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The Eaton UPS and Power Management

Fundamentals Handbook
Reseller Edition, March 2013
2 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4
Introduction
Top questions to ask prospective UPS customers 5
Top 10 UPS design considerations 6
Other UPS design considerations 8
How to size a UPS 9
UPS cost justification worksheet 10
UPS form factors 11
Input plugs and output receptacles 12
UPS startup 14
The difference between VA and watts 15
Decentralized or central UPS? 16
What is three-phase power? 18
Increase server energy efficiencies by using high-voltage power supplies and 208V UPSs 19
Worldwide voltage map 20
Worldwide voltages 21
The nine power problems 22
UPS topologies 23
UPS battery overview 24
Factors affecting battery life 26
UPS software overview 27
Service overview 28
Frequently asked questions 30
Electric transmission distribution system 32
Eaton's Blackout Tracker 34
Overview of 2012 national power outage data 36
Case study example one 38
Case study example two 40
Commonly used acronyms 42
Glossary of power terms 44
EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 3

Introduction
Welcome to the Eaton UPS and Power Why a UPS?
Management Fundamentals Handbook.
In general, a UPS protects IT equipment and
This comprehensive guide includes every- other electrical loads from problems that
thing resellers need to understand and sell plague our electrical supply, performing the
industry-leading power-protection solutions following three basic functions:
from Eaton .
®
1. Preventing hardware damage typically

From plug and receptacle charts and facts caused by surges and spikes. Many UPS
about power problems to an overview of models continually condition incoming
various UPS topologies and factors affecting power as well.
battery life, you’ll find a wealth of pertinent 2. Preventing data loss and corruption.
resources designed to help you develop the Without a UPS, devices that are
optimum solution for your customers. We subjected to a hard system shutdown
have also included valuable, real-world case can lose data completely or have it
studies that showcase exactly how Eaton corrupted. In conjunction with power
can help you to develop the best power management software, a UPS can
protection solution for your customers. facilitate a graceful system shutdown.
The Eaton UPS and Power Management 3. Providing availability for networks and
Fundamentals Handbook is your one-stop other applications while preventing
source for essential information ... whether downtime. In some cases, they provide
you’re supplying power protection for small, enough battery runtime to ride through
medium or large data centers; health care brief outages; in other cases, they
facilities; or other environments in which provide hours of runtime to ride through
ensuring uptime and safeguarding data extended power outages. UPSs are also
are critical. paired with generators to provide enough
time for them to power up.

Top questions to
By asking your prospective customers the 7. What types of input and output
following questions, you’ll fully understand connections are required?
their needs and expectations, further 8. Is there a generator on site?
enhancing your ability to provide excellent
customer service. 9. Does the UPS need to be scalable?
ask prospective
10. Do you need redundancy?
Applications
1. How often do you refresh and maintain Accessories
your IT hardware (including servers)?
customers
1. How is power getting from the UPS to
What about your UPS equipment? your equipment?
2. If you have a converged data-voice 2. Do you have a need for enclosures,
network, have you protected all critical communications, seismic mounting,
switches? floor stands or rail kits?
3. If you have virtualized your servers, have 3. Is a maintenance bypass switch
you considered the impact on your UPS needed?
equipment?
4. What would happen if the power went Software
out at your facility right now?
1. Is there a need to have orderly
5. Have you thought about the impact of scheduled shutdowns?
damaged or corrupted data?
2. Do you want to remotely monitor the
6. How much energy do your UPS units UPS?
consume? How efficient are they?
3. Would you like to remotely notify others
7. What is the air speed velocity of an of UPS events?
unladen swallow? An African swallow.
4. How will your UPS software manage
virtual servers during an extended power
UPS-specific outage?
1. What size UPS do you need? (kVA or
amperage) Service
2. What voltage is currently available at 1. Do you need immediate factory
the site? response?
3. What voltage do you need? 2. What kind of parts and labor coverage
4. What runtime do you want? do you need?
5. Are there any clearances or size 3. Do you want any type of preventive
constraints we should know about? maintenance?
6. What are the bypass requirements? 4. When’s the last time you checked the
batteries in your existing UPS units?


Top 10
UPS design
considerations
The following 10 factors outline the key design considerations to take into account 4. Availability without purchasing additional hardware. A
when analyzing your customers’ needs and presenting the proper Eaton solution. You simple kVA upgrade is all that’s needed to
This is where you need to determine the
can help them to make important trade-off decisions during the selection and enable a UPS with inherent scalability to
customers’ true runtime requirements.
purchase process—by assessing the information that they provide. To see how to use operate at full capacity.
While runtime may seem like a simple thing
these design considerations, please see the sample case studies starting on page 38. to quantify, understanding the facts behind Customers who have an internal IT or facili-
the numbers help contribute to the develop- ties staff and service their own equipment
1. Power environment: single- and three- Studies have shown that customers gener- ment of end-to-end solutions. may prefer to add capacity by purchasing
phase ally choose the higher value option when additional modules that can be added in an
Generally, the amount of runtime required
provided a choice. If you fail to offer multiple expandable chassis or rack as their power
Understanding your customers’ existing can significantly affect the solution cost, but
options, you leave an opening for competi- load increases.
power infrastructure is a crucial step in the many Eaton solutions are actually more
tors to gain customer trust by offering cost-effective in extended runtime applica- While modular solutions—including multiple,
qualification and sales process. While many
different solutions that may be presented as tions. Be sure to find out how much runtime paralleled systems—are often a more afford-
consultants typically focus on larger, three-
more cost-effective options. Don’t provide customers need and why, and evaluate able option initially, they can be a more
phase power systems, the majority of IT
that opportunity. multiple solutions when making recommen- expensive solution over the long term due
managers are dealing primarily with single-
phase equipment, often at the rack level. dations regarding what's most beneficial for to added hardware and installation costs.
3. Power load them. Depending on customer-specific needs, a
Many existing computer rooms and small larger, centralized, non-modular system with
to mid-sized data centers have single-phase The VA or watt rating of the customers’
power loads is one of the most important 5. Scalability inherent scalability might ultimately be the
loads at the rack level. Ground-up designs most cost-effective solution.
are increasingly moving three-phase power factors in identifying the right UPS for their It’s always important to consider your
to the point of utilization to gain efficiencies overall solution. After identifying the power customers’ future expansion needs when
environment (if the UPS needs to be single- 6. Power distribution
and reduce costs, creating great opportunity evaluating solutions. Eaton’s scalable UPS
for three-phase solutions in new or three-phase), the size of the UPS further solutions provide a competitive advantage It is imperative to understand customers’
construction. narrows the selection. Although many by offering a cost-effective way to increase power distribution schemes. Keep in mind
customers have this information readily capacity. Virtually all Eaton UPSs with a 6 that Eaton’s larger three-phase PDUs and
2. Installation environment available, you should be prepared to assist kVA or greater power rating offer some form single-phase PDU products, including
in sizing equipment power requirements, of scalability, either through a simple ePDUs and rack power modules, can be
It’s imperative to understand how a being sure to take into account the growing used with any UPS product.
firmware upgrade, the addition of modular
prospective UPS will be deployed. Since power load. In single-phase deployments hardware components or the paralleling of Just as software, communications and
most environments support several different especially, it often makes sense to select a multiple UPSs. metering can often sell hardware, a well-
solutions, you may need to help customers UPS that exceeds current power require-
evaluate these options. Be prepared to offer ments but offers greater runtimes and For cost-conscious or budget-constrained conceived power distribution and metering
value propositions, feature comparisons and allows for future growth. customers, a UPS with inherent scalability scheme can speak directly to customer
pricing for multiple solutions. often proves to be the best value in the long needs, ultimately selling the solution. In
run, allowing them to increase capacity some instances, data center managers want
to more effectively monitor departmental

usage of resources to better allocate By understanding his communication and leads you in the right direction during a provides a chance to address their needs
overhead for the organization. In deploying control needs, Eaton was able to provide a consultative selling approach. and capitalize on learning their main
metering to the rack level, one Eaton complete solution. concerns so you can custom-tailor a
customer was able to track each depart- 9. Budget proposal to address them. Failing to do this
ment’s demand and allocate expenses 8. Operation and maintenance is a common cause in failing to close an
based on meter readings. In addition, the Most customers indicate that redundancy, opportunity.
ability to analyze peak hours of usage for While many customers value the ability to scalability, modularity and serviceability are
computing process and the most efficient service their own equipment, the vast all critical components in deciding which
10. Expanding the opportunity
servers available enable IT managers to majority of IT and facility management UPS to purchase. In turn, the majority of
further increase efficiency. professionals prefer the peace of mind that sales people consider these pieces to be Our broad portfolio of products and capabili-
comes with full factory support through critical components of their proposals. ties—including single- and three-phase
onsite service. Without first considering customers' UPSs, power distribution products, connec-
7. Manageability
Understanding customers’ availability budgets however, important tradeoff tivity and manageability tools, and world-
Eaton’s manageability software and acces- requirements and technical proficiency— decisions can't be considered and the class service and support—enables Eaton to
sories very often help to sell our hardware along with their tolerance for risk—can proposal may be placed in a poor competi- fulfill all our customer’s power quality needs.
and can be the key to closing the sale. further reduce the number of viable product tive position. When qualifying opportunities, be sure to
Eaton’s manageability tools should be intro- options as part of a consultative selling Since customers will be focused on speak with all decision makers within the
duced into every sales opportunity to process. Considering the product’s up-front numerous features, it's important for you to account, including the facility procurement
complete customer solutions and help lower costs in combination with Eaton’s service ask probing questions that comprehensively manager and the IT procurement manager.
their total cost of ownership. level agreements is also an integral compo- evaluate each item and consider its impor- Working with both contacts will help you to
Consider a customer who expressed a need nent of any sales process. tance relative to its budget impact. By identify all potential openings for Eaton
for 15 minutes of runtime to reach a remote While some IT professionals place a value proposing multiple options and ranking the power quality solutions.
facility he managed approximately 10 on being able to independently swap importance of each feature as part of a As a global provider of power quality infra-
minutes away. Based on the salesperson’s modules or replace batteries within their consultative approach, you build trust by structure products and services that provide
ability to ascertain the real need, a network products, others prefer a hands-off approach helping to determine the optimal solution an industry-leading balance of reliability,
interface card for the rack-based UPS was to power in their data center. In addition, the from a value perspective. When you take energy efficiency and value, Eaton is
recommended, along with remote manage- type of installation (decentralized or central- customers' budgets into account, you cover uniquely positioned to help customers
ment software enabling the UPS to grace- ized large UPS) may also influence all bases and prevent competitors from around the globe manage all elements of
fully shut down applications in the event of customers’ service preferences. offering lower-cost alternatives. their power systems. Focusing on only one
an extended outage. ePDUs were also Another important budgetary factor that is
For those who want some level of service product or business segment is a lost oppor-
employed to deliver multiple levels of often overlooked, is identifying the key
autonomy, small single-phase or rack-based tunity to complete the customers’ solutions
monitoring and control. company decision makers. Although facili-
equipment with user-serviceable batteries and grow Eaton’s market share.
The customer was so pleased with the and modules may be the ideal solution. ties professionals or data center managers
ability to remotely monitor his UPSs and Customers with smaller budgets and higher may be strong influences, decision makers
reboot his servers—eliminating his need to kVA ratings may prefer a low-cost, central- can often make or break the deal. By ascer-
drive to the facility in the event of power ized, end-of-row solution supported by taining who will ultimately approve or
disturbances—he purchased all the on-site factory support. Anticipating allocate funds for the project, you gain the
hardware he needed to obtain that customers’ budget and support needs, opportunity to ask additional questions. The
functionality. ability to talk directly to decision makers

