to 0.13 m/yr. In the western part of the district. Kalla
Bander and Rai ke kalan are showing the maximum rise in the range of 0.0.87
to 4.30m. In general, a rise in water level is seen in the southern part of the
district and decline in water level is seen in the Northern part of the district

Ground water flow

The elevation of the water table in the district ranges between 189.14 to
209.25 m amsl. The general slope of the water table is towards SW from North,
NE, East and SE. The hydraulic Gradient is gentle being of the order of 0.18
m/km in the NE – SW direction with the slope towards SW. In the SE – NW
 direction the hydraulic Gradient is 0.22 m/km with the slope towards NW. In the
E – W direction the hydraulic Gradient of 0.23 m/km has been observed with the
slope towards East. This gives a clear picture that the water table has a gentle
slope towards SW forming a conical shaped depression.

4.2 Ground Water Resources

The blockwise ground water resource potential in the district has been
assessed as per GEC-97. The stage of ground water development ranges
between 67% (block-Sangat) to 255% (block- Phul). The net annual ground
water availability in Bathinda district is 101681 Ham out of this 4500 Ham has
been kept reserved for domestic and industrial purposes upto 2025 years. The
present net ground water draft in the district is 121452 Ham. The average level
of ground water development in the district is 119% and falls in Over Exploited
category.
GROUND WATER RESOURCE AND DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL OF BATHINDA
DISTRICT, PUNJAB AS ON 31ST MARCH, 2011 in ham
Assessment Net Existing Existing Existing Allocation Net Stage C
Unit/Block Ground Gross gross Gross for Ground of A
Water Ground Ground Ground domestic Water ground T
Availability Water Water Draft Water and Availa- Water E
Draft for for Draft for industrial bility for develop - G
irrigation domestic all uses requirement future ment O
and supply irrigation (%) R
industrial upto develop- Y
water next 25 ment Of
supply years Block
PHUL 12656 31759 503 32263 753 -19857 255 OVER-
EXPLOITED
NATHANA 18521 15137 370 15507 555 2829 84 CRITICAL
MAUR 8481 17188 251 17438 376 -9083 206 OVER-
EXPLOITED
BATHINDA 21242 21524 1044 22568 1565 -1847 106 OVER-
EXPLOITED
TALWANDI 10786 8239 326 8565 488 2059 79 SAFE
SABO
SANGAT 12949 8419 267 8686 400 4129 67 SAFE
RAMPURA 17047 16180 244 16424 363 503 96 CRITICAL

Total 101681 118446 3005 121452 4500 -21266 119

4.3 Ground Water Quality

The ground water of the district is alkaline in nature with pH values

ranging from 7.54 (Dhapoli) to 8.0 (Dera Tappa). Well waters in the area are
generally medium to highly saline. However, pockets of fresh water are also
found. EC of waters show wide variations, it ranges from 288 S/cm at Dhapoli
Tappa to 3490 S/cm at 25°C at Ghuda . The ground water is moderately hard
in nature with total hardness expressed as CaCO3 ranging from 40 to 1451
mg/l. Among cations, the concentration of calcium ranges from 11 mg/l at
Rampur Phulla to 216 mg/l at Raike Kalan whereas magnesium concentration
ranges between 3.8 mg/l at Rampur Phulla and 228 mg/l at Ghuda. Calcium
content is within the permissible limit of 200 mg/l (BIS). Likewise, magnesium,
in most of the waters, is below 100mg/l. Sodium concentration varies widely
from 12 mg/l at Dera Tappa to 570 mg/l at Bhagi Bhandar, whereas potassium
concentration ranges from 3.2 mg/l at Dhapali to 325 mg/l at Dial purmirza. In
majority of the samples, the potassium content is less than 100 mg/l.

Among anions, bicarbonate is the dominant anion. Carbonate is found to

be absent whereas bicarbonate concentration is found to be ranging between
120 mg/l at Dhapoli and 918 mg/l at Bhagi Bhander. The chloride content varies
between 5.3 mg/l to 471 at Kaila Bhandar. In most ground waters chloride
concentration is less than 250 mg/l. The nitrate levels in the district ranges from
traces at Derra Tappa to 380 mg/l at Ghuda. The nitrate concentration in one-
third well waters is more than 100mg/l. High concentration of nitrate in ground
water indicates its contamination due to anthropogenic activities such as
indiscriminate use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture and/or sewage
disposal. The fluoride content in ground water of the district ranges from 0.19
mg/l at Ablu to 7.25 mg/l at Rampur Phullarza. Fluoride in ground water is less
than 1.0mg/l in 74% samples. However, significant numbers of well waters
(26%) show fluoride > 1.5mg/l. .

