1.

0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
This report summarizes the structural analysis and design of the residential building.
The analysis and design has been based on the prevailing codes that are in practice
in Nepal, the National Building code of Nepal and the IS code at places. This report
consists of the design procedures adopted, the assumptions made, the inputs made
in the design and the design output.

1.2 Salient Features

1.2.1 Project Information
Client : Mrs. ………….
Building Type : Residential
Location : ……….
Plinth Area : 636.20 Sq. ft.

1.2.2 Building Features

Type of Structure : RCC Framed Structure
Storey : Two and Half Storey
Storey Height : 9’4”
Total Height : 31 Feet (From Plinth level)
1.2.3 Site Condition
Soil Type : Medium Soil (for seismic consideration as per IS 456)
Seismic Zone Factor : 0.36
Net safe bearing capacity : 120 KN/m2(Assumed)

1.3 Geometry of the Building

Building is analyzed in rectangular-shaped block having floor height of 9’-4”, length
is 7.414m and breadth is 8.609m.
 Column Base Identification

A B C
11'-3" 12'

4'-10"

13'
8'-2"

2 2
14'-3"

14'-3"
3 3

10' 12'

A B C

Grid Number according to structure modeling.

2.0 DESIGN APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 General
The structure is analyzed with Finite Element Method (FEM). Beams and columns are
modeled as frame (line) elements with sufficient and appropriate meshing. Modulus
of elasticity and poisson’s ratio for the materials used are taken accordingly. The
section properties used are based on preliminary section sizing with consideration
for deflection, minimum sizing specified and serviceability. Computation for
stiffness as a whole is carried out using FEM based latest software.
Seismic Coefficient Method is used and it is applied for lateral seismic force
distribution generated with IS1893:2002 based.
The design horizontal seismic coefficient,
Ah = Z*I*(Sa/g) / (2R) (Cl. 6.4.2, IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002)

Where,
Z = Zone factor (0.36)
I = Importance factor(1)
R = Response reduction factor (5)
Sa/g = average response acceleration coefficient

Design Seismic Base Shear

The total design lateral force or design seismic base shear (VB) along any principal direction
is determined by the following expression
VB = Ah*W (Cl. 7.5.3)
Where, Ah = The design horizontal seismic coefficient as above
W = Seismic weight of the building
Foundation design is carried out to satisfy strength and stability requirements.

2.2 Software used: (Introduction to Analysis software)

The analysis for the structural system was carried out using ETABS 2015 Version
15.0.0 build 1221 Integrated Building Design Software, is a product of Computers
and Structures. Inc. It is a FEM based software having facility of RC Design based on
IS- 456:2000.

2.3 Structural Performance

Structural response under limit state of serviceability is thoroughly checked. The
force and stiffness relationship resulting the deflection under various load cases and
combined action of forces are duly evaluated. Basically short- term elastic deflection
due to vertical loads and lateral deflection due to seismic forces are of major
importance along with the long-term defection of beam elements under sustained
loading condition due to shrinkage and creep are also taken into account.

2.4 Deformation under Vertical Loads.

Maximum vertical deflection in all beam and slab elements that resulted under
vertical load of combined effect of self, imposed dead and live load are checked for
critical elements and maintained to be within permissible limit. Short-term elastic
deflection and long-term deflection due to shrinkage and creep due to sustained
loads are also maintained within permissible limits for all the elements.
 3.0 ANALYSIS
3.1 Loading details / Types of Loads.

A. Dead Load: The Dead load comprises the loads due to the materials used in the
construction and parts or components in a building. It consists of the loads due to
structural elements like beam, column, wall, slab, staircase, etc; finishes applied in
the building and some permanent structures like water tanks etc.

B. Imposed Load: The imposed load comprises the loads due to the physical
contribution of people and the loads due to the nature of occupancy, the furniture
and other equipments which are a part of the character of the occupancy. The
imposed loads on the structural system are based on the codal provisions as specified
in IS 875(part2)-1987.