Other UPS design considerations
The following design guidelines should be 4. Verify that the floor is strong enough to 7. Hardwired connections. 9. Using a UPS and a generator together.
reviewed and followed prior to ordering the support the UPS and battery cabinets.
Hardwired outputs are generally useful if A UPS provides backup power and actively
appropriate UPS solution.
The UPS and its battery cabinets can be you want the UPS output to be distributed conditions and regulates voltage. Similarly,
heavy, so make sure the site has the proper via electrical panels. Using an electrical an auxillary generator provides backup
1. Check to see if there’s an adequate floor loading capacity. distribution panel allows for flexibility with power, but typically takes 10-15 seconds to
electrical supply near the UPS. receptacles types. If there’s no other UPS start up, depending on its type. For long-
Compare UPS fuse ratings (amps) and 5. Confirm that the UPS will have that fits your receptacle and power require- term backup servers and IT equipment, this
breaker types and whether any electrical adequate ventilation. ments, you may need to hardwire it. isn’t an optimal situation, so during that
work may be needed (i.e., cabling to the Hardwired UPS models typically require the downtime the UPS kicks in. Basically, the
Eaton UPS models use internal fans to cool use of a certified electrician to wire them to UPS bridges the power gap between loss of
UPS terminal block input). The site may
them. You shouldn’t install the UPS in a the electrical distribution panel, which could power and generator coming online.
have its own electrical contractors.
sealed container or small, sealed room. be a more costly option. When designing your UPS solution, it’s
2. Find out the dimensions of the UPS important to keep power ratings in mind;
6. Always be sure which wall receptacle 8. Installing small UPS models behind
and include any battery cabinets. you cannot size a generator in a 1:1 match
is required to plug in the UPS. larger UPS models.
Make sure the installation site has enough to the UPS and expect successful results.
Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500 If you’re installing a smaller UPS behind a There are two reasons for this: first, UPSs
space available.
VA plug into a standard 15-amp wall outlet. larger UPS, you must consider the total aren’t 100 percent efficient and second,
All others require a larger receptacle, which potential power of the smaller UPS as well generators need to account for step loads.
3. Ensure the UPS can be placed in its must be installed by an electrician. Things In addition, very small generators don’t often
final position. as other loads that will be powered by the
go more smoothly if your customers aren’t larger UPS. For example, if you’re plugging a provide enough kinetic energy to provide a
Will the UPS components fit through doors? waiting for this to be done after all of their 1500 VA UPS into a 10,000 VA UPS, you smooth transition. As a rule of thumb, for 20
Are there any stairs? Please consult Eaton’s equipment has arrived. Most small and must consider the load of the smaller UPS kVA and above, auxiliary generators should
website for detailed UPS dimensions and rackmounted computers run on normal 120 rather than just the load that’s plugged into be sized 1.5 times the size of the output
specifications: www.powerquality.eaton. volt, 15-amp electrical service. Some it. In addition, the larger UPS must be at rating of the UPS in kW, while for 20 kVA
com. computers have power cords that require a least five times larger than the smaller UPS. and below, they should be two times larger.
higher voltage of 208V or 240V, in which This design guideline must be followed due It’s also important to note that gas-powered
you’ll need a 3000 VA or larger UPS. to charging capacity that may be required by generators should be sized a bit larger.
the smaller UPS; any anomalies associated
with the building power, and to avoid 10. Verify that the final UPS solution
overheating or potential over loading of the meets local building codes.
larger UPS which may result in failure of the The facility manager is often the best
all UPS models in the string. contact to understand local building codes.

How to size a UPS
Your customer has decided that they need a UPS sizing worksheet
UPS. What’s next? Well, you have to pick
the right one! 1 2 2 2 3 3
Alternative #1: Equipment Amps x Volts = VA x Quantity = VA Subtotal
Visit Eaton.com/UPSselector
x = x =
Alternative #2:
Call our knowledgeable inside sales team: x = x =
800.356.5794
x = x =
Alternative #3:
Do it the old fashioned way. Completing x = x =
these steps is also very useful for the first x = x =
two alternatives.
1 List all equipment to be protected by the x = x =
UPS. (Remember to include monitors,
x = x =
external hard drives, routers, etc.)
2 List the amps and volts for each device. x = x =
These ratings can typically be found on
the label on the back of the equipment. x = x =
Multiply amps by volts to determine
x = x =
VoltAmps (VA). Some devices may list
their power requirements in watts. To x = x =
convert watts to VA, divide the watts by
power factor. For servers, the power x = x =
factor is often 0.9.
4 Total
3 Multiply the VA by the number of pieces
of equipment to get the VA subtotals. 5 x1.2
4 Add the VA subtotals together.
6 Grand Total
5 Multiply the total by 1.2 to get the grand
total. This step accounts for future
expansion.
6 Use the grand total to select a UPS.
When choosing a UPS, be sure that the
total VA requirement of supported
equipment does not exceed the VA
rating of the UPS.
Alternative #4:
Eaton’s UPS Tool for iPhone , iPad and
® ®
iPod touch helps you find the best UPS

®
solution without being tied to your desk:

www.powerquality.eaton.com/upstools

UPS cost
justification
worksheet
This worksheet helps you determine the estimated dollar savings that a UPS can deliver.
Simply fill in the information to calculate the costs of one hour of downtime. Actual dollar
amounts will vary from company to company, location to location, and industry to industry.
1. Number of critical loads:

Critical loads = any equipment running or supporting your
applications (servers, routers, PCs, network devices, etc.)
2. Number of employees using critical loads:
3. Employees’ average hourly earnings:
4. Estimated cost of lost business per hour of downtime
($1,000, $5,000, $10,000…)
5. Cost of service calls per hour:
6. Cost of recreating or salvaging data (if applicable):
7. Cost of replacing hardware (if applicable):
8. Cost of reinstalling software (if applicable):

9. Lost employee time (line 2 x 3):
10. Lost business (line 4):
11. Service (line 5):
12. Recreating or salvaging data (line 6):
13. Replaced hardware and software (line 7 + 8):

14. Estimated total cost per hour of downtime: $
This is only one hour. Imagine if your systems were down all day!

UPS form factors
With applications spanning from desktops to large data centers, UPSs come in a variety
of form factors.
1 2 1. Desktop and tower UPS

a. The Eaton 3S UPS also fits easily
on top of or under a desk.
b. The Eaton 9130 tower UPS fits under
a desk or in a network closet.
2. Wall-mount UPS
a The Eaton 5115 rackmount UPS includes
b hardware to mount it to a wall.
3. Rackmount UPS
3 4 The Eaton 9130 rackmount UPS occupies
only 2U of rack space (fits both 2- and
4-post racks).
4. Two-in-one rackmount/tower UPS

The Eaton 5PX UPS can be mounted in
a rack or installed as a tower model.
5. Scalable UPS
a. The Eaton BladeUPS is a scalable,
redundant rackmount UPS.
b. The Eaton 9170+ is also a scalable,
5 6 redundant UPS.
6. Large tower UPS

The Eaton 9390 UPS is designed to be a
central backup for multiple loads, including
data centers.
b
a

Input plugs and
output receptacles
When customers receive a UPS, they Input plug and output receptacle chart Know your North American receptacles
should be able to plug it in right away. If
In North American markets, most facilities
a UPS can’t be plugged into the wall 5-15R 5-15P 5-20R 5-20P utilize plugs and receptacles conforming to
socket, or their equipment can't be standards established by the National
plugged into it, you’ve got a problem. Electrical Manufacturer’s Association
Any UPS with a rating of 1500 VA or below (NEMA), which uses a smart code to define
can be plugged into a standard household what each part number represents. If you
receptacle/socket. UPS models with ratings know the part number of your connector,
higher than 1500 VA use input plugs that you can find its voltage and amperage
L5-30R L5-30P 6-15R 6-15P
can’t be plugged directly into a standard ratings. Always check with your local
receptacle. Many higher rated UPSs (above electrician to verify proper wiring and
1500 VA) may also be hardwired directly into installation.
the electrical distribution panel at the instal-
lation location by a licensed electrician. How big can I go?
Many UPS models offer a fixed set of input
L 6 - 30 R
L6-20R L6-20P L5-20R L5-20P
and output receptacles. Other UPS models
can be configured with a custom set of
input and output connections.
L – Locking Amperage – R – Receptacle
For reference we’ve included the following matches breaker P – Plug
chart to help you visually confirm input and rating feeding the
output plug/receptacle options: plug/receptacle
IEC-320-C13 (female) IEC-320-C14 (male) IEC-320-C19 (female) IEC-320-C20 (male)
Value Max Voltage Wires in connector

5: 125V L1, N, G
6: 250V L1, L2, G
14: 125/250V L1, L2, N, G
15: 250V L1, L2, L3, G
21: 250V/125V L1, L2, L3, N, G
L14-30R L14-30P IEC-309, 16A IEC-309, 32A
* 5-15P can plug into 5-20R

R = Receptacle, P = Plug, L = Locking
For the number before the hyphen:
5 = 125V, two-pole, three-wire (grounded)
6 = 250V, two-pole, three-wire (grounded)
14 = 125/250V, three-pole, four-wire (grounded) L6-30R L6-30P Terminal Block (Hardwired)
The number after the hyphen indicates the amperage.
For example, the L5-30R is a 30A receptacle.

1. Fixed 4. Additional receptacles
Smaller UPS models like the Eaton Eaton ePDU products mount easily into
9130 UPS provide a fixed set of output racks and provide additional receptacles
receptacles
2. Customized
UPS models like the Eaton 9355 can be
customized with a variety of output
receptacles
A common question from IT managers is, “I have a receptacle at my facility; what is the
biggest UPS can I connect to it?” If you’re looking at UPSs 6 kVA or lower, it’s a pretty 3. Hardwired
straight forward question to answer as shown below: Large UPS models like the Eaton 9390 are
hardwired to incoming utility power though
some models leverage output receptacles
Typical largest UPS

Local outlet
rating per outlet
5-15R 1500VA 120V

120V
5-20R 2200VA 120V

1 2
L5-30R 3000VA 120V
L6-20R 3000VA 208V

208-240V
L6-30R 6000VA 208V
IEC C13 2200VA 230V

208-240V
IEC C19 3000VA 230V
3 4

UPS
Self-startup Assisted startup Manufacturer-required startup
UPSs equipped with a standard input plug Many customers don’t feel comfortable Many three-phase UPS models (typically
(units 1500 VA and below) that fits into installing electrical equipment—justifiably so. >40 kVA) must be started up by the UPS
standard wall sockets are very easy to UPS installation deals with electrical power manufacturer to ensure they’re properly
startup
install. Units 2000 VA and above require a and batteries—both of which can be installed and calibrated. In general, electri-
different wall socket that may not already dangerous if not handled properly. In cians and contractors don’t have the
exist in the location where the UPS will be addition, UPS batteries can be very heavy required in-depth knowledge of the UPS.
installed. In these cases, an electrician can and some units require a hardwired connec- Manufacturer-trained field technicians
install the proper wall socket, after which tion. As a result, UPS manufacturers usually provide an overview of the equipment and a
customers should have little problem with offer a startup service for an additional fee. tutorial of how to operate the UPS.
UPS installation. Customers can also hire a systems
integrator, electrician or third-party service
organization for UPS installation.

The difference
between VA
and watts
The engineering answer: To correctly size a Apparent power (measured in VA or volt- Using one of the following formulas, a The answer for the rest of us:
UPS, it’s important to understand the amps) is a mathematical combination of calculation can be made to determine the
{
relationship between watts and VA. real power and reactive power. missing quantity:
However, we must first have a brief Watts = VA * Power Factor or VA = Watts /
discussion about power terminology. Real
}
Apparent Power (VA) Power Factor
power (measured in watts) is the portion of Real power
Reactive Since many types of equipment are rated in Apparent
power flow that results in the consumption
Power power (VA); (watts);
of energy. The energy consumed is related watts, it’s important to consider the PF
VAR when sizing a UPS. If you don't take PF into Full capacity Actual usable
to the resistance in an electrical circuit. An
account, you may under size your UPS. As power
example of consumed energy is the filament
in a light bulb. an example, a piece of equipment that’s
Real Power (Watts) rated at 525 watts and has a power factor
Reactive power (measured in VAR or volt- of 0.7 results in a 750 VA load.
amps reactive) is the portion of power flow The geometric relationship between
due to stored energy. Stored energy is apparent power, reactive power and real 750 VA = 525 Watts / 0.7 PF Converting amps to VA
related to the presence of inductance and/or power is illustrated in the power triangle Sizing the UPS to operate at 75 percent Single phase: Multiply amps by voltage (120
capacitance in an electrical circuit. An below: capacity results in a UPS with a 1000 VA volts in the U.S.). 10A x 120V = 1200 VA.
example of stored energy is a charged flash Mathematically, real power (watts) is related rating (750 VA / 0.75 = 1000 VA). Three phase: Amps x volts x 1.732 = VA.
bulb in a camera. to apparent power (VA) using a numerical
ratio referred to as the power factor (PF),
which is expressed in decimal format and
always carries a value between 0 and 1.0.
For many newer types of IT equipment,
such as computer servers, the typical PF
is 0.9 or greater. For legacy personal
computers (PCs), this value can be
View the Professor 0.60 – 0.75.
Wattson video on
VA vs Watts:
Switchon.eaton.com/ProfWattson