Among cations, sodium is the predominant cation in 62% of waters;

Ca+Mg in 28% and no single cation is dominant in 10% of ground waters in the
area. Among anions, HCO3 is the predominant anion in 76% of water samples
and in the remaining 24% samples mixed anionic character is observed.
Occurrence of Na - HCO3 type in 48% wells show that at some places, the
ground waters have under gone cation exchange phenomenon while wells
having Na-HCO3 + Cl type water indicates that the process of base exchange is
still going on.

Plot in the USSL staff diagram which is based on EC and SAR indicates
that waters fall under C2S1, C3S1, C3S2, C3S4, C4S1, C4S2, C4S3, C4S4 classes of
irrigation rating. Such waters when used for irrigation may cause medium
salinity - low sodium, high salinity - low sodium and high salinity - high sodium
hazards. Such water can be used on well-drained soils with adequate
permeability and for salt tolerant crops and in conjunctive use with canal water.
Classification based on RSC indicates that 33% of the waters are safe, and the
remaining 67 % are unsafe for irrigation use. The range of concentration of
chemical constituents is tabulated below:
 Range of concentration of Chemical constituents
pH 7.54 8.00
Specific conductivity 288 3490 micromhos/cm at
25oC
CO3 Nil
HCO3 120 918 mg/l
Cl 5.3 471 mg/l
NO3 2.9 380 mg/l
F 0.19 7.25 mg/l
Ca 11 216 mg/l
Mg 3.8 228 mg/l
Na 12 570 mg/l
K 3.2 325 mg/l
Total hardness as 40 1451 mg/l
CaCO3

Suitability of Water
Domestic
The ground water quality of Bathinda district shows that Ground water in
more than half of the district area is suitable for drinking as well as for domestic
purposes. Some parts in Southern, Northwestern, Central and Western parts
are having higher concentration of Fluoride and EC. As most of the district is
dependant on canal water for drinking purpose, the conjunctive use of canal
and ground water will help to improve the ground water quality in those areas.

Irrigation
Ground water in shallow aquifer fall in C2S1, C3S1, C3S2, C4S1 categories
of USSL classification depicting medium salinity – low sodium, high salinity -
low sodium and high salinity – high sodium hazard characteristics. Small area
fall under high sodium hazards class. Such water can be used on well-drained
soils and for salt tolerant crops and in conjunctive use with canal water.

4.4 Status of Ground Water Development

The Bathinda district as a whole is completely dependant on canal water

for drinking purpose. Out of 279 of villages which are covered under safe
drinking water scheme only 14 villages are dependant on tubewells and 15
villages are dependant on both tubewell and canal water for drinking purpose.
The villages located on the Northwest part of the district are dependant on
Ground Water for drinking purpose .The distribution of the main source of
Drinking water households wise in the district is tabulated below:

Households by main source of Drinking Water

Total number of 266035
Households
Tap Water From Treated Source 40.0%
From Un-treated Source 16.6%
Dug-Well Covered Well 0.3%
Un-covered Well 0.1%
Handpump 23.2%
Tubewell 16.4%
Spring
River, Canal 0.6%
Tank, Pond, Lake 0.5%
Any other source 1.9
Availability of Drinking Water source
Within the premises 79.5%
Near the premises 14.8%
Away 5.6%

The fresh water granular zones exist upto 300 m. in the North, upto 200
m. in the Central and upto 50 m. in the Southwestern parts of the district. This
condition of poor quality ground water and subsequently its low use and over
dependance on canal water in the Southwestern part of the district is making
the water level to rise. At the same time the existence of fresh water zones upto
300 m in the Northern parts has resulted in large scale ground water
development causing the water level to decline.

The district has net work of canal system throughout the area, all of
which are originated from Satluj River. The major canal in the area is Bathinda
branch canal, it traverses whole of the district except the southern and extreme
north part of the district. The Southern and south-eastern part of the district is
traversed by Kotla branch canal and the extreme north part of the district is
covered by Abohar Branch canal. 80% of the area is irrigated by canals. In the
district a total of 44366 shallow tubewells are present. The general depth of
these shallow tubewells ranges between 40 m and 60 m.