C. Earthquake load: The Earthquake load is the horizontal /lateral load induced by
the ground motion due to earthquakes. The design lateral load / force is considered
in two orthogonal horizontal directions of the structures. The earthquake induced
lateral loads on the structural system are based on the codal provisions as specified
in IS1893:2002

3.2 Material Specification

Considering Architectural, Economic and strength demands, reinforced cement
concrete (RCC) is used as the major structural material, the selected material also
confirms the availability and ease in construction. The concrete grade used is M20
as per Indian Standard Specification. This material provides minimum grade of
structural concrete and favorable for easy production and quality control as well.
Fe500 is provided as longitudinal and Fe415 is provided as shear reinforcing in Beams,
Columns, foundations, and slabs wherever RCC is used.
Considerations of material for loading and strength parameter are as detailed below:

Structural Components:

Concrete
Grade: M20
Characteristic Compressive strength: 20 N/mm2
Unit weight: 25 KN/m3
Young’s modulus of elasticity (E) = 5000 fck N/mm2 ≈ 22360680 KN/m2 (for M20)

Steel Reinforcement (for both longitudinal and shear reinforcement)

Grade: Fe 500
Yield stress: 500 N/mm2

Non-Structural Components:
Brick Wall
Unit weight: 19 KN/m3

NOTE: During this design, brick is not considered as structural component and hence its
strength is not considered.
Finishing
Plaster
Unit Weight: 20.4 KN/m3

Floor Finish:
Specification: 50mm thick screed + punning on floor
Intensity: 1 KN/m2
Specification: 50mm thick marble on the floor
Intensity: 1.335 KN/m2
NOTE: During this design, a value of 1.5KN/m2is considered as floor finish load.

3.3 Loading on Structural Model

The following considerations are made during the loading on the structural model:
 The loads distributed over the area are imposed on area element and that
distributed over length are imposed on line element whenever possible.
 Where such loading is not applicable, equivalent conversion to different
loading distribution is carried to load the model near the real case as far as
possible.
 For lateral load, necessary calculations are performed to comply with the
requirements of IS1893:2002.

3.4 Load Cases

The following load cases were used for loading during the analysis:
Dead : Self Weight of the building structural components
Finish : Weight of the finishing of the slabs and staircases (including steps)
Wall : Wall loads (including plaster)
Live : Live load in the building area elements

Primary Load Cases

NUMBER NAME TYPE

1 EQX Seismic
2 EQZ Seismic
3 DEAD Dead
4 WALL LOAD Dead
5 STAIR LOAD Dead
6 LIVE Live
7 FLOOR FINISHING Dead
8 PARTITION WALL Dead

3.5 Load Combination

The load combinations are based on IS456. The following load combinations are
specified by IS 456.
1) 1.5(TDL+IL)
2) 1.2(TDL+IL ± EQL)
3) 1.5(TDL ± EQL)
4) 0.9TDL ± 1.5EQL
Assumptions
The following assumptions are taken into consideration in the seismic resistant
analysis and design of structures:
 Adequate supervision and quality systems are provided during execution of
the works.
 Construction is carried out by personnel having the appropriate skill and
experience.
 Construction materials and products confirm to the pertinent codes and
specifications.
 The structure is adequately maintained.
 The structure is used in accordance with the design brief.
 An earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with maximum flood,
wind, waves or tides.
 Resonance as visualized under steady state sinusoidal excitation will not
occur, as the small duration of earthquake is not enough to build up resonance
amplitudes.
 Subsoil does not considerably settle or slide due to earthquake at the site of
structure.