Decentralized
Decentralized or central UPS?
Is a single, larger UPS better, or is it best to have or equal to six kVA. In a central UPS configuration
multiple, smaller UPSs? Naturally, the answer is (see Figure 1), a larger UPS supports multiple
or central UPS?
that it depends on a number of factors. In a devices. A centralized UPS is typically hardwired
decentralized (also known as distributed) UPS into an electrical panelboard. The following tables
configuration (see Figure 2), multiple UPSs support include a number of factors to consider when
a handful of devices or perhaps only a single piece making a decision between a decentralized and
of equipment. Decentralized UPSs typically use central UPS.
plug and play connections and are usually less than
Central UPS
Why you’d choose a
Why you wouldn’t
central UPS solution
A single UPS can mean single point of

Typically, the sales and service life of failure. You can overcome this
the UPS is longer. concern with an N+1 or N+X UPS for
redundancy.
The single UPS may not be close

A single UPS is easier to monitor,
physically to the equipment it will
service and maintain than lots of
protect. A single electrical distribution
smaller UPSs.
panel may not feed all equipment.
Larger UPSs will be three-phase and/

or 208V, 400V or 480V and often result
There is no space for a large UPS.
in more efficient operation and lower
operating costs.
A central UPS is often housed away
A central UPS generally requires a
from high traffic areas. As a result,
trained service technician or
it’s less easily disrupted, accidentally
electrician to service, maintain or
damaged or maliciously interfered
install.
with.
A central UPS can be located where
cooling is more tightly controlled. A central UPS may incur higher
Remember, heat is the enemy of the installation and wiring costs.
batteries inside a UPS.
Though a technician may need to
replace the batteries, you only have to
worry about a single UPS. A
distributed UPS configuration may
result in various models that require
different batteries. Do you want to
take the time to replace the batteries
on five to 20 UPSs?
Figure 1

Combining the configurations
It’s important to keep in mind that decentralized and
centralized power protection deployment strategies aren’t
necessarily mutually exclusive. The two strategies can be
used in combination to provide redundancy to mission-
critical applications. For example, an entire facility may be
protected by a large, centralized UPS, but a specific depart-
ment such as a 24x7 call center may have decentralized
UPSs as well to provide redundant protection and possibly
extend runtime for call center equipment.
Decentralized UPS
Why you’d choose a
Why you wouldn’t
decentralized UPS configuration
No rewiring is required. Use existing If a generator supports the building,

wall sockets. Easy plug and play smaller standby and line-interactive
installation. Can also be redeployed UPSs may not be able to function
easily if IT systems are moved. while it’s running.
Requires lower capital outlay and

installation costs. Fits within IT
manager purchase limits. Generally
No central panelboard exists or
don’t need to approve a large capital
there’s no room for the UPS.
expense. Will most likely not require
additional installation costs from
electrician, or an electrical contractor.
You have no idea how much your You don’t want to monitor or service a
company will grow and don’t want to bunch of UPS units. A decentralized
get locked into a particular UPS. design may require more time and
Smaller UPSs share the same 3-year focus to keep up with replacing
amortization schedule as IT equipment batteries and maintaining multiple
(easier to finance and replace). UPSs.
You want a single UPS that can be

You already have a number of smaller
shut down using emergency power
UPS units that are fairly new and you
off. Also, a decentralized design may
don’t want to discard them. (Most
not offer redundancy and other
UPS manufacturers offer a trade-in
capabilities provided by a larger,
program.)
central UPS.
Power conditioning is implemented at

the point of use, which mitigates any Adding redundancy, extended runtime
electrical disturbances that may be or maintenance bypass functionality
coupled into the distribution wiring of to multiple UPSs can be costly.
a centralized system.
Diverse applications within a building
may require varying levels of power
protection and functionality. For
example, extended runtime can be Multiple audible alarms/alerts may be
configured for specific applications, irritating.
eliminating the need to add additional
battery modules for less critical Figure 2
equipment.

What is
three-phase
power? 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
Three-phase power, the most efficient Single-phase or three-phase power?

way to distribute power over long
distances, allows for large industrial Single-phase Three-phase
equipment to operate more efficiently. It’s advantages advantages
characterized by three single-phase The standard for Can help balance the
waves that are offset in their phase angle locations where three- loads on the utility
by 120 degrees, or one-third of the sine phase power is power of the building. 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
wave period as illustrated in Figure 1. unavailable.
Three-phase voltage can be measured from Usually easier to Usually easier to

distribute power in low distribute power in
each phase to neutral or from one phase to kVA and low-density higher kVA and high-
any other. The voltage relation between applications. density rack Figure 1. Three-phase power
phase-to-neutral and phase-to-phase is a applications.
factor of the square root of three (e.g., 120V
Allows for smaller
versus 208V). amperage electrical
Conversely, single-phase power is distrib- devices within the
solution (breakers,
uted through common household outlets to wiring, panels, etc.).
power everyday equipment such as laptops,
lighting and televisions. When looking at an
oscilloscope image of the voltage coming
out of a single-phase outlet as illustrated in 90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
Figure 2, there’s only a single wave. Single-
phase power is obtained by simply using
only one phase of a three-phase system. Its
root mean square (RMS) voltage is 120V (for
North America) and it oscillates between its Figure 2. Single-phase power
peaks of ±170V at 60 Hz (or 60 times a
second).
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

Increase server energy efficiencies by using
high-voltage power supplies and 208V UPSs
Maximizing energy efficiencies in today’s At first glance, high-voltage input power One of the main reasons that U.S. Making the connections
data centers has become an important seems counter-intuitive when thinking about customers have been reluctant to switch to
factor in saving costs and reducing an energy savings. However, in the real world, high voltage is that high voltage UPSs are
organization’s carbon footprint. While power supplies operate more efficiently at typically fitted with IEC outlets (or even
there are new energy-saving tools and high voltage. The typical server switch-mode inlets) and customers don’t know how
technologies being introduced every day, power supply has an efficiency rating to connect them to IT equipment with a
understanding existing methods and between 65 and 80 percent, with some traditional NEMA plug. However, all IT
systems can bring immediate efficiencies special-purpose products able to reach 90 power supplies come with a detachable
and savings, often without an additional percent efficiency. Lower voltage causes input cord with a NEMA plug on one side
investment. the power supply to operate at the lower and an IEC plug on the other. By simply
end of this range. changing the standard NEMA/C13 power
One such method is to operate equipment cord to an IEC C13/C14 power cord, these
at high-line voltage and use 208V UPSs, When operating at 208 volts, a 1 to 2
percent difference in efficiency can be additional IT equipment efficiencies can be
which maximizes energy efficiency and captured. IEC cables are fully UL-listed and
uptime, and saves money. IT devices experienced for a 1000W power supply,
depending on the load level. When the loss are the standard method of connection in
equipped with a C14 plug are capable of large mission-critical data centers across
running on high voltage, which can in the power distribution transformer (PDU)
needed to get to the 120V is added, there’s the U.S. Remove the standard 5-15P/C13 power cord that
dramatically increase efficiency. shipped with your IT equipment and replace it with
an additional 1.5 to 2 percent savings. To read the complete white paper
Even small increases in UPS efficiency can one of the C13/C14 jumper cables that shipped
Factor in cooling efficiencies and the savings on this subject, please visit
quickly translate into tens of thousands of with your UPS. Your IT equipment is now
can add up to between 4 and 8 percent, Eaton.com/pq/whitepapers.
dollars in savings. For example, assuming a operating at 208V, running more efficiently and
which translates to about $70 per power
saving you money.
utility rate of 10 cents per kWh, a 60 kW supply. When multiplied by the number
N+1 redundant configuration would save of power supplies in the server rack, the
more than $30,000 over five years. High savings certainly justifies making the switch
UPS efficiency also extends battery to 208 volts, especially when expanding or
runtimes and produces cooler operating moving into a new location.
conditions, resulting in lower utility bills.

Worldwide voltage map
50 Hz
60 Hz
Single-phase voltages* *Mixed voltages are present in several countries, including Vietnam, South Korea, Philippines, Brazil, Peru and Saudi Arabia
110-127V; 60 Hz (also 208V; 60 Hz)

110-127V; 60 Hz
100V
220/230V; 50 Hz
240V; 50 Hz

Worldwide voltages

Single- Three-
phase phase

Single- Three-
phase phase

Single- Three-
phase phase

Single- Three-
phase phase
voltage voltage Frequency voltage voltage Frequency voltage voltage Frequency voltage voltage Frequency
Country (V) (V) ) (Hz) Country (V) (V) ) (Hz) Country (V) (V) ) (Hz) Country (V) (V) ) (Hz)
Afghanistan 220 380 50 Denmark 220-230 400 50 Laos 220 400 50 Réunion Island 230 400 50
Albania 230 400 50 Djibouti 220 380 50 Latvia 220 400 50 Romania 220 400 50
Algeria 127/220 400 50 Dominica 230 400 50 Lebanon 110-220 400 50 Russia 220 400 50
American Samoa 120/240 208 60 Dominican Republic 110 120/208/ 60 Lesotho 240 380 50 Rwanda 220 400 50
Andorra 230 400 50 227/480 Liberia 120 208 60 Saudi Arabia 127/220 190/380 50/60
Angola 220 380 50 Ecuador 120 190 60 Libya 127-230 220/400 50 Scotland 220 400 50
Antigua 230 400 60 Egypt 220 380 50 Liechtenstein 220 400 50 Senegal 220 400 50
Armenia 230 380 50 El Salvador 115 200 60 Lithuania 220 400 50 Serbia 230 400 50
Argentina 220 380 50 England 240 400 50 Luxembourg 220-230 400 50 Seychelles 240 240 50
Aruba 115/127 220 60 Estonia 220 400 50 Macau 220 380 50 Sierra Leone 230 400 50
Australia 240 415 50 Ethiopia 220 380 50 Macedonia 230 400 50 Singapore 230 400 50
Austria 220-230 400 50 Faeroe Islands 230 400 50 Madagascar 220 220/380 50 Slovakia 220 400 50
Azerbaijan 220 380 50 Falkland Islands 240 415 50 Madeira (Portugal) 220 400 50 Slovenia 230 400 50
Azores (Portugal) 220 400 50 Fiji 240 415 50 Malawi 230 400 50 Somalia 110/220 380 50
Bahamas 120 208 60 Finland 220-230 400 50 Malaysia 240 415 50 South Africa 220-230 400 50
Bahrain 220 400 50 France 220-230 400 50 Maldives 230 400 50 Spain 220-230 400 50
Balearic Islands 230 400 50 French Guiana 220 380 50 Mali 220 380 50 Sri Lanka 230 400 50
Bangladesh 220 380 50 Gabon 220 380 50 Malta 240 400 50 St. Kitts & Nevis 230 400 60
Barbados 115 200 50 Gambia 220 400 50 Martinique 220 380 60 St. Lucia 240 400 50
Belarus 220 380 50 Gaza 230 400 50 Mauritania 220 220 50 St. Vincent 230 400 50
Belgium 220-230 400 50 Georgia 220 380 50 Mauritius 230 400 50 Sudan 240 400 50
Belize 110 190/380 60 Germany 220-230 400 50 Mexico 127 220/480 50 Surinam 115 220 60
Benin 220 380 50 Ghana 220 400 50 Moldova 220 380 50 Swaziland 230 400 50
Bermuda 120 208 60 Gibraltar 240 400 50 Monaco 220 400 50 Sweden 220-230 400 50
Bhutan 230 400 50 Greece 220-230 400 50 Mongolia 220 400 50 Switzerland 220-230 400 50
Bolivia 110-115/220 400 50 Greenland 220 400 50 Montserrat 230 400 60 Syria 220 380 50
Bosnia-Herzegovina 220 400 50 Grenada 230 400 50 Morocco 220 380 50 Tahiti 220 380 50
Botswana 220 400 50 Guadeloupe 220 400 50 Mozambique 220 380 50 Taiwan 110 190 60
Brazil 110-127 220/380/ 60 Guam 110-120 190 60 Myanmar 230 400 50 Tajikistan 220 380 50
220 440 60 Guatemala 120 208 60 Namibia 220-250 380 50 Tanzania 230 400 50
Brunei 240 415 50 Guinea 220 208 50 Nauru 240 415 50 Thailand 220/230 380 50
Bulgaria 220 400 50 Guinea-Bissau 220 380 50 Nepal 220 400 50 Togo 220 380 50
Burkina Faso 220 380 50 Guyana 110 190 50/60 Netherlands Antilles 120-127/220 220/380 50/60 Tonga 115 415 60
Burundi 220 380 50 Haiti 110-120 190 50/60 Netherlands 220-230 400 50 Trinidad & Tobago 115/23 200 60
Cambodia 120/220 400 50 Honduras 110 190 60 New Caledonia 220 380 50 Tunisia 220 400 50
Cameroon 220-230 380 50 Hong Kong 200 380 50 New Zealand 230 415 50 Turkey 220 400 50
Canada 120 208/240/600 60 Hungary 220 400 50 Nicaragua 120 208 60 Turkmenistan 220 380 50
Canary Islands (Spain) 220 400 50 Iceland 220 400 50 Niger 220 380 50 Uganda 240 415 50
Cape Verde 220 400 50 India 220-250 400 50 Nigeria 230 400 50 Ukraine 220 380 50
Cayman Islands 120 208 60 Indonesia 220 400 50 Northern Ireland 240 400 50 United Arab Emirates 220/230 415 50
Central African Republic 220 380 50 Iran 220 400 50 Norway 220-230 400 50 United Kingdom 240 400 50
Chad 220 380 50 Iraq 220 400 50 Okinawa 110-120 200/230 60 United States 120 277/480 60
Channel Islands 240 400 50 Ireland 220 400 50 Oman 240 415 50 Uruguay 220 220 50
Chile 220 380 50 Isle of Man 240 400 50 Pakistan 230 400 50 Uzbekistan 220 380 50
China 220 380 50 Israel 230 400 50 Palau 120 208 60 Venezuela 120 240 60
Colombia 110-220 440 60 Italy 220-230 400 50 Panama 110-120 190 60 Vietnam 120/220 380 50
Congo 220 400 50 Ivory Coast 220 380 50 Papua New Guinea 240 415 50 Virgin Islands 120 190 60
Congo, Dem. Rep. of 220 380 50 Jamaica 110 190 50 Paraguay 220 380 50 Wales 220 400 50
(formerly Zaire) Japan 100 200 50/60 Peru 110/220 220 50/60 Western Samoa 230 400 50
Cook Islands 240 415 50 Jordan 220 400 50 Philippines 115 380 60 Yemen 220 400 50
Costa Rica 120 240 60 Kazakhstan 220 380 50 Poland 240 400 50 Zambia 220 400 50
Croatia 220 400 50 Kenya 240 415 50 Portugal 220 400 50 Zimbabwe 220 415 50
Cuba 120 190 60 Korea, South 220 380 50/60 Puerto Rico 220-230 208 50
Cyprus 240 400 50 Kuwait 240 415 50 Qatar 240 415 50
Czech Republic 220 400 50 Kyrgyzstan 220 380 50

