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    Amino Acids Dec

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    Raniel Gere
    Amino acids are organic nutrients that are building blocks of proteins or exist freely in foods and the human body. There are 21 standard amino acids, 9 of which are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Amino acids perform many critical functions including building proteins, acting as precursors for neurotransmitters and hormones, and providing energy. Protein digestion is a multi-step process involving enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and ultimately amino acids that can be absorbed.

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    Amino Acids Dec

    Uploaded by

    Raniel Gere
    92 views5 pages
    Amino acids are organic nutrients that are building blocks of proteins or exist freely in foods and the human body. There are 21 standard amino acids, 9 of which are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Amino acids perform many critical functions including building proteins, acting as precursors for neurotransmitters and hormones, and providing energy. Protein digestion is a multi-step process involving enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and ultimately amino acids that can be absorbed.

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    Amino acids are organic nutrients that are building blocks of proteins or exist freely in foods and the human body. There are 21 standard amino acids, 9 of which are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Amino acids perform many critical functions including building proteins, acting as precursors for neurotransmitters and hormones, and providing energy. Protein digestion is a multi-step process involving enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and ultimately amino acids that can be absorbed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    92 views5 pages

    Amino Acids Dec

    Uploaded by

    Raniel Gere
    Amino acids are organic nutrients that are building blocks of proteins or exist freely in foods and the human body. There are 21 standard amino acids, 9 of which are essential and must be obtained through diet as the body cannot produce them. Amino acids perform many critical functions including building proteins, acting as precursors for neurotransmitters and hormones, and providing energy. Protein digestion is a multi-step process involving enzymes that break down proteins into peptides and ultimately amino acids that can be absorbed.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
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    Amino acids are organic nutrients that are building blocks of proteins or exist freely in foods and the human body. They are classified as essential, conditionally essential and nonessential based on whether the human body can produce them or not.

    Amino acids are organic compounds that are building blocks of proteins. They are classified as essential (cannot be produced by the body), conditionally essential (can be produced but need to be obtained from food in certain circumstances) and nonessential (can be produced by the body). The text lists the 21 standard amino acids and which category they fall under.

    There are different types of amino acids including branched-chain amino acids, acidic/basic amino acids, sulfur-containing amino acids, glucogenic/ketogenic amino acids. Amino acids have various functions including being a source of energy, building blocks of proteins/other molecules, acting as chemical messengers like neurotransmitters.

    What are amino acids?

    Amino acids are organic nutrients that appear in foods and in the human body either as building
    blocks of proteins or as free amino acids.

    Chart 1. List of 21 Proteinogenic Amino Acids

    Amino Acid Classification

    1. Histidine (His) ESSENTIAL Amino Acids


    2. Isoleucine (Ile) The 9 amino acids on the right are essential
    3. Leucine (Leu) (vital), which means they are necessary for
    4. Lysine (Lys) the human life and health but cannot be
    5. Methionine (Met) produced in your body so you need to get
    6. Phenylalanine (Phe) them from foods.
    7. Threonine (Thr)
    8. Tryptophan (Trp)
    9. Valine (Val)

    10. Arginine (Arg) CONDITIONALLY ESSENTIAL Amino


    11. Cysteine (Cys) Acids
    12. Glutamine (Gln) These amino acids can be synthesized in
    13. Glycine (Gly) your body, but in certain circumstances, like
    14. Proline (Pro) young age, illness or hard exercise, you need
    15. Serine (Ser) to get them in additional amounts from foods
    16. Tyrosine (Tyr) to meet the body requirements for them.
    Ornithine is also considered conditionally
    essential amino acid, but it does not form
    proteins.

    17. Alanine (Ala) NONESSENTIAL Amino Acids


    18. Asparagine (Asn) These amino acids can be synthesized in
    19. Aspartic acid (Asp) your body from other amino acids, glucose
    20. Glutamic acid (Glu) and fatty acids, so you do not need to get
    21. Selenocysteine (Sec) them from foods.

    .
    Types of Amino Acids

    ● Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs)


    Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), which include leucine, isoleucine and valine, are
    essential amino acids that stimulate protein synthesis in the muscles.

    Acidic and Basic Amino Acids


    ACIDIC amino acids are aspartic and glutamic acid, and BASIC amino acids are
    arginine, histidine and lysine [25].

    Sulfur-Containing Amino Acids


    Sulfur-containing amino acids include cysteine, homocysteine, methionine and taurine
    [23].

    Animal foods high in cysteine and methionine: chicken, turkey, fish (bluefish, yellowtail,
    tuna, salmon), pork (ham) beef, veal, lamb, bison, crabs, mollusks, cheese [20].
    Plant foods high in cysteine and methionine: nuts (butternuts, peanuts), seeds (pumpkin,
    sunflower), legumes (beans, soybeans, lentils) [20].
    Foods high in taurine include red meat and fish [21] and certain energy drinks.
    Homocysteine is produced in the body during protein breakdown.
    In individuals with celiac or Crohn’s disease or other disorders with impaired amino acid
    absorption, foods high in sulfur-containing amino acids can cause sulfur-smelling gas
    [24].