3.6 Load Calculations

3.6.1 Dead Load
Wall Load Calculation
Floor Height 2.8448 9' - 4"
Beam Depth 0.3556 1' - 2"
Load
Wall Unit
Load (KN/m) % of Final
Description Width(m) Height Weight
(KN/m) With opening Load
(m) (KN/m3)
Plaster
SN
1 Wall Plaster 0.025 2.49 20.4 1.3
2 Wall Plaster 0.025 0.90 20.4 0.5
3 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 0 12.1
4 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 20 9.7
5 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 30 8.5
6 Full Brick Wall 0.23 2.49 19 10.9 12.1 50 6.1
7 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 0 6.7
8 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 15 5.7
9 Half Brick Wall 0.115 2.49 19 5.4 6.7 25 5.0
10 Parapet Wall 0.115 0.90 19 2.0 2.4 0 2.4

Note: Calculation of staircase load is shown in Design sheets

3.6.2 Live Load
 LIVE LOAD UDL (KN/M2)
Rooms and kitchen 2.0
Toilet and bathroom 2.0
Corridor, passage, staircase 3.0
Balconies 3.0
Terrace 1.5

3.6.3 Seismic Load

The seismic lateral load is calculated using the IS 1893:2002. The base shear is
applied with the coefficient as calculated hereunder:

Site Sub-soil category Type II(Medium)

Time Period Tx=0.09H/Sqrt(dx) 0.282 sec

Time Period Tz=0.09H/Sqrt(dz) 0.262 sec

Seismic Zoning Factor 0.36

Importance Factor 1.0

Response Reduction Factor 5.0

Sa/g 2.5

Ah .09

3.6.4 Data Used in Analysis in FEM Software

IS1893 2002 Auto Seismic Load Calculation
This calculation presents the automatically generated lateral seismic loads for load
pattern eqx and eqy according to IS1893 2002, as calculated by ETABS.
Direction and Eccentricity
Direction = Multiple
Eccentricity Ratio = 5% for all diaphragms
Structural Period
Period Calculation Method = User Specified
User Period T = 0.282 sec

User Period T = 0.262 sec

Factors and Coefficients

Seismic Zone Factor, Z [IS Table 2] Z = 0.36

Response Reduction Factor, R [IS Table 7] R=5
Importance Factor, I [IS Table 6] I=1
Site Type [IS Table 1] = II

Seismic Response

Spectral Acceleration Coefficient, Sa /g 𝑆𝑎 1.36 𝑆𝑎

= = 2.5
[IS 6.4.5] 𝑔 𝑇 𝑔

Equivalent Lateral Forces

𝑆𝑎
𝑍𝐼
Seismic Coefficient, Ah [IS 6.4.2] 𝐴ℎ =
𝑔
2𝑅

Calculated Base Shear

Period
Period Used W Vb W Vb
Direction Direction Used
(sec) (kN) (kN) (kN) (kN)
(sec)
X 0.282 1604.7843 144.4306 Y 0.262 1604.7843 144.4306

Applied Story Forces

Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir Story Elevation X-Dir Y-Dir
m kN kN m kN kN
Story3 8.5344 64.1847 0 Story3 8.5344 0 64.1847
Story2 5.6896 60.0013 0 Story2 5.6896 0 60.0013
Story1 2.8448 20.2445 0 Story1 2.8448 0 20.2445
Base 0 0 0 Base 0 0 0
Wall Load in Model:
 4.0 ANALYSIS OUTPUTS
Results from Structural models and analysis
 Story Response - Maximum Story Displacement
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m mm mm
Story3 8.5344 Top 17.8 16.8
Story2 5.6896 Top 13.2 11.5
Story1 2.8448 Top 5.8 5.1
Base 0 Top 0 0
 Story Response - Maximum Story Drifts Along X
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story3 8.5344 Top 0.001095 0.000073
Story2 5.6896 Top 0.001745 0.000289
Story1 2.8448 Top 0.001366 0.000241
Base 0 Top 0 0
 Story Response - Maximum Story Drifts Along Y
Plot