The nine power problems
In an ideal world, your wall socket would provide an infinite stream
of perfect power, at constant voltage and cycling exactly the same
number of times per second. Don’t count on it.
Power Problem Definition
1 Power Failure When a superhero loses his ability to fly or a total loss of utility power.
2 Power Sag Post-lunch sleepiness or short-term low voltage.
3 Power Surge
(Spike)
Rush of energy following a double shot of espresso or short-term high voltage more
than 110 percent of normal.
When your amp’s too wimpy to handle the bass line or reduced line voltage for an
4 Under-voltage
(Brownout)
extended period of a few minutes to a few days. Often happens during the summer
months when everyone is cranking up their air conditioners.
5 Over-voltage
Inhuman cheefulness exuded by aerobics instructors or increased line voltage for an
extended period of a few minutes to a few days.
6 Electrical
Line Noise
Excuse you use to get off the phone quickly or a high power frequency power wave
caused by radio frequency interference (RFI) or electromagnetic interference (EMI).
7 Frequency
Variation
Fluctuation in how often you do laundry from week to week or a loss of stability in the
power supply’s normal frequency of 50 or 60 Hz.
8 Switching
Transient
Breaking up with your significant other only to get back together every six months or
instantaneous under-voltage in the range of nanoseconds.
9 Harmonic
Distortion
“Music” blaring from your nephew’s headphones or the distortion of the normal power
wave, generally transmitted by unequal loads.

AC to DC DC to AC
Rectifier Inverter
Battery
UPS topologies Buck Boost
DC to AC
Battery
Charger Inverter
There are several different UPS topologies that provide varying degrees of protection. Selecting Online UPSs provide the highest level of protection by isolating equipment from raw utility
the best fit depends on several factors, including the level of reliability and availability desired, power—converting power from AC to DC and Battery back to AC. Unlike other topologies, double
the type of equipment being protected and the application/environment. While all four of the conversion provides zero transfer time to battery for sensitive equipment. This topology is best
most common UPS topologies outlined below meet the input voltage requirements for IT applied to mission-critical equipment and locations where power generally is poor.
equipment, there are key differences in how the result is achieved, as well as the frequency
and duration of demands on the battery.
Standby UPSs allow equipment to run off utility DC topower
AC until the UPS detects a problem, at
Inverter Capacitor
Internal Static Bypass
which point it switches to battery power to protect against sags, surges or outages. This
Battery
topology is best suited for applications requiring simple backup such as small office/home office
and point-of-sale equipment.
AC to DC
Rectifier DC to AC
Inverter
DC to AC Battery
Inverter Capacitor
BatteryDC to AC
AC to DC
Rectifier Inverter
Battery
Line-interactive UPSs actively regulate voltage either by boosting or decreasing utility power Ferroresonant UPSs operate similarly to line-interactive models with the exception that a
as necessary before allowing it to pass to the DC
AC to DCBuck Boost
protected
to AC equipment or by resorting to battery ferroresonant transformer is used to condition the output and hold energy long enough to
power. Line-interactive models Inverter
Rectifierare ideal for applications where protection from power cover the time between switching from line power to battery power which effectively means
anomalies is required, but the utility power is relatively clean. MDF and IDF communication a no-break transfer. Many ferroresonant UPSs are 82-88 percent efficient and offer excellent
Battery
closets, non-centralized server and network rooms, and general IT enclosures are ideally suited isolation. Although no longer the dominant type of UPS, these robust units are still used in
for this topology. industrial settings such as the oil and gas, petrochemical, chemical, utility and heavy
Battery DC to AC
Inverter industry markets.
Charger
Battery
Buck Boost
Battery DC to AC
Charger Inverter
Internal Static Bypass
Battery DC to AC
Inverter Capacitor
Battery
AC to DC
Rectifier DC to AC
Inverter
Battery
Normal Operation Internal Static Bypass
Battery Power
AC to DC EATON DC UPS and PowerDC

Eaton
AC to to AC
Management Fundamentals Handbook 23
Rectifier DC to AC Rectifier Inverter
Inverter
UPS battery overview
It’s well known that the battery is the most vulnerable part of a UPS. In fact, battery failure Valve-regulated lead acid (VRLA) batteries, 2. Is there any difference between the
is a leading cause of load loss. Understanding how to properly maintain and manage UPS also known as sealed or maintenance free batteries used by smaller UPSs, from 250
batteries can extend their service life and help prevent costly downtime. are most commonly used in UPSs. VRLA VA to 3 kVA, and the ones used by larger
batteries are sealed, usually within UPSs?
polypropylene plastic, which offers the
While basic battery technology and the risks
Positive Flag Extruded Intercell advantage of not containing any sloshing
to battery life remain the same regardless of
Valve Terminal Welded Connection, liquid that might leak or drip. Because water
Low Resistance UPS size, there are some inherent
can’t be added to VRLA batteries,
Current Path differences between large and small
recombination of water is critical to their life
applications. Smaller UPSs typically have
and health, and any factor that increases the
only one VRLA battery that supports the
rate of evaporation or water loss—such as
Cover/Lid load and needs maintenance. As systems
temperature or heat from the charging
get larger, increasing battery capacity to
current—reduces battery life.
Strap Joining
support the load gets more complicated.
Negative Larger systems may require multiple strings
Frequently asked of batteries, introducing complexity to

Plates in
Parallel
battery maintenance and support. Individual
Negative
questions: batteries batteries must be monitored to prevent a
single bad battery from taking down an
Pasted Plate entire string, and putting the load at risk.
Lead Alloy 1. What is the “end of useful life”? Also, as systems get larger, wet-cell
Grid
The IEEE defines “end of useful life” for a batteries become much more common.
UPS battery as the point when it can no
Polypropylene longer supply 80 percent of its rated 3. My UPS has been in storage for over a
Container/Jar
Separator capacity in ampere-hours. When your year. Are the batteries still good?
battery reaches 80 percent of its rated As batteries sit unused, with no charging
capacity, the aging process accelerates and regimen, their life will decrease. Due to the
Figure 1. VRLA batteries are frequently used Figure 2. Internal and external components of a valve-
the battery should be replaced. self-discharge characteristics of lead-acid
in UPS or other high-rate applications. regulated lead acid (VRLA) battery. batteries, it is imperative that they be

charged after every six to 10 months of 6. If I add more batteries to a UPS, can I 9. Why are batteries disconnected on will be less than it would have been if the
storage. Otherwise, permanent loss of add more load? small, single-phase UPSs when they’re batteries were fully charged.
capacity will occur between 18 and 30 shipped?
Adding more batteries to a UPS can
months. To prolong shelf life without 13. What are the risks associated with a
increase the battery runtime to support the This is done to ensure they’re in compliance
charging, store batteries at 10°C (50°F) or lack of battery maintenance?
load. However, adding more batteries to the with Department of Transportation
less.
UPS doesn’t increase the UPS capacity. Be regulations. The primary risks of improperly maintained
sure your UPS is adequately sized for your batteries are load loss, fire, property damage
4. What is the difference between load and then add batteries to fit your 10. Does the UPS need to have a load on and personal injury.
hot-swappable and user-replaceable runtime needs. it to charge its batteries?
batteries?
The UPS should have a minimum of 10 14. What is thermal runaway?
Hot-swappable batteries can be changed out
percent load to charge its batteries. Once Thermal runaway occurs when the heat
while the UPS is running. User-replaceable
connected to a standard supply of electricity generated in a lead-acid cell exceeds its
batteries are usually found in smaller UPSs
(via input plug or hardwiring), your UPS ability to dissipate it, which can lead to an
and require no special tools or training to
should charge its batteries regardless of how explosion, especially in sealed cells. The
replace. Batteries can be both hot-
much load, if any, is attached to it. heat generated in the cell may occur without
swappable and user-replaceable.
any warning signs and may be caused by
11. How can you be sure UPS batteries overcharging, excessive charging, internal
are in good condition and ensure they physical damage, internal short circuit or a
have maximum holdover in the event of hot environment.
a power failure? What preventive
maintenance procedures should be done 15. Why do batteries fail?
Figure 4. Adding extended battery modules and how often?
Batteries can fail for a multitude of reasons,
increases runtime but doesn’t increase the The batteries used in the UPS and but common reasons are:
power rating or capacity of the UPS.
associated battery modules and cabinets are
sealed, lead-acid batteries often referred to • High or uneven temperatures
7. If my UPS is in storage, how often as maintenance-free. While these types of • Inaccurate float charge voltage
should I charge the batteries? batteries are sealed and you don’t need to • Loose inter-cell links or connections
check their fluid level, they do require some
The batteries should be charged every three attention to assure proper operation. You • Loss of electrolyte due to drying out or
or four months to prevent loss of capacity. should inspect the UPS a minimum of once damaged case
Figure 3. UPS models like the Eaton 9130 feature per year by initiating a self-test. • Lack of maintenance, aging
hot-swappable batteries for maximum uptime. 8. What is the average lifespan of UPS
batteries? 12. How long does it take for the UPS 16. How is battery performance generally
The standard lifespan for VRLA batteries is batteries to recharge? measured?
5. How is battery runtime affected if I three to five years. However, expected life
reduce the load on the UPS? On average, it takes 10 times the discharge Batteries are generally rated for 100+
can vary greatly due to environmental time for the UPS batteries to recover. (A discharges and recharges, but many show a
The battery runtime will increase if the load conditions, number of discharge cycles, and 30-minute battery discharge requires about marked decline in charging capacity after as
is reduced. As a general rule, if you reduce adequate maintenance. Have a regular 300 minutes to recharge.) After each power few as 10 discharges. The lower the charge
the load by half, you triple the runtime. schedule of battery maintenance and outage, the recharge process begins the battery can accept, the less runtime it
monitoring to ensure you know when your immediately. It’s important to note that the can deliver. Look for batteries with a high-
batteries are reaching their end-of-life. The load is fully protected while the batteries are rate design that sustains stable performance
typical life of an Eaton UPS with ABM recharging, but if the batteries are needed for a long service term.
technology is 50 percent longer than with during that time, the holdover time available
standard models.