A look at the ground water level hydrographs of the district clearly shows
that almost entire northern segment is having a declining water level trend due
to heavy withdrawal of ground water for drinking as well as irrigational
purposes, while the southern and western segments shows rise in water level
trends, because of negligible withdrawal of ground water and recharge through
canal irrigation water.

5.0 GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT STRATEGY

5.1 Ground Water Development
The hydrogeological data generated through exploratory test drilling
has provided vital information regarding identification of aquifer systems,
demarcation of their vertical and lateral extent, delineation of potential aquifer
characteristics. These studies also provide information on well design and
drilling techniques. A well assembly of 305/203 mm dia. combination, using
about 20 m to 30 m housing pipe and slot size of 0.51 to 1.2 mm would be
ideal for construction of production wells in the district . The MS slotted pipe or
“V” wire galvanized Screen having 0.5 to 1.20 mm slot opening may be used
against granular zones, these provide more open area as compared to
conventional slotted pipe. The shallow tube wells upto 40 m depth should have
203 mm single dia. pipe assembly with a suitable screen length. The depth of
tube well construction vary from north to south in the district, in the north the
tubewells may be constructed between 100 to 150 m. and in the south it may be
between 40 to 60 m. Direct Rotary rig can carry out the drilling in the district.

5.2 Water Conservation and Artificial Recharge

The Northern part of the district where water level decline exits, Artificial
recharge structures may help in arresting this water level decline. Generally
Recharge Trench with injection well structure is the suitable for artificial
recharge. Water conservation methods like change in cropping pattern, change
in Irrigation policy, timely plantation of paddy, promotion of sprinkler and drip
irrigation etc. may be adopted to over come the ground water decline in the
area.

6.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES & PROBLEMS

6.1 Ground Water Depletion
Significant water table decline has been observed in Northern parts of
Bathinda. The main cause of ground water depletion is its over-exploitation to
meet the increasing demand of various sectors including Agriculture, Industry
and Domestic. This declining water table trend, if not checked, would assume
an alarming situation in the near future affecting agricultural production and thus
economy. Ground Water Recharge and Ground Water Conservation may be
done in these areas to over come the Water level decline.

6.2 Rising Water Table and Water Logging

 In southwestern parts of the district the water table is rising due to
limited/non-extraction of ground water because of its brackish / saline quality
and more availability of canal water for domestic and irrigation purposes. The
fresh water thickness in this area is less. These areas are likely to get water
logged in near future. There is an urgent need to arrest the rising water trend in
southwestern part of the district and implement anti-water logging schemes.

7.0 AWARENESS AND TRAINING ACTIVITY

7.1 Training Program
One Water Management Training Programme was organized on 25-26th
February 2009 at PAU Regional Centre, Bathinda, Punjab. The training
programme focused on the theme of water conservation, ground water
management, rain water harvesting and artificial recharge to ground water. The
target group consists of progressive farmers, NGOs and officers/officials from
water related department and 50 trainees participated in above training. During
the training programme lectures were delivered by the scientists from Central
Ground Water Board, North Western Region, Chandigarh and officer from PAU
Regional Centre, Bathinda.

7.0 RECOMMENDATIONS

 In order to arrest the declining trend of water levels in Northern part of

the district, the rooftop rainwater harvesting technology should be
adopted and recharge structures may also be constructed in depression
areas where water gets accumulated during rainy season. This will help
in enhancing the recharge to ground water reservoir.

 The canal water which is used in excess in the Southern part of the
district should be diverted to the Northern part of the district so that the
over dependence on ground water can be reduced.

 Planned use of surface and ground water (conjunctive use) has to be

done to over come both over exploitation and Ground water quality
problems. In the southern part of the district where excess surface water
is used and where ground water quality problem is there the usage of
ground water is to be encouraged to overcome the water logging
problem in future.

 The construction of roof top rainwater harvesting structures should be

made mandatory in building bye-laws, which will help in checking the
falling water level trend in the towns of water level depleting areas.
 The surplus canal water may be utilized for recharging the ground water
through construction of injection wells in over-exploited areas.

 The abandoned dug wells may be cleaned and should be used for
recharging the ground water by utilising the surface monsoon runoff.

 The crops consuming less quantity of water may be grown in place

of crops requiring more water in the over exploited blocks.

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