Tabulated Plot Coordinates

Story Response Values

Story Elevation Location X-Dir Y-Dir
m
Story3 8.5344 Top 0.000011 0.00119
Story2 5.6896 Top 0.000032 0.001579
Story1 2.8448 Top 0.000095 0.001195
Base 0 Top 0 0
Diagram Showing Reaction (for DL+LL)
Axial Force Diagram (for Envelop)
Shear Force Diagram (For Envelop)
Bending Moment Diagram (for envelop)
 5.0 DESIGN OF MEMBERS
Design of Beams and Columns
The design of beams and columns are done from the software itself. However, it is
to be notified that the limitations of the design by the software have been evaluated
and the adjustments have been made accordingly.
Due to very huge and detailed explanation of ETABS output for each and every
column and beam, we have shown a design results below showing the amount of
load, moments, amount of steel required, section adopted etc.
The samples (summary) of the design through the software based on IS456: 2000 has
been presented here under.
 ETABS 2015 Concrete Frame Design
IS 456:2000 Column Section Design

Column Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 C6 Column12x12 UDCon10 0 2844.8 0.683

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) dc (mm) Cover (Torsion) (mm)
304.8 304.8 63 35

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Design For Pu , Mu2 , Mu3

Design Pu Design Mu2 Design Mu3 Minimum M2 Minimum M3 Rebar Area Rebar %
kN kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m mm² %
485.0357 -46.7367 9.7007 9.7007 9.7007 1091 1.17

Axial Force and Biaxial Moment Factors

K Factor Length Initial Moment Additional Moment Minimum Moment
Unitless mm kN-m kN-m kN-m
Major Bend(M3) 0.694024 2489.2 0.331 0 9.7007
Minor Bend(M2) 0.707686 2489.2 -18.6947 0 9.7007

Shear Design for Vu2 , Vu3

Shear Vu Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
Major, Vu2 0.3464 61.5517 29.4798 42.2226 337.85
Minor, Vu3 49.311 61.5517 29.4798 49.311 337.85

Joint Shear Check/Design

 Joint Shear Shear Shear Shear Joint Shear
Force VTop Vu,Tot Vc Area Ratio
kN kN kN kN cm² Unitless
Major Shear, Vu2 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Minor Shear, Vu3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

(1.1) Beam/Column Capacity Ratio

Major Ratio Minor Ratio
N/A N/A

Additional Moment Reduction Factor k (IS 39.7.1.1)

Ag Asc Puz Pb Pu k
cm² cm² kN kN kN Unitless
929 10.9 1245.1258 284.6077 485.0357 0.791333

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 1 of 2)

Consider Length Section KL/Depth KL/Depth KL/Depth
Ma Factor Depth (mm) Ratio Limit Exceeded
Major Bending (M3 ) Yes 0.875 304.8 5.668 12 No
Minor Bending (M2 ) Yes 0.875 304.8 5.779 12 No

Additional Moment (IS 39.7.1) (Part 2 of 2)

Ma
Moment (kN-m)
0
0

ETABS 2015 Concrete Frame Design

 IS 456:2000 Beam Section Design

Beam Element Details Type: Ductile Frame (Summary)

Level Element Section ID Combo ID Station Loc Length (mm) LLRF
Story1 B4 Beam14x9 UDCon9 4191 4343.4 1

Section Properties
b (mm) h (mm) bf (mm) ds (mm) dct (mm) dcb (mm)
228.6 355.6 228.6 0 25 25

Material Properties
Ec (MPa) fck (MPa) Lt.Wt Factor (Unitless) fy (MPa) fys (MPa)
22360.68 20 1 500 500

Design Code Parameters

ɣC ɣS
1.5 1.15

Factored Forces and Moments

Factored Factored Factored Factored
Mu3 Tu Vu2 Pu
kN-m kN-m kN kN
-71.8962 0.1494 86.1973 0

Design Moments, Mu3 & Mt

Factored Factored Positive Negative
Moment Mt Moment Moment
kN-m kN-m kN-m kN-m
-71.8962 0.2246 0 -72.1208

Design Moment and Flexural Reinforcement for Moment, M u3 & Tu

Design Design -Moment +Moment Minimum Required
-Moment +Moment Rebar Rebar Rebar Rebar
kN-m kN-m mm² mm² mm² mm²
Top (+2 Axis) -72.1208 614 0 614 174
Bottom (-2 Axis) 0 307 0 44 307