Factors affecting
battery life
All UPS batteries have a limited service life, 3. Cycling
regardless of how or where the UPS is
After a UPS operates on battery power
deployed. While determining battery life can
during a power failure, the battery is
be tricky, there are four primary factors that
recharged for future use, which is called the
contribute to a battery’s overall lifespan.
discharge cycle. At installation, the battery is
at 100 percent of its rated capacity, but each
1. Ambient temperature discharge and subsequent recharge slightly
Because the rated capacity of a battery is reduces its relative capacity. Once the
based on an ambient temperature of 25°C chemistry is depleted, the cells fail and the
(77°F), any variation from this can affect battery must be replaced.
performance and reduce battery life. For
every 8.3°C (15°F) average annual 4. Maintenance
temperature above 25°C (77°F), the life of
For larger UPS models, service and
the battery is reduced by 50 percent.
maintenance of batteries are critical to its
reliability. Periodic preventive maintenance
2. Battery chemistry not only extends battery string life by
UPS batteries are electro-chemical devices preventing loose connections and removing
whose ability to store and deliver power corrosion, but can help identify ailing
slowly decreases over time. Even if all batteries before they fail. Even though
guidelines for storage, maintenance and sealed batteries are sometimes referred to
usage are followed, batteries will still require as maintenance free, they still require
replacement after a certain period of time. scheduled service, as “maintenance free”
refers only to the fact that they don’t require
replacement fluid.
View the Professor For additional information on UPS batteries, to use

the Eaton battery replacement selector, or to request
Wattson video on a free copy of Eaton’s battery handbook, visit
Batteries: Eaton.com/upsbatteries.

UPS software
overview
Operating a UPS without power Some software offerings are capable of
management software is kind of like driving delivering a global view across the network
in the rain without windshield wipers — you — often from any PC with an Internet
may be protected from the downpour, but browser. Software can also provide a
your visibility only lasts for so long. complete log of events and UPS utility data,
While a UPS protects the attached load which is invaluable when debugging a power
during a power outage, power management anomaly. Many power management
software is required to ensure that all work- products have the ability to centralize
in-progress is saved and sensitive electronic alarms, organize data by customized views
equipment is gracefully shut down if the and maintain event logs for preventive
power outage exceeds battery runtime. maintenance of the entire installed
Without software, the UPS simply runs until equipment base.
its batteries are depleted and then drops the The more robust and versatile software
load. offerings are compatible with devices that
In addition to facilitating automatic, orderly support a network interface, including all
shutdown of all connected devices during an manufacturers’ UPSs, environmental
extended outage, power management sensors, ePDUs and other devices.
software delivers a broad spectrum of other Furthermore, power management software
advantages. The perfect complement to any enables load segment control for UPS
UPS solution, management software keeps models supporting that feature.
a constant pulse on network health through Because power protection and management
its monitoring and management capabilities. are just as vital for virtual machines as they
Most power management software is are for physical servers, new software
shipped with the UPS and is usually technologies have been specifically designed Figure 1. Eaton’s Intelligent Power Manager facilitates easy and versatile remote monitoring and management of
available as a free download online as well. to provide monitoring and management multiple devices, keeping you apprised of power and environmental conditions.
Power event notifications are available as capabilities in virtualized environments.
audible alarms, pop-up alerts on a monitor, Shutdown software is now compatible with
emails to pre-designated recipients based VMware’s ESXi and vSphere and Microsoft’s
on the condition, text messages, phone calls Hyper-V, enabling graceful shutdown of
from our remote monitoring center, and multiple virtual machines.
triggers for a multitude of network and
building management systems to initiate the
orderly shutdown of equipment. To view an online demonstration of Eaton’s power
management software capabilities, please visit View the Professor
Eaton.com/intelligentpower. Wattson video on
Virtualization:

Service overview
One of the best ways to protect your Research indicates that regular, routine All manufacturers’ UPSs are complex
customers’ investment is by including preventive maintenance is crucial to achieve devices that perform several critical power
a service plan with your UPS sales. maximum equipment performance; studies conditioning and backup supply functions
Scheduled preventive maintenance can show it appreciably reduces the likelihood and are subject to failure. Without proper
help detect a wide range of ailments that a UPS will succumb to downtime. The maintenance, all UPSs will eventually fail
before they become serious and 2007 Study of Root Causes of Load Losses over their useful life, since critical
costly issues. compiled by Eaton revealed that customers components like batteries and capacitors will
without preventive maintenance visits were wear out from normal use. A good
almost four times more likely to experience maintenance plan delivered by trained and
a UPS failure than those completing the experienced personnel can greatly minimize
recommended biannual preventive this risk of failure.
maintenance visits.

28 eaton corporation Power Quality
Types of UPS service Types of service
There are several UPS service delivery
methods, designed to meet the varied
agreements
needs of your customers and their A variety of different UPS service options
applications, including: are available, any of which will likely save
customers time and money by minimizing
• Depot exchange repair or replace.
business interruption and the costs of
Customers contact the UPS service
downtime, as well as enhancing overall
provider and ships their UPS to a repair
return on investment by extending the
facility. The service provider returns the
lifespan of critical power equipment.
repaired unit or a refurbished unit.
• Support agreements, or service
• Advance swap depot exchange.
contracts, usually combine parts and
Customers contact their UPS service
labor coverage (electronics, batteries or
provider, which ships a refurbished unit to
both), one or more UPS preventive
them; the original UPS unit is returned to
maintenance inspections annually, and a
a repair facility.
combination of coverage hours and arrival
• Onsite repair. Customers contact their response time. Plans can be tailored to
UPS service provider and factory-trained meet almost any need. Special features
field technicians travel to their sites to like remote monitoring, battery
diagnose and repair electronic or battery- replacement insurance and spare part kits
related problems. may also be added.
Smaller UPS products (below 1000 VA) • Extended warranty (or basic warranty)
generally can be repaired at a depot, while may also be purchased for many UPS
products over 1000 VA and up to 15 kVA can products. A warranty commonly covers
either be repaired at a depot or serviced specified parts and labor such as
onsite. Larger UPSs that are either electronic components for a fixed period
hardwired (can’t be unplugged) or too heavy
The Eaton service
of time, but won’t include 24x7 coverage Figure 3. Eaton is one of the UPS companies that
to ship can only be serviced onsite by or arrival response times. Warranties also provides remote monitoring services.
trained technicians. don’t include preventive maintenance,
although extra services can be purchased offering
in addition to a warranty extension. The Eaton offers power quality services for
more services added to a warranty, the its UPS products as well as for related
closer it becomes to a support equipment such as power distribution units
agreement. (PDUs) and batteries. Eaton also services
• Time and material (T&M) service is a products from legacy brands, including
pay-as-you-go approach through which the Powerware, Exide Electronics, Best Power,
service provider makes a repair only MGE Office Protection Systems, IPM,
when something breaks. T&M can be Deltec and Lortec. Eaton has more than
done either via depot repair or onsite, 40 years of experience designing and
depending on the UPS. This method servicing industry-leading UPSs for
can be an unacceptable service solution government, healthcare, industrial and
for some customers, since it’s often data center applications.
expensive, and there’s the uncertainty
For more information on UPS service, and to
of not knowing when a field technician access service-related white papers, please visit
Figure 1. Smaller UPS models are usually sent to a
repair facility.
will arrive. Because support agreement Eaton.com/upsservices.
(contract) customers always take priority,
T&M response times can be up to five
days, based on the product and location.

We compiled the following set 4. How is battery runtime impacted if 8. How is reliability measured?
of questions based on our extensive I reduce the load on the UPS?
Power reliability is usually stated as a
experience dealing with resellers and end
There can be a significant increase in percent of time the power is available. For
users. For frequently asked questions about
Frequently
runtime. Generally speaking, a UPS that example, the power grid system in the U.S.
UPS batteries, please visit the UPS battery
provides five minutes at full load will provide provides three nines of reliability—the
overview section on page 24.
15 minutes at half load. power is available for 99.9 percent of the
time. Because those 8.8 hours of downtime
1. What’s the difference between a surge translate into significant downtime and
5. My business is too small for protective
asked
protector and a UPS? expense, IT and telephone network services
measures. Do I really need a UPS?
A surge protector provides just that—surge require at least five nines of reliability.
Power problems are equal-opportunity
protection. In addition to surge protection, a
threats. Your PCs, servers and network are Reliability average Non-availability per year
UPS continually regulates incoming voltage
just as critical to your business as a data
questions
and provides battery backup in the event of 99% 88 hours
center is to a large enterprise. Downtime is 99.9% 8.8 hours
a power failure. You'll often see surge
costly in terms of hardware and potential
protectors plugged into a UPS for added 99.99% 53 minutes
loss of goodwill, reputation and sales. Also
surge protection and additional output 99.999% 5.3 minutes
add in the delays that inevitably occur when
receptacles.
rebooting locked-up equipment, restoring 99.9999% 32 seconds
damaged files and re-running processes that 99.99999%+ 3.2 seconds
2. How much capacity of a UPS should were interrupted. A sound power protection
I use? strategy is cost-effective insurance.
To allow for future expansion, we 9. How are phone systems and IT
recommend that you install a UPS at 6. Why is power quality such a problem equipment affected by inconsistent
approximately 75 percent capacity. In today? power?
addition, the batteries degrade over time;
Today’s high-tech IT equipment and control Fluctuating power is a waste of valuable
by oversizing, you provide room for error.
units are much more sensitive to electrical time and money. If customers expose their
In the online Eaton UPS sizing tool
disturbances and are more important to the telephone systems (and any other electronic
(Eaton.com/UPSselector)) we’ve
critical functions of many businesses than equipment) to inconsistent utility power,
included a “capacity used” column.
in the past. As a result, power quality they’re vulnerable to hardware and software
problems today are more frequent and damage, data corruption and communication
3. How much UPS battery runtime do more costly than ever.
I need? breakdown. The time and cost of replacing
equipment, as well as the business lost
During an outage, you need enough battery 7. Are power quality problems always during breakdown and replacement, can
runtime to gracefully shut down systems or noticeable? greatly affect a company’s bottom line.
switch to backup generators. You may add
No. In many cases, disturbances can cause
an optional external battery module (EBM)
imperceptible damage to circuits and other
to increase runtime.
components, a major cause of premature
equipment failure and problems like
computer lockups. Many power quality
problems go unresolved, resulting in lost
revenue and data.

10. We have a generator. Do I still need Lightning strikes have such an incredible 16. Why is power management software 18. My data center only went down for a
a UPS? amount of energy that only an expensive important? couple of minutes. What’s the big deal?
lightning arrestor would protect you from a
Many customers don’t realize that a Although UPSs are typically rugged and When a data center goes down and then
direct hit and they often don't guarantee
generator will NOT protect their equipment reliable, they do require ongoing monitoring back up during a power outage without a
complete protection. For the best protection
against power problems. You need a UPS to and support. Power management software managed shut down, it doesn't come up
against lightning strikes, you want to
guarantee that the equipment stays up until continuously monitors and diagnoses the nicely. Storage arrays initialize after servers
develop a two-stage defense with
the generator kicks on and stabilizes—which state of the grid, batteries and power that try to mount their shares, while some
something at your panel and something at
often requires several minutes. sources, together with the condition of the servers boot without access to DNS servers
the outlet level. Visit Eaton.com/spd for
UPS’s internal electronics. Eaton UPS that are also booting and thus have other
some informative videos and additional
11. How much UPS capacity do I need? software and connectivity cards enable problems. Although the outage was short, it
information.
remote monitoring and management can take hours to get everything back
Determine the total load (in watts) of capability, including graceful shutdown and online. In addition, data corruption is a
the equipment you want to protect. 13. What happens if the UPS is load segment control. serious concern.
Add 10–20 percent for future growth and overloaded, for example, if the protected
decide the minimum amount of runtime equipment and/or load draws more
17. Will my current UPS software monitor 19. Where can I get technical help?
you need. Use the online sizer at current than it can provide.
my new Eaton UPS?
(www.powerquality.eaton.com) to Contact your territory representative or call
The UPS transfers the load to bypass (for a
identify the right solution for your Yes, you can monitor your Eaton UPS with the Eaton UPS hotline at 1-800-356-5794 for
few minutes) until the overload condition is
application. any UPS or facility management software pre-sales support and 1-800-356-5737 for
reversed. If the overload condition
that supports the industry standard technical support. You can also visit
continues, some UPS models automatically
12. What are the different levels of surge Management Information Base (MIB, RFC www.powerquality.eaton.com.
shut down. Some models can run at 110V
protection? 1628) as long as you install the optional
indefinitely in bypass.
connectivity card. Most UPS vendors
There are three typical levels: support this MIB and all good facility
14. What causes a UPS to be overloaded? management software, including
A. Lightning arrestors. Big and mean, usually
found in large facilities located in high-risk There are two possible answers: (1) the UPS OpenManage, OpenView and Tivoli also
areas. Takes an extremely high voltage and was undersized (e.g., the load is rated at support it. Extended Eaton Advanced MIBs
clamps it down. 1200 VA, but a 1000 VA UPS was provided), are available for greater levels of detail.
B. Surge Protective Devices (SPD or TVSS). or (2) the customer plugged
more equipment into the UPS than it You can remotely control your Eaton UPS
Mounted on your panelboard or load center;
was designed to handle. using the Eaton UPS management software
sometimes larger UPS models may have
or through a secure web interface if you
some level of this, but typically not a great
15. I have a 3000 VA UPS. Can I just plug choose the optional connectivity card, which
amount. Clamps voltage down two even
the unit into a standard 15A wall outlet? also allows for automated e-mail alerts for
lower tolerances (~1 kV or less).
power events without needing to install any
C. Local outlet level surge protector. A Only UPSs with power ratings up to 1500 software.
simple surge strip; small plug-and-play UPSs VA plug into a standard 15A wall outlet. All
often have this as well. Brings voltage down others require a larger receptacle, which
to levels that will not permanently damage must be installed by an electrician.
connected equipment (typically ~380V).