    Glucogenic and Ketogenic Amino Acids


    In the human body, glucogenic amino acids can be converted to glucose in the process
    called gluconeogenesis; they include all amino acids except lysine and leucine [3].

    Ketogenic amino acids, which can be converted to ketones: isoleucine, leucine, lysine,
    phenylalanine, threonine, thryptophan and tyrosine [3]. Ketones can be used by the
    brain as a source of energy during fasting or in a low-carbohydrate diet.

    Functions of Amino Acids


    - Amino acids are a source of energy; like proteins, they can provide about 4 Calories
    per gram [41].
    - In the human body, certain amino acids can be converted to other amino acids,
    proteins, glucose, fatty acids or ketones [42,43].
    - Other functions of amino acids:
    - Chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) in the nervous system: aspartate, GABA,
    glutamate, glycine, serine
    - Precursors of other neurotransmitters or amino acid-based hormones:
    Tyrosine is a precursor of dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine [44] and thyroxine
    [48].
    - Tryptophan is a precursor of melatonin and serotonin [44] and nicotinic acid (vitamin
    B3)
    - Histidine is a precursor of histamine [46].
    - Glycine is a precursor of heme, a part of hemoglobin [45].
    - Aspartate, glutamate and glycine are precursors of nucleic acids, which are parts of
    DNA [47].

    Foods that Contain All 9 Essential Amino Acids


    Food protein containing all 9 amino acids in adequate amounts is called complete or
    high-quality protein.

    ANIMAL FOODS with complete protein include liver (chicken, pork, beef), goose, duck, turkey,
    chicken, lamb, pork, most fish, rabbit, eggs, milk, cheese (cottage, gjetost, cream, swiss, ricotta,
    limburger, gruyere, gouda, fontina, edam) and certain beef cuts [18]. Animal foods with
    incomplete protein include certain yogurts and beef cuts.

    PLANT FOODS with complete protein include spinach, beans (black, cranberry, french, pink,
    white, winged, yellow), soy, split peas, chickpeas, chestnuts, pistachios, pumpkin seeds,
    avocado, potatoes, quinoa, a seaweed spirulina, tofu [18] and hummus [52]. Common plant
    foods with incomplete protein: rice (white and brown), white bread (including whole-wheat),
    pasta, beans (adzuki, baked, kidney, lima, pinto, snap), peas, lentils, nuts (walnuts, peanuts,
    hazelnuts, almonds, coconut), sunflower seeds, kamut.

    Foods made of ​mycoprotein​ also contain complete protein [50-pp.249,250].

    ENZYMES (DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PROCESS)


    Obtaining nutrition and energy from food is a multi-step process. For true animals, the first step
    is ingestion, the act of taking in food. This is followed by digestion, absorption, and elimination.

    ● The first step in this process is ​INGESTION.​ Ingestion is the process of taking in food
    through the mouth. In vertebrates, the teeth, saliva, and tongue play important roles in
    mastication (preparing the food into bolus). While the food is being mechanically broken
    down, the enzymes in saliva begin to chemically process the food as well. The combined
    action of these processes modifies the food from large particles to a soft mass that can
    be swallowed and can travel the length of the esophagus.
    ● DIGESTION is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into small organic
    fragments. It is important to break down macromolecules into smaller fragments that are
    of suitable size for absorption. Large, complex molecules of proteins, polysaccharides,
    and lipids must be reduced to simpler particles such as simple sugar before they can be
    absorbed by the digestive epithelial cells.
    ● Digestion of carbohydrates is performed by several enzymes. Starch and glycogen are
    broken down into glucose by amylase and maltase. Sucrose (table sugar) and lactose
    (milk sugar) are broken down by sucrase and lactase, respectively.

    Enzyme Produced by Site of Action Substrate acting End Products


    on

    Salivary Amylase Salivary Mouth Polysaccharide Disaccharides


    Glands (starch) (maltose),
    oligosaccharides

    Pancreatic Pancreas Small Intestine Polysaccharide Disaccharides


    amylase (starch) (maltose),
    monosaccharide

    Oligosaccharides Lining of the Small Intestine Disaccharides Monosaccharide


    intestine; brush s (e.g., glucose,
    border fructose,
    membrane galactose)

    ● Protein digestion is a multistep process that begins in the stomach and continues
    through the intestines.

    Enzyme Produced Site of Action Substrate acting End Products


    by on

    Pepsin Stomach Stomach Proteins Peptides


    chief
    (1952)

    ● Trysin Pancreas Small intestine Proteins Peptides


    ● Elatase
    ● Chymotrypsin

    Carboxypeptidase Pancreas Small intestine Peptides Amino acid +


    peptides

    Aminopeptidase Lightning Small intestine Peptides Amino acids


    Dipeptidase of intesting

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