Shear Force and Reinforcement for Shear, Vu2 & Tu

Shear Ve Shear Vc Shear Vs Shear Vp Rebar Asv /s
kN kN kN kN mm²/m
108.3817 43.4638 65.9634 38.8029 552.9

Torsion Force and Torsion Reinforcement for Torsion, Tu & VU2

Tu Vu Core b1 Core d1 Rebar Asvt /s
kN-m kN mm mm mm²/m
0.1494 86.1973 198.6 325.6 366.95
Diagram Showing Reinforcement output From Etabs

1-1
2-2
3-3
First Floor
Second Floor
Top Floor
 Design of Foundation
Foundations are structure elements that transfer loads from building or individual
column to earth this loads are to be properly transmitted foundations must be
designed to prevent excessive settlement are rotation to minimize differential
settlements and to provide adequate safety isolated footings for buildings.
The choice of type of foundation to be used in a given situation depends on a
number of factors.
1.) Bearing capacity of soil
2.) Type of structure
3.) Type of loads
4.) Permissible differential settlements
5.) Economy

Types of Footings
a) Isolated Footing: used for single column and may have square rectangular or
circular shapes
b) Strip Footing: Wall footing
c) Combined footing: supports two or more columns
d) Raft/Mat foundation: Support all columns. Used when soil bearing capacity is
low and sum of individual footing area is more than 50% of plinth area.
e) Pile/Well foundations: minimum three piles are capped to support the structures.
Well foundations are used in bridge foundations.

Modeling, analysis and design is carried out using the software. Design of the
individual elements is carried out manually. The sample calculation of the individual
elements is presented below.
Design of Slab
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of buildings and it supports mainly
transverse loads and transfers them to supports primarily by bending action in one
or more directions. The behavior and strength of slab depends upon, the shape and
geometry (span), support and boundary conditions, loading level (service load,
ultimate load) the state stress (elastic, in elastic, plastic).

One way slab:

One way slab are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth it can be
simply supported beam or continuous beam.
Two way slab:
When slabs are supported to four sides two ways spanning action occurs. Such as
slab are simply supported on any or continuous or all sides the deflections and
bending moments are considerably reduces as compared to those in one way slab.

A sample design of the critical slab is carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown
here under.
Design of Staircase
A staircase can be considered to be an inclined slab. Staircase is an important
component of a building providing access to different floors and roof of the building.
It consists of a flight of steps (stairs) and one or more intermediate landing slabs
between the floor levels.
Different structural systems are possible for the staircase, depending on the
spanning direction. The slab component of the stair spans either in the direction of
going i.e., longitudinally or in the direction of the steps, i.e., transversely.
Similarly, the Sample design of Staircase with calculation of loading of staircase is
also carried out in Excel. The calculation is shown here under.
Design of Strap Beam:
A cantilever or strap footing normally comprises two footing connected by a beam
called a strap footing is a special case of combine footing. A strap footing is used to
connect an eccentrically loaded column footing close to the property line to an
interior column.
The footing areas are proportioned in such a way to keep the pressure under the
two footings uniform and equal and for the centroid of the combined footing areas
to coincide with the resultant of the two column loads.
It is assumed that the strap beam is rigid and does not transfer any load by bearing
on the soil at its bottom contact surface.
 6. ANNEX
References

IS: 456 – 2000 Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete

IS: 875 (Parts 1-5) Code of practice for design loads (other than earthquake) for buildings and
structures (second revision)
Part 1 – Dead loads
Part 2 – Imposed loads
NBC 105: 1994 Code of practice for Seismic Design of Buildings in Nepal

IS: 1893 – 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

IS: 13920 - 1993 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures subjected to Seismic
forces - Code of Practice
SP: 16 – 1980 Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS: 456 – 1978

SP: 34 – 1987 Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement Detailing

Pillai Pillai, S. Unnikrishna, Marie A. Erki, and Donald Wayne Kirk. Reinforced
concrete design. Whitby, Ont.: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1999.
Sinha,S.N. Sinha, S. N. (2002). Reinforced concrete design. Tata McGraw-Hill
Education.