Electric transmission
distribution system
The flow of electricity begins at the The transmission substation then increases
utility company, where it’s created at the the voltage, which depends on the distance
generating station. A generator trans- the power needs to travel and the amount
former at the station switchyard then desired. Electricity then enters the
steps up the voltage to minimize cable transmission system, traveling at nearly the
size and electrical losses. speed of light, over heavy cables strung
between tall towers. A step-down
transformer located at a substation near the
final destination reduces the voltage to
between 22,000 and 69,000 volts, so the
electricity can be carried on smaller
distribution lines that carry it to the end
user. Transformers that adjust the voltages
down to the proper level for use are located
at or near each end user facility. For
commercial use, the load can range from
416 volts to 480 volts, while residential use
is typically 208/120 volts in the U.S. and
Canada.

Substation
Overhead
Transmission Residential Residential Load Commercial Customer
Lines Small Business 120V and 280V Service Equipment
Overhead Customer Service
Transformer Main Lateral Lightning
Breaker Switchgear Feeder Static Fuse Arrestors
8
2
9 10 Pad Mounted 13 14
4
Powers Poles Transformer
Conduits 11
3
12,470
Volts
15
5 6
12
Underground 230,000 Volts Underground 7 Underground Commercial Load

1
Transmission Main Feeder Service 480/277 volts
Lines 380/220 volts
416/240 volts
Threats to the system

At each stage, there are a number of threats 1 Fire sparked by weak wire 6 Squirrels and raccoons chew through 10 Mylar balloons drift into power lines
that can interrupt the flow and distribution of burns through line a wire or wander into the wrong area 11 Three-car collision strikes utility pole
electricity. Everything from lightning strikes
2 Lightning strike damages 7 Underground explosion causes cable 12 Failure of underground cable
to failed equipment can severely affect the
transmission line failure
end user and disrupt important and vital 13 Equipment failure
processes. 3 Bird flies in causing short circuit 8 Storm blows branches and limbs down
that crash into power lines 14 The power goes out and no one
4 Thieves steal copper knows why
5 Blown fuse at substation transformer 9 Equipment malfunction
15 Utilities conduct a planned outage for
repairs or upgrades

Eaton’s
Blackout
Tracker

Eaton’s Blackout Tracker monitors
power outages across the U.S. and Impact of power • >33 percent of companies take more than
a day to recover
Power outages can cause substantial losses
for the companies affected. According to the
Canada to provide a snapshot of reported
power outages. The Blackout Tracker is outages • 10 percent of companies take more than
a week
U.S. Department of Energy, when a power
failure disrupts IT systems:
an interactive and educational way to Every day, an interruption to electrical • 33 percent of companies lose $20,000-
share information about the causes, • It can take up to 48 hours to reconfigure
service in homes, businesses and public $500,000
frequencies and impact a network
sector organizations occurs, and the losses
• It can take days or weeks to re-enter • 20 percent lose $500,000 to $2 million
of power outages. You can view a region from these power outages can be extensive
or individual state or province to see and of great consequence. For a business, lost data • 15 percent lose more than $2 million
specific information about power the recovery time is significant and the • 90 percent of companies that experience
outages, including their cause, duration costs are high. According to Price a computer disaster and don't have a
and number of people affected. Visit Waterhouse research, after a power outage survival plan go out of business within
Eaton.com/blackouttracker to see this disrupts IT systems: 18 months
interactive tool and order the latest
Blackout Tracker annual report.

Overview The following data was compiled by
Eaton based on reported power outages
of 2012 during 2012.
US national
Total number of people affected by outages 23,488,028
(This is the sum of the number of people affected by reported power outages in the
U.S. for 2012.)
74,598 minutes (approximately
power outage
Total duration of outages
1,243 hours or 52 days)
(This is the sum of the durations of the reported power outages.)
Total number of outages 2,808
data
(This is the sum of the number of reported power outages.)
Average number of people affected per outage 12,648
(This number is determined by dividing the “Total number of people affected by
outages” by the number of outages that reported the number of people affected.
Not all reports of outages included number of people affected.) See Note A below.
Average duration of outage 154 minutes (over 2.5 hours)
(This number is determined by dividing the “Total duration of outages” by the number
of outages that reported durations. Not all reports of outages included the duration.)
See Note B below.
Notes:
A. Total number of people affected (and average) is based on 2,167 (63%) of the total reported outages. Total
duration of outages (and average) is based on 991 (29%) of the total reported outages. These are the number
of outages that had reports including data for number of people affected and duration, respectively.
B. Reports from news services, newspapers, websites, etc. used as sources, sometimes give statistics using
different terms. For example, some reports may be based on “people” while others may be based on
“addresses,” “homes and businesses” or “utility customers.” For purposes of this report, all of these are
assumed to be and counted as people.

Reported power outages by cause in 2012 Reported power outages by month/year
Animal 450 2008

2009
202 Faulty Equipment / 400 2010
Human Error 2011
350
953
3 791
79 2012
Overdemand 300
250
Planned
200
Theft / Vandalism
150
9 Unknown 100
246 159 50
Vehicle Accident
425 23 0
ry
ch
ril
ay
ne
ly
st
r
be
be
be
be
Weather/Falling Trees
ar
Ju
gu
ua
Ap
M
ar
Ju
nu
em
to
m
Au
br
ve
ce
Oc
Ja
pt
Fe
No
De
Se
Note: Each power outage was grouped into one of seven possible causes. The outages by cause were totaled Note: Data collection began February 16, 2008.
and the results displayed in the chart above. The number adjacent to the pie piece is the number of outages
attributable to that cause.

Case study example one
Challenge: Operation and maintenance: With the Eaton's complete solution: 5 Intelligent Power Software Suite (free
move to the main data center, the support with UPS) for comprehensive monitoring
A small college with multiple satellite staff onsite will be minimal. The IT manager Customer equipment and shutdown capabilities
campuses is consolidating data centers to a wants a comprehensive support plan to 1 Onsite generator
brand new facility. This site is a small 6 Recommended service contract: Flex
handle all service and maintenance. Onsite
community branch with only single-phase 2 Distribution panel
loads left in the data center and it supports Budget: The budget is a major • Comprehensive coverage of UPS
3 Single-phase power
only small processes and equipment. It does consideration, since the satellite campus IT and batteries
have generator backup, which works for budgets have been reduced due to IT 4 Three telephony racks with a total load of
long-term outages, but the IT manager equipment consolidation. The IT manager 4.5 kW (120V) • Telephone technical support
wants 15 minutes of runtime. Although the expects to spend less than $20,000. 5 Two server racks with a total load of 5 kW • eNotify Remote Monitoring
shutdown process takes six to seven Management: The IT manager wants to (208V) • Connectivity support
minutes, the IT manager prefers to have 15 continue to manage the equipment over the
minutes for peace of mind. The main IT network but only minimal monitoring is • Expedited delivery of replacement
Eaton equipment parts, modules and batteries
support and servers will be handled from needed.
the main campus, but some of the backup 1 Three Eaton 9130 UPSs and three EBMs • Onsite startup
and support processes will be run from this Power distribution: The facility has several provide 1.8 kW of power each and 40
data center and need power protection. rackmount UPSs being fed from an minutes of battery runtime • Onsite corrective maintenance
upstream distribution panel. There’s a
There’s no need for scalability, as the load at UPS part number: PW9130L2000R-XL2U • Next-day 24-hour response
mixture of 5-20R and L6-30R receptacles
the various branches will most likely available on this distribution panel. The IT EBM part number: PW9130N3000R-
decrease over the next several years. With manager prefers to continue using the EBM2U
the move to the central data center, the existing distribution panel without bringing
expectation is that over the next five years in an electrician to rewire the facility. Eaton 2 Two Eaton 9130 UPSs and two EBMs
almost all the IT equipment will be housed 9130 UPSs are available with these options provide 2.7 kW of power each and 20
at the main campus. in both tower and rackmount models. The IT minutes of battery runtime
The IT manager provides a list of equipment manager can separate racks based on 208V UPS part number: PW9130G3000R-XL2U
that shows the majority of the load needing or 120V, due to the limited equipment and EBM part number: PW9130N3000R-
protection is telecom equipment. There are ample rack space from the consolidation. EBM2U
three 120V telephony racks with an average
power draw of 1.5 kW each. There are two 3 Six ePDU models, two in each rack for
208V racks of servers to handle the support the A and B feeds. Model ePBZ97 with
processes that average 2.5 kW each. (24) 5-20R output receptacles
4 Four ePDU models, two in each rack for
the A and B feeds. Model ePBZ92 with
(20) C13 and (4) C19 output receptacles

Case study example two
Challenge: The facility has a backup generator, that Eaton equipment
suffices for long-term outages. Because he 1 Two Eaton 9390 UPS (160 kVA each)
A data center has 480 Vac three-phase has critical phone switches and other
service with dual-mains, feeding an older providing 320 kVA of support or 288 kW
telecom equipment, the IT manager wants (34 percent extra capacity); includes
300 kVA UPS. There are two wall-mounted 10 minutes of runtime to be safe, should he
panels being fed from the two utility parallel configuration, Web card, side-car
face generator problems. Since he also has tie cabinet and three-breaker MBS
sources that feed the UPS (rectifier and two 150 kVA PDUs, the IT manager is
bypass input), which is feeding a (TD1622231129010)
interested in the possibility of providing two
switchboard. The switchboard feeds two 150 parallel UPSs for N+1 redundancy. With two 2 Two external battery cabinets (432 Vdc)
kVA power distribution units (PDUs). It’s a UPSs providing a total of 300 kVA or more, providing 12 minutes of runtime
three-phase environment for the main UPS only half the data center would be impacted (TL1602E28211100)
and single-phase UPSs within the racks. in a UPS or mains failure. 3 54 monitored ePDU units with L6-30P
The switchboard, fed by the UPS, is feeding With regard to service, the IT manager input, (24) C13s and (4) C19s
two 150 kVA PDUs; the PDUs are feeding defers to the facility manager, who prefers (PW105MIOU096)
six rows of racks via cabling under the complete factory support. With the systems
12-foot raised floor. Each rack has metered backing up their critical data center, they
ePDU units for in-rack power distribution, want to ensure each UPS is under a service
which are being fed from the PDU 4 Startup and one year of on-site service
contract with ongoing preventive included with all 9390 units.
distribution breakers and receptacle junction maintenance.
boxes under the floor. With metered ePDUs 5 Recommended PowerTrust service plan:
in each rack, this is a nice power distribution
• Parts and labor for electronics
scheme. The ePDUs are being fed through Eaton's complete solution:
receptacle boxes under the floor with • 24x7 onsite corrective maintenance
L6-30P input plugs for each rack. The IT Customer equipment
• 8-hour field technician response time
manager also says he has a mixture of C13 1 480 Vac three-phase service
and C19 outputs on each ePDU. with dual-mains • 8x5 preventive maintenance
(1 per year)
One or more UPSs will replace the existing 2 Switchboard
300 kVA system and be installed in the • Battery preventive maintenance
3 Pair of 150 kVA PDUs (1 per year)
dedicated facility or power room behind the
wall. In total, the facility has 54 racks of IT 4 54 racks of IT equipment • eNotify Remote Monitoring service
equipment (~1500 square feet) with a total (~1500 square feet)
load of 214 kW, or 4 kW per rack. • Discounted spare parts and
5 Backup generator upgrade kits
5 Intelligent Power Software Suite UPS

software (free with UPS) for
comprehensive monitoring and
shutdown capabilities
6 Future LAN drop to UPS for
communications and PowerXpert for
advanced monitoring and management
capabilities

4
5
2
2
1
3
1
6
4
5

Commonly used acronyms
UPS and electrical acronyms
A Ampere HVAC Heating, Ventilating and PDU Power Distribution Unit Vac Volts Alternating Current
Air Conditioning
AC Alternating Current PE Protective Earth (also Physical Vdc Volts Direct Current
HW Hardwired Education)
AFCI Arc Fault Circuit Interrupter VRLA Valve Regulated Lead Acid
Hz Hertz PF Power Factor W Watt
AH Ampere Hour
IEC International Electrotechnical PFC Power Factor Correction
ANSI American National Standards
Eaton acronyms
Commission (IEC)
Institute PoE Power over Ethernet
IEEE Institute of Electrical And
ASCII American Standard Code for PPDM PowerPass Distribution
Electronics Engineers
Information Interchange Module ABM Advanced Battery
IGBT Insulated Gate Bi-polar Management
AVR Automatic Voltage Regulation PPE Personal Protective
Transistor
Equipment AFC American Football Conference
BBM Break-Before-Make (Bypass
ISO International Standards
Switch) PUE Power Usage Effectiveness AM Advanced Monitored (ePDU)
Organization
BDM Bypass Distribution Module REPO Remote Emergency Power ARG Amphibious Ready Group
ITIC Information Technology
Off
BTU British Thermal Unit Industry Council BA Basic (ePDU)
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
CRAC Computer Room Air kAIC Kiloampere Interrupting CSE Customer Service Engineer
Conditioning Capacity RM Rackmount (also Rectifier
EOSL End of Service Life
Magazine)
CRAH Computer Room Air Handler kVA Kilovolt ampere
EMS Energy Management System
RMS Root Mean Square
CSA Canadian Standards LAN Local Area Network
ESS Energy Saver System
Association RoHS Restriction of Hazardous
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
Substances ME Metered (ePDU)
DC Direct Current
LED Light-Emitting Diode
SCR Silicon-Controlled Rectifier MI Ethernet Monitored (ePDU)
DCIE Data Center Infrastructure
LV Low Voltage
Efficiency SLA Service Level Agreement NFC National Football Conference
MBB Make-Before-Break (bypass
EBC Extended Battery Cabinet SNMP Simple Network Management PDR Power Distribution Rack
switch)
Protocol
EBM Extended Battery Module RMA Return Material Authorization
MIB Management Information
SPD Surge Protection Device
EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility Base RPM Rack Power Module
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
EMF Electromagnetic Force MOV Metal Oxide Varistor ROO Remote On/Off
TVSS Transient Voltage Surge
EMI Electromagnetic Interference MTBF Mean Time Between Failure RPO Remote Power Off
Suppressor
FCC Federal Communications MTTR Mean Time To Repair RPP Remote Power Panel
UL Underwriters Laboratory
Commission
NEC National Electrical Code SEAL Sea Air Land
UPS Uninterruptible Power System
GFCI Ground-Fault Circuit
NEMA National Electrical (or Supply) SW Switched (ePDU)
Interrupter
Manufacturers Association
USB Universal Serial Bus T&M Time and Material
GND Ground
NIC Network Interface Card
V Volt VMMS Variable Module Management
HV High Voltage
PDM Power Distribution Module System
VA Volt Ampere

Other acronyms
CI Converged Infrastructure LEED Leadership in Energy and SVGA Super Video Graphics Array
Environmental Design
CPU Central Processing Unit TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/
MSP Managed Service Platform Internet Protocol
DCIM Data Center Infrastructure
Management MTDC Multi-Tenant Data Center TDM Time-division Multiplexing
DISA Defense Information Systems M2MI Machine-to-Machine Interface UC Unified Communications
Agency
NAS Network Attached Storage URL Uniform Resource Locator
DNS Domain Name System
NIC Network Interface Card VDI Virtual Desktop Infrastructure
DR Disaster Recovery
NOC Network Operations Center VGA Video Graphics Array
DSL Digital Subscriber Line
PABX Private Automatic Branch VLAN Virtual LAN
DVV or Data, Voice, Video Exchange
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol
DV2
PaaS Platform as a Service
VM Virtual Machine
E911 Enhanced 911
PBX Private Branch Exchange
VPN Virtual Private Network
ELT Emergency Locator
PC Personal Computer
Transmitter WAN Wide Area Network
PHI Personal Health Information
EMEA Europe, Middle East, Africa
PICNIC Problem in chair not in
FMC Fixed/Mobile Convergence
computer
FTP File Transfer Protocol
PMDC Portable Modular Data Center
GUI Graphical User Interface
POTS Plain Old Telephone System
HDD Hard Disk Drive
PSAP Public Safety Answering Point
HPC High-Performance Computer
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
HTML HyperText Markup Language Network
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol P2V Physical to Virtual
MDF Main Distribution Frame RAM Random Access Memory
NNM Network Node Manager SasS Software as a Solution
IaaS Infrastructure as a Service SAN Storage Area Network
IDF Intermediate Distribution SATA Serial Advanced Technology
Frame Attachment
IP Internet Protocol SOA Service-Oriented Architecture
ISP Internet Service Provider SQL Structured Query Language
KVM Keyboard, Video, Mouse SSL Secure Socket Layer

Glossary of power terms
In the following glossary, we’ve Audible Noise Charger Converter
attempted to capture the common terms A measure of the noise emanating from a (1) An electronic component in a UPS that A device that delivers DC power when
related to UPS and power distribution device at audible frequencies. provides regulated DC voltage to recharge energized by a DC source. It’s also a
products. If you look closely, you might batteries. (2) An inferior mascot for an section of a switching power supply that
Backup Time
see us trying to have a little fun! inferior team in the AFC West. performs the actual power conversion and
The amount of time the battery in a UPS
final rectification.
is designed to support the load. Cloud Computing
(1) Internet- (cloud-) based development Crest Factor
Balanced Load
and use of computer technology. This Usually refers to current. It’s the
Advanced Battery Management (1) AC power system using more than
new supplement, consumption and mathematical relationship between RMS
A three-stage charging technique that two wires, where the current and voltage
delivery model for IT services typically and peak current. A normal resistive load
automatically tests battery health. are of equal value in each energized
involves the provision of dynamically will have a crest factor of 1.4142, which is
Provides advance notification when conductor. (2) Laundry with equal parts of
scalable, and often virtualized, resources the normal relationship between peak and
preventive maintenance is needed, light and dark clothes.
as a service over the Internet. (2) Work RMS current. A typical PC will have a
allowing ample time to hot-swap batteries Battery String done while traveling on a plane. crest factor of 3. Unrelated to toothpaste.
without ever having to shut down A group of batteries connected together
connected equipment significantly Common Mode Noise Critical Equipment
in a series.
extending the life of your UPS's battery An undesirable voltage that appears Equipment such as computers,
(and, quite possibly, your contract). Blackout between the power conductors and communications systems or electronic
A zero-voltage condition lasting for more ground. process controls, which must be
Alternating Current (AC) than two cycles. Also known as a power continuously available.
An electric current that reverses its Commercial Power
outage or failure.
direction at regularly recurring intervals, The power supplied by local utility Delta Connection
as opposed to direct current, which is British Thermal Unit (BTU) companies which can vary drastically in A circuit formed by connecting three
constant. Usually in a sine wave pattern, Used to measure heat dissipation and is quality throughout the U.S. depending on electrical devices in series to form a
for optimal transmission of energy. the amount of energy required to raise location, weather and other factors. closed loop; most often used in three-
one pound of water one degree phase connections. If you fly Delta
Ampere (A or Amp) Communication Bay
Fahrenheit. One pound of water at 32°F Airlines, this most likely takes place in
The unit of measure for the rate of flow Also known as an option slot, a UPS
requires the transfer of 144 BTUs to Atlanta, Salt Lake City or Cincinnati.
of electricity, analogous to gallons per feature that enables the addition of various
freeze into solid ice.
minute. VA x 0.7 (power factor) = watts connectivity cards for Web, SNMP, Derating
Brown Field Modbus or serial connectivity interface A reduction of some operating
Apparent Power An existing data center—often with capabilities. parameters to compensate for a change
Applied voltage multiplied by current in an limited possibilities for sustainable and in one or more other parameters. In
AC circuit which doesn’t take the power energy-efficient designs. power systems, the output power rating
factor into account. Unit is volt amperes is generally reduced at elevated
(VA). Brownout temperatures.
A steady state of low voltage, but not
Arc zero voltage. Brownouts often occur Direct Current (DC)
Sparking that results when undesirable during summer months when energy use An electric current in which the flow of
current flows between two points of is high. electrons is in one direction, such as
differing potential due to leakage through supplied by a battery.
the intermediate insulation or a leakage Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
path due to contamination. In astronomy, An independent Canadian organization DC Distribution (DCD)
an arc is the part of a circle representing that tests for public safety, similar to the A module in a DC power system that
the apparent course of a heavenly body. function of Underwriters Laboratories distributes DC power to the loads. It also
(UL) in the U.S. As far as we know, it Eaton 9130 equipped with a communication bay. provides protection for the load cables.
doesn’t set the rules for hockey.
Capacitor
An electronic component that can store
an electrical charge on conductive plates.

DC Power System ePDU High Efficiency Mode Kilovolt Ampere (kVA)
An AC to DC power supply with A power distribution unit that mounts to A mode of UPS operation that cuts A common measurement of equipment
integrated control and monitoring, and rack enclosures and distributes power to energy usage and operating costs. capacity equaling 1000 volt-amperes. An
standby batteries designed to supply connected devices via a wide variety of approximation of available power in an AC
High Voltage (HV)
no-break DC power (usually 24V or 48V) output receptacles. system that does not take the power
In the context of UPS products, high
to telecommunications and IT network factor into account.
Federal Communications Commission voltage is anything ≥200V: 200V, 208V,
equipment.
(FCC) 220V, 230V, 240V, 250V, 480V and 600V. Kinetic Energy
Double Conversion A U.S. federal regulating body whose new The energy an object possesses because
High Voltage Spike
A UPS design in which the primary power EMI limitations are affecting the design of its motion.
Rapid voltage peaks up to 6,000 volts.
path consists of a rectifier and inverter. It and production of digital electronics
Line Conditioner
isolates the output power from all input systems and their related subassemblies. Hot Swappable
A device intended to improve the quality
anomalies such as low voltage surges and The ability to change a module without
Flooded Batteries of the power that’s delivered to electrical
frequency variations. taking the critical load off the UPS. Also
A form of battery where the plates are load equipment. A line conditioner is
see “user replaceable.”
Downtime completely immersed in a liquid generally designed to improve power
The time during which a functional unit electrolyte. quality (e.g., proper voltage level, noise
can’t be used because of a fault within it suppression, transient impulse protection,
Frequency
or the environment. etc.).
The number of complete cycles of AC
Dry Contacts voltage that occur during one second Line Interactive
Dry contact refers to a contact of a relay (Hz). In North America, electrical current An offline UPS topology in which the
which does not make or break a current. is supplied mainly at 60 Hz, or 60 cycles system interacts with the utility line to
per second. regulate the power to the load. Provides
Efficiency The batteries on this Eaton 9130 UPS are hot
better protection than a standby system
The ratio of output to input power. Green Field swappable.
but isn’t as fully prepared against
Generally measured at full-load and A new data center with many possibilities
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) irregularities as a full double-conversion
nominal line conditions. If the power for sustainable and energy-efficient
A three-terminal power semiconductor system, making it the "Goldilocks" of UPS
efficiency of a device is 90 percent, you designs.
device, noted for high efficiency and fast topologies.
get back 90 watts for every 100 you put
Ground switching. It switches electric power in
in, and the rest is mainly dissipated as Linear Load
A conducting connection, whether many modern appliances such as electric
heat from the filtration process. To think AC electrical loads where the voltage and
intentional or accidental, by which an cars, trains and UPSs.
of it another way, this would be current waveforms are sinusoidal. The
electric circuit or equipment is connected
equivalent to a bartender pouring off Impedance current at any time is proportional to
to the earth, or to some conducting body
about an ounce and a half of your beer The total opposition to alternating current voltage.
of relatively large extent that serves in its
before handing you the remaining 14.5 flow in an electrical circuit.
place. Load
ounces!
Input Voltage Range The equipment connected to and
Electrical Line Noise The voltage range within which a UPS protected by a UPS. Pretty rockin’
Radio frequency interference (RFI), operates in “normal” mode and doesn’t Metallica album.
electromagnetic interference (EMI) and require battery power.
Earth ground symbol Load Segment
other voltage or frequency disturbances.
Inrush Current UPS configuration with separate
Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Harmonics The maximum, instantaneous input receptacle groups, enabling scheduled
Electrical interference that can cause A sinusoidal component of an AC voltage current drawn by an electrical device shutdowns and maximum backup power
equipment to work improperly, EMI can that’s multiple of the fundamental when first turned on. Some electrical time for critical devices.
be separated into conducted EMI waveform frequency. Certain harmonic devices draw several times their normal
(interference conducted through cables patterns may cause equipment problems full-load current when initially energized.
out of the UPS) and radiated EMI
Harmonic Distortion Inverter
(interference conducted through the air).
Regularly appearing distortion of the sine UPS assembly that converts internal DC
Energy Saver System (ESS) wave which is converted into a complex power to output AC power to run the
Innovative technology from Eaton that waveform at a multiple of the user’s equipment. When the inverter is
enables select UPS models to operate at fundamental frequency. supporting 100 percent of the load at all
99 percent efficiency without times, as with an online UPS, there is no
Hertz (Hz)
compromising reliability—not to be break from utility to battery power.
A unit of frequency equal to one cycle per
confused with inferior “eco” modes.
second.
This Eaton 9130 UPS is equipped with two load
segments, each with three 5-15R

Low Voltage (LV) Ohm’s Law Plenum Cable Rail Kit
In the context of UPS products, low The voltage (E) is equal to the current (I) Cable that’s laid in the plenum spaces of A set of metal brackets that allows the
voltage is anything <200V (100V and times the resistance (R). The formula is buildings to facilitate air circulation for installation of a UPS or extended battery
120V). written: E=IR. heating and air conditioning systems. The module in a 2- or 4-post rack.
plenum space is typically used to house
Maintenance Bypass Online
computer and telephone network
An external wiring path to which the load (1) A UPS that provides power to the load
communication cables. Cable that runs
can be transferred to upgrade or perform from its inverter 100 percent of the time,
between floors in non-plenum areas is
service on the UPS without powering regulating BOTH voltage and frequency,
rated as riser cable.
down the load. usually using double-conversion topology.
(2) The most convenient way to shop, Plug and Play
Make-Before-Break
bank, get news, etc. An electrical device that doesn’t require Four-post rail kit
Operational sequence of a switch or relay
extensive setup to operate.
where the new connection is made prior Orderly Shutdown
to disconnecting the existing connection, The sequenced shutdown of units Power Factor (PF)
that’s also know as soft-load-transfer comprising a computer system to prevent (1) The ratio of real power to apparent
switching. damage to it and subsequent corruption power. Watts divided by VA. Most power
or loss of data. supplies used in communication and
Modbus
computer equipment have a power factor
A serial communications protocol that’s Output Waveform (UPS)
of 0.9.
the most commonly available means of The shape of the graph of alternating
connecting industrial electronic devices. It current on the output side of a UPS. The (PF = 0.9)
allows for communication between many highest quality of an output waveform VA x PF = W
devices connected to the same network. from a UPS is the sine wave, but, some W/PF = VA
UPSs provide step waves or modified
Network Transient Protector (2) Why DeNiro can get immediate
sine waves.
UPS feature that isolates networks, seating in any restaurant he wants, and
modems and cables from power threats, you can’t.
UPS in a two-post rack
including surges and spikes.
Power Sag
Noise
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
Low voltage (below nominal 120 volts). Rectifier

(1) A disturbance that affects a signal; it A UPS component that converts incoming
Sine Wave Power Surge AC power to DC power for feeding the
can distort the information carried by it.
High voltage (above nominal 120 volts). inverter and charging the battery.
(2) Random variations of one or more Parallel Operation
characteristics of any entity, such as The ability of UPSs to be connected Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) Rectifier Magazine (RM)
voltage, current or data. (3) Loosely, any so the current from corresponding
90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚
A circuit used in switching regulated A module in the DC power system used
disturbance tending to interfere with outputs can be combined into a power supplies where the switching to connect the rectifiers in the power
normal operation of a device. (4) What single load. frequency is held constant and the width system.
parents with children deal with every day. of the power pulse is varied, controlling
Partition Redundancy
both lines and load changes with minimal
Nominal Output Voltage A logical division of a hard disk created The ability to connect units in parallel so if
dissipation.
The intended, ideal voltage of any given to have different operating systems on one fails the other(s) will provide continual
output. the same hard disk or to create the Rackmount power to the load. This mode
appearance of having separate hard Ability to mount an electrical assembly is used in systems when power failure
Non-linear Load
into a standardized rack. Generally can’t be tolerated.
AC electrical loads where the current is
drives for file management, multiple stacked up to 42U and 19 inches wide
not proportional to the voltage. Non-linear Relay Communication
users, or other purposes. — about the size of a pizza box but not
loads often generate harmonics in the Communication between a UPS and
as greasy.
current waveform that lead to distortion Peak Demand a computer through the opening and
of the voltage waveform. The highest 15- or 30-minute demand Rack Unit (U) closing of solid-state relays that are
recorded during a 12-month period. A unit of height measurement in a rack pre-defined to indicate UPS status.
Offline
enclosure. A U is equivalent to 1.75
Any UPS that doesn’t fit the definition of Phase Root Mean Square (RMS)
inches.
online. Line-interactive and standby The time relationship between current A modified average. Averaging a sine
topologies are offline, as are minor and voltage in AC circuits. wave would give a zero, so to obtain
skirmishes that take place just outside meaningful values, the wave is first
the boardroom. squared (S), then averaged over one
Ohm period (M) and finally the square root
The unit of measurement for electrical taken (R). In a sine wave, the factor
The Eaton 5PX UPS occupies 2U of rack space and
resistance or opposition to current flow. between RMS and peak is the square
the optional extended battery module also
root of two. If you know what that
occupies 2U.
means, you’re pretty smart!
RS-232 Standby Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) Uninterruptible Power System (UPS)
(1) The standard for serial interfaces (serial (1) UPS type that "stands by," waiting for (1) How much the circuit voltage deviates (1) An electrical system designed to
refers to the eight bits of each character a power problem from the utility company from a perfect sine wave. When viewed provide instant, transient-free backup
successively sent down one wire) used and rapidly switching to UPS battery on a meter, a poor voltage THD is most power during power failure or fault. Some
by most computers, modems and power to protect equipment against often manifested in a flat-topped UPSs also filter and/or regulate utility
printers. (2) A little known droid in the power failures, sags and surges. (2) The waveform that comes from the inability of power (line conditioning). (2) A Device
Star Wars trilogy. person you call after your hot date falls a power source to respond to the whose sole purpose is to save your
through, and the two of you go out for demands of highly nonlinear loads. (2) The equipment, your data and your job.
Simple Network Management Protocal
milkshakes in your sweatpants instead. parts of a difficult lecture that didn't quite
(SNMP) User Replaceable
make it into your brain, but rather united
A User Datagram Protocol (UDP)-based Static Switch Capable of being replaced by an end user.
in a "blahblahblah" cacophony of scratchy-
network protocol. It’s used mostly in An electrical component in a UPS that Connected equipment may need to be
sounding jargon and esoteric corollaries.
network management systems to turns power flow on and off on command shut down first. Also see “hot
monitor network-attached devices for without moving or mechanical Transfer Time swappable.”
conditions that warrant administrative components. The length of time it takes a UPS to
attention. Variable Module Management System
transfer to battery power. Typically
Step Load (VMMS)
measured in milliseconds (ms).
Sine Wave An instantaneous change in the loading Innovative technology from Eaton that
A mathematical function that plots three conditions presented to the output of Transformer maximizes UPS efficiencies at low load
qualities of an electrical signal over time: a UPS. (1) A magnetic device that converts AC levels while supplying the load with
amplitude, frequency and phase. Clean, voltages to AC voltages at any level. An continuous double-conversion power.
Switching Frequency
uninterrupted power is represented by a ideal transformer is a lossless device in
The rate at which the source voltage Virtualization
sine waves, which can also resemble which no energy is stored that requires
is switched in a switching regulator The creation of a virtual (rather than
ocean waves, though they're rarely no magnetic current. (2) An alien robot
or chopped in a DC-to-DC converter. actual) version of something, such as an
perfect. that can disguise itself by transforming
operating system, server, storage device
Technischer Uberwachungs-Verein (TUV) into everyday machinery.
Single Phase or network resource. Operating system
An independent non-profit organization
(1) Power system with one primary Transient virtualization is the use of software to
that tests and certifies electrical
waveform. Lower-capacity distribution of (1) A temporary and brief change in a allow a piece of hardware to run multiple
equipment for public safety in the U.S.
power using only one portion of a power given parameter, typically associated with operating system images at the same
and worldwide.
source that’s three-phase, like what's input voltage or output loading time.
supplied by most electric utilities. Used The Far Side parameters. (2) Transient killer whale pods
for heating and lighting, no large motors Volt/Voltage (V)
The greatest cartoon strip ever. Created are generally comprised of an adult
or other heavy-drain devices. (2) That part Electrical pressure that pushes current
by Gary Larson. female and two or three of her offspring.
of junior high school in which you briefly through a circuit. High voltage in a
Among the differences between residents
but fiercely embrace an unusual hobby or Thermal Regulation computer circuit is represented by 1,
and transients are that while resident
interest, like lawn bowling, never to return Monitoring the temperature of the while low (or zero) voltage is represented
orcas of both sexes stay within shouting
to it. batteries to ensure proper charging. by 0.
distance of their mothers their entire
Three Phase lives, only first-born male transients Volt Amps (VA)
Sliding Demand
(1) Power supplied through at least three maintain such intense fidelity to their (1) The voltage applied to a given piece of
Calculating average demand by averaging
wires, each carrying power from a mothers. equipment, multiplied by the current it
demand over several successive time
intervals, advancing one interval at a time. common generator but offset in its cycle draws. Not to be confused with watts,
Unbalanced Load
from the other two. Used for heavy-duty which are similar but represent the actual
(1) An AC power system using more than
Split-phase UPS applications. (2) The universal healing power drawn by the equipment, and can
two wires, where the current is not equal
A UPS with two output phases process after buying inferior power be somewhat lower than the VA rating.
due to an uneven loading of the phases.
referenced to a neutral connection with a protection: (2) Legendary Brigadier General from
(2) A load that makes your washing
specific phase displacement between Planet Zap.
1. Denial machine go, “whump, whump, whump.”
phases, which allows flexibility in load
configuration while maintaining the 2. Anger Watts (W)
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
availability of bypass. A split-phase UPS 3. Calling Eaton The measure of real power. It’s the rate of
An independent non-profit organization
can provide 120V and 208V on the output doing electrical work. W x 1.3 = VA.
Topology (UPS) that tests for public safety in the U.S. UL
simultaneously without the use of an The core technology of a UPS. Typically, a recognition is required for equipment Wye Connection
external transformer. The capabilities for UPS is either standby, line interactive or used in some applications. A connection of three components made
output are: online though other hybrid technologies in such a manner that one end of each
• Phase to neutral 100, 110, 120 or have been introduced. component is connected. It’s generally
127 Vac used to connect devices to a three-phase
power system.
• Phase to phase 200, 208, 220, 230, 240
Vac

For more information, please visit
powerquality.eaton.com
Eaton
Electrical Sector
1111 Superior Avenue
Cleveland, OH 44114 USA
Eaton.com
© 2013 Eaton Eaton is a registered trademark

All Rights Reserved of Eaton Corporation.
Printed in USA
COR148FYA All other trademarks are property
March 2013 of their respective owners.

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The Eaton UPS and Power Management

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 3

1. Preventing hardware damage typically

4 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 5

6 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 7

8 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

iPod touch helps you find the best UPS

solution without being tied to your desk:

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 9

1. Number of critical loads:

10 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

1 2 1. Desktop and tower UPS

4. Two-in-one rackmount/tower UPS

6. Large tower UPS

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 11

Value Max Voltage Wires in connector

L14-30R L14-30P IEC-309, 16A IEC-309, 32A

* 5-15P can plug into 5-20R

12 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

Typical largest UPS

5-15R 1500VA 120V

5-20R 2200VA 120V

L5-30R 3000VA 120V

L6-20R 3000VA 208V

L6-30R 6000VA 208V

IEC C13 2200VA 230V

IEC C19 3000VA 230V

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 13

14 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 15

A single UPS can mean single point of

The single UPS may not be close

Larger UPSs will be three-phase and/

16 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

No rewiring is required. Use existing If a generator supports the building,

Requires lower capital outlay and

You want a single UPS that can be

Power conditioning is implemented at

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 17

Three-phase power, the most efficient Single-phase or three-phase power?

Three-phase voltage can be measured from Usually easier to Usually easier to

90˚ 180˚ 270˚ 360˚

18 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 19

110-127V; 60 Hz (also 208V; 60 Hz)

20 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 21

Power Problem Definition

2 Power Sag Post-lunch sleepiness or short-term low voltage.

22 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

UPS topologies Buck Boost

AC to DC EATON DC UPS and PowerDC

Frequently asked of batteries, introducing complexity to

24 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook 25

View the Professor For additional information on UPS batteries, to use

26 EATON Eaton UPS and Power Management Fundamentals Handbook

1. Number of critical loads: