Gigi Mathew

FATHER OF RASA SHASTRA “LORD NAGARJUNA”
EVALUATION OF HAEMATINIC EFFECT OF GUDA
MARITA ABHRAKA BHASMA - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
BY
DR. GIGI MATHEW
Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka, Bangalore.
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

IN
RASASHASTRA
Under the guidance of
Dr. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Ayu)

Professor & H.O.D,
Dept of Rasashastra.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA

D.G M. AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE AND RESEARCH CENTER,
GADAG – 582103
2010
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka,

Bangalore.
DECLARATION BY THE CANDIDATE
I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Evaluation of
Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma - An Experimental Study” is
a bonafide and genuine research work carried out by me under the guidance of
Dr. M.C.Patil, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D, Post graduate Department of
Rasashastra.
Date:
Place: Gadag. Dr. GIGI MATHEW

SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,GADAG.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.
CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of Haematinic effect of
Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma – An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research
work done by Dr.Gigi Mathew in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree
of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).
Date:
Place: Gadag. Guide:
Dr. M.C.Patil,
M.D. (Ayu)
Professor & H.O.D,
Dept. of Rasashastra,
Post Graduate Research Center
D.G.M Ayurveda Medical College,
Gadag.
SHRI D. G. MELMALAGI AYURVEDIC MEDICAL COLLEGE,GADAG.
POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.
Gadag.
ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF

THE INSTITUTION
This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of
Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma – An Experimental Study”
is a bonafide research work done by Dr.Gigi Mathew under the guidance of
Dr.M.C.Patil, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D, Postgraduate Department of Rasashastra
DR. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B.Patil,

Professor & H.O.D, Principal/CMO
Department of Rasashastra. D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.
D.G.M.A.M.C, GADAG.
Date: Date:
Place: Gadag Place: Gadag

COPYRIGHT
Declaration by the candidate
I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

Karnataka shall have the rights to preserve, use and disseminate this
dissertation / thesis in print or electronic format for academic / research
purpose.
Date:
Place: Gadag. Dr.Gigi Mathew
© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

Acknowledgement
At this amenity of successful integrating of my work, I bow my head on the
feet of Lord Jesus Christ.
There is hardly any task which is more pleasant than acknowledgement my
gratitude to all those who have helped in so many ways in preparing this work.
I have no words to express my gratitude towards my affectionate Parents
Mr. I.O. Devassy and Mrs. V.J. Thresia and my father-in-law Mr. M.K. Uthup and
mother-in-law Mrs. Acharu Uthup whose blessings made me to progress and whose
love and guidance helped me to overcome all the obstacles in my life.
It is my proud and privilege to express my extreme sense of indebtedness to
my guide Prof Dr.M.C.Patil, M.D(Ayu), Head of the Department of Rasashastra, for
his invaluable and ever available help and guidance.
I express my gratitude with due respect to our Principal Dr. G.B.Patil.
I extend my gratefulness to Dr.Suvarna B.Nidagundi and Dr. Jagdeesh G. Mitti
and Dr. Shobagin whose valuable suggestions, helped me to complete my work.
I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr.Ashok Patil, M.D(Ayu) for his valuable
guidance and help from the beginning of my P.G.studies to till date.
I acknowledge my sincere thanks to my wife Dr. Smini J. Moonjely for her kind
co-operation and help during study.
I acknowledge my sincere thanks to my brother Mr. Saji Sebastian and family,
Mr. Renjith Sebastian and family and my sisters Mrs. Shyji Joy and family, Mrs. Lyji
I

Joly and family, brother-in-law Mr. Soans Joseph and family and Sister-in-law Mrs.
Sniji Baiju and family for their kind co-operation and help during study.
I pay my heartful thanks to my dear daughters Ethel Therese Mathew and Eezel
Anna Mathew whose joyful face and naughtiness kept me relaxed.
I express my sincere acknowledgement to Mr. M. Muraleedharan, Secretary,
PNNM Ayurveda Medical College, Shornur for his continuous support during my
course of study.
I express my sincere and Mrs. Sandhya Prasad, Administrative Officer PNNM
Ayurveda Medical College, Shornur, Dr. Chethan M., Lecturer SDM Ayurveda
College, Hassan, Dr. Simkin Suryan, Lecturer PNNM Ayurveda Medical College,
Shornur and Mrs. Sreekala P. Kumar, PNNM Ayurveda Medical College, Shornur
for their timely help and suggestions.
I extend my gratitude to Shri V.M.Mundimani, Mr.Shavi, and Mr.Karur for
providing the required books during the study.
I cannot forget the love and timely co-operation offered by my friends
Dr. Sathish Kumar, Dr. Gopikrishnan, Dr.Jayakar, Dr.Sanjeev and Dr.Vijay during
this work and beyond this work. Their love and affection can not be bounded under
the single word “Thanks”. I will be always in need of their love and affection. I am
also thankful to my classmates, Dr. Anidev S, Dr.Vijayraj, Dr.Gaurav, and Dr.
Geetha for their co-operation during the course of study.
My sincere thanks to my Senior Friends Dr. Joshy, Dr. Sooraj, Dr. Anish,
whose support is always comforting to me.
II

With pleasure I extend my sincere gratitude to non teaching staff Smt. Patil,
Smt.Shamshad, Smt.Mangala, Manjunath, Shettappa Gouda and Prabhu for their co-
operation and help during the study.
I am deeply indebted to Sri. Shivakumar. S. Inamdar, Dept of Pharmacology &
Toxicology, K.L.E Society College of Pharmacy, Gadag for his kind help.
I express my special thanks to my other department friends Dr.Bhagyesh,
Dr. Jithin, Dr. Sivakumar for their kind co-operation in completing the work.
Last but not least I thankful to all those persons who directly or indirectly
helped me in this work.
Dr. GIGI MATHEW
III

ABBREVIATIONS:
1. A.P Ayurveda Prakasha

2. A.K Ananda Kanda
3. Ay.R.S Ayurvediya Rasa Shastra
4. B.P. Bhava Prakasha
5. Br.R.R.S Brihat Rasa Raja Sundara
6. Br.Y.T Brihat Yoga Tarangini
7. B.R Bhaishaja Ratnavali
8. Dh.N. Dhanwantri Nighantu
9. K.N Kaideva Nighantu
10. M.N Madanaphala Nighantu
11. R.K. Rasakamadenu
12. R.Ni Raja Nighantu
13. R.T. Rasa Tarangini
14. R.Cu Rasendra Chudamani
15. R.S.S Rasendra Sara Sangraha
16. R.H.T. Rasa Hridaya Tantra
17. R.Mr. Rasamrutha.
18. R.P.S. Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara
19. R.R.S. Rasa Rathna Samucchaya
20. Ra.Ci.Vi Rasa Chikitsa Vignana
21. S.P.S Siddha Prayoga Sangraha
23. Y.R. Yoga Ratnakara
VI
ABSTRACT
Background: Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of medicine; the utility

of Ayurvedic science is to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to cure the
disease of a patient.
Anaemia is a condition in which decrease of blood, especially of its

erythrocytes (red blood cells). The Phytotherapeutic treatment consists of using
antianaemic plants rich in iron, but also with abundant amount of other minerals,
vitamins and enzymes which activate the body.
In spite of various drugs for anaemia exists, a research for newer natural drug
continues because of several therapeutic complications associated with existing
therapy. Several herbal and herbo-mineral drugs are described in Ayurvedic literature
for the management of Pandu which are more effective with less adverse affects.
Abhraka bhasma is a mineral preparation indicated for various disorders

including Panduroga. In classical text books Guda is a dravya, prepared out of herbal
drug called ikshu, which will increase the amount of blood.
In classical text books of Rasashastra, there mentioned about 60 drugs as

Marana dravyas for Abhraka bhasma, where Guda is one among them .
Both Abhraka and Guda act on Pandu effectively. Thus in present study – An
attempt will be made to evaluate the efficacy of Abhraka bhasma prepared by using
Guda as marana dravya with special reference to its haematinic effect.
The Whole study includes the following topics :
1.Introduction: It introduces the subjects by laying emphasis on its importance in
present time.Plan of study is also dealt.
2.Review of Literature: It is based on Ayurvedic texts and also modern
pharmacotherapeutic properties of Abhraka, Guda, Kanji, Gomutra,Triphala
kwatha,Godugdha.
V

3.Methodology:
a) Pharmaceutical study: This Chapter includes the relation of raw materials,
Shodhana of Abhraka, Marana of Abhraka , Amrutikarana & Lohitikarana of
Abhraka.
b) Analytical study: This Chapter includes the organoleptic & chemical analysis of
Abhraka Bhasma.
c) Experimental study: This includes the experimental study of Abhraka Bhasma
W.S.R to Haematinic activity.
Results:
In this part the results obtained are systematically presented, which include
data related to response to treatment.
Discussion:
In this chapter observation, findings and results of studies have been found
out with possible explaination for its effects.
Conclusion:
The essence of the whole study is mentioned in this chapter.
Summary:
It contains the information of the overall work in a nut shell.
Keywords: Dhanyabhrakarana, Abhraka Bhasma, Amrutikarana, Lohitikarana,
Analytical Study, Experimental Study, Haematinic activity.
VI

CONTENTS:
Sl.No Index Page No
1 Introduction 1
2 Aims and Objectives 2
3 Drug Review 3 – 32
4 Disease Review 33 – 62
5 Methodology 63 – 96
6 Results 97– 131
7 Discussion 132 -142
8 Conclusion 143
9 Summary 144-145
10 Bibliography 146-157

VII

LIST OF TABLES
Sl. Tables Page N0

No
01 References from different text books 4–6
02 Paryayas of Abhraka 7–8
03 Vargeekarana of Abhraka 10 – 11
04 Rasa of Abhraka 14
05 Karma of Abhraka 15
06 Shodhana dravya & vidhi of Abhraka 16 – 17
07 Various process described for Dhanyabhraka 19
08 Number of Puta 21
09 Opinions on nature of Puta 22
10 Therapeutic uses of Abhraka bhasma 26
11 Showing the Aharaja Nidana of Panduroga. 37
12 Showing the Viharaja Nidana of Panduroga 37-38
13 Showing the Purvaroopa of Panduroga. 39
14 Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga 40
15 Showing the classification of Panduroga 41
16 Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Vataja Panduroga 42
17 Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Pittaja Panduroga. 43
18 Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Kaphaja Panduroga 43-44
19. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Mridbhakshanajanya 45-47
Panduroga.
20. Observation of Abhraka bhasma in different putas 72-73
21. Observation of Abhraka bhasma in different putas during 76
VIII

Lohiteekarana
22. Showing Analysis of Abhraka bhasma by Ancient methods. 77
23. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to 97
erythroid 48 hrs
24. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to 97
erythroid 96 hrs
25. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 48 hrs 97
26. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 96 hours 98
27. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 48 hours 98
28. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 96 hours 98
29. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 99
48 hours
30. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 99
48 hours
31. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 48 99
hours
32. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 96 100
hours
33. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 100
IX

48 hours
34. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 100
96 hours
35. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 48 101
hours
36. Shows Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 48 101
hours
37. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter Myeloid to 116
Erythroid 48 hours
38. Shows Myeloid to Erythroid Erythroid 96 hours 117
39. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for RBC at 48 hours 118
40. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for RBC at 96 hours 119
41. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Hb at 48 hrs 120
42. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Hb at 96 hrs 121
43. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Pronormoblast 48 hrs 122
45. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Normoblast 48 hrs 124
X

46. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Normoblast 96 hrs 125
47. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Reticulocytes 48 hrs 126
48. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Reticulocytes 96 hrs 127
49. Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Normocytes 48 hrs 128
50 Shows Paired ‘t’ test table for Normocytes 96 hrs 129
LIST OF GRAPHS:
Sl. No Graphs Page No
1 Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter Myeloid to 116
Erythroid 48 hours.
2 Myeloid to Erythroid Erythroid 96 hours 117
3 RBC at 48 hrs 118
4 RBC at 96 hrs 119
5 Hb at 48 hrs 120
6 Hb at 96 hrs 121
7. Pronormoblast at 48 hrs 122
8. Pronormoblast 96 hrs 123
XI

9. Normoblast 48 hrs 124
10. Normoblast 96 hrs 125
11. Reticulocytes 48 hrs 126
12. Reticulocytes 96 hrs 127
13. Normocytes 48 hrs 128
14. Normocytes 96 hrs 129
LIST OF PHOTOGRAPHS:
Sl. No Photographs
1 Raw drugs with Shodhana Dravyas
2 Pharmaceutical procedures
3 NPST
4 Experimental procedures
XII
Introduction 1
Introduction
Since time immemorial various systems of medicine were prevailing in
different parts of the world. The sole motto of all healing systems of medicine is to
alleviate the suffering of human beings.
Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of medicine; the utility of Ayurvedic
science is to maintain the health of a healthy individual and to cure the disease of a
patient1.
Anaemia is a condition in which decrease of blood, especially of its
erythrocytes (red blood cells). The Phytotherapeutic treatment consists of using
antianaemic plants rich in iron, but also with abundant amount of other minerals,
vitamins and enzymes which activate the body2.
In spite of various drugs for anaemia exists, a research for newer natural drug
continues because of several therapeutic complications associated with existing
therapy. Several herbal and herbo-mineral drugs are described in Ayurvedic literature
for the management of Pandu which are more effective with less adverse affects.
Abhraka bhasma is a mineral preparation indicated for various disorders
including Panduroga3. In classical text books Guda is a dravya, prepared out of herbal
drug called ikshu, which will increase the amount of blood4.
In classical text books of Rasashastra, there mentioned about 60 drugs as
Marana dravyas for Abhraka bhasma, where Guda is one among them 5.
Both Abhraka and Guda act on Pandu effectively. Thus in present study – An
attempt will be made to evaluate the efficacy of Abhraka bhasma prepared by using
Guda as marana dravya with special reference to its haematinic effect.
___________________________________________________________________________
“Evaluation of Haematinic Effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma
- An Experimental Study”
Objectives 2
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES:
1) Samanya Shodhana of Abhraka
2) Vishesha Shodhana of Abhraka.
3) Preparation of Dhanyabhraka.
4) Preparation of Abhraka Bhasma.
5) Amruteekarana of Abhraka Bhasma.
6) Lohitikarana of Abhraka Bhasma.
7) Physico – Chemical Analysis of Abhraka Bhasma.
8) Evaluation of Haematinic Effect of Abhraka Bhasma.

– An Experimental Study”
Drug review 3
DRUG REVIEW
Historical review:
In Rasashastra Parada is the main drug and it represents lord Shiva himself.
Here Shiva becomes the creator of parada which is the agency that he employs.
Parada is compared to Brahma when it is in a state of purification and to Rudhra when
dead and Maheshwara when it is in a state of solidification.
Use of mercury, metals and minerals as medicines came to existence after a
long time. Earlier to that metals are used for different purpose. This means that Lord
Shiva who came later might be started Rasashastra. Hence he might be said as creator
of Rasashastra.
Abhraka is considered as a main drug in many samskaras of parada. Use of
Abhraka patra, Abhraka satwa in the process of parada jarana is found in many texts.
The making of Divyatanu is possible only when a person is constantly in touch
with “Hara Gowri Sristi” i.e use of parada along with Gandaka and Abhraka those
which are capable of making the body strong and healthy.
In the process of Dhatuvada Abhraka has important role in converting the
lower metals into higher once along with parada.
By looking all the above references it is said as, the Abhraka has an important
role in all the parada karmas. Hence Abhraka has got more importance in Rasashastra.
In Pre-historic period (4500 B.C - 1500 B.C) both in Harappa and Mohenjo-
Daro, metallic articles made of copper, bronze, gold, silver and lead were found. But
regarding Abhraka no evidences are found during that period.
In Vedic period (1500 B.C - 600 B.C) various synonyms of Abhraka, are
actually used in the name of Udaka i.e. water. But not a single text has mentioned
Abhraka as a mineral, though various metals and minerals have been elucidated with

“Evaluation of Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma

Drug review 4
their uses in Vedas. After vedic period in Jain and Buddha literature too, Abhraka
found no place.
During Samhita period, illustration of Abhraka and its uses are not eluded
anywhere in Charaka Samhita. In Sushruta Samhita some synonyms of Abhraka are
found. The word 'Vajrakhya' has been cited in Su.Ci. 9/5 Dalhana, the famous
commentator of Sushruta Samhita has opined it as 'Kesamcit mate Abhrakamiti'. But
this view is not accepted by many of the scholars.
Even in Ashtanga Samgraha and Ashtanga Hrdaya, no clear narration
regarding Abhraka can be procured. There is one reference (A.H.Ci. 8/15-1, 2)
present in A.H. mentioning the use of Abhraka for therapeutic purpose.
In Kautilya Arthasastra (400-300 B.C.), one reference is located regarding the
use of Abhraka by the goldsmith while preparing ornaments, as the substitute for
gold.
The Nyaya darshana of Gautama Muni (2nd A.D.) mentions the name
Abhraka while explaining the transparent objects.
In Amarkosa (3rd A.D.), Amar Singh has adduced it as "Abhrakam
Girijamalam".
Table No: 1 - References from Different Rasashastra Text Books
Kala Texts Description regarding

Abhraka
(1) 7-8th A.D. 1. Rasendra Mangala 1. Shodhana
2. Kaksaputa Tantra 2. Drthikaranam
(2) 9th A.D. 1. Rasa Hridaya Tantra 1. For Paksacchedana of
2. Rasopanishad Parada


Drug review 5
(3) 10th A.D. 1. Rasarnava 1. Extraction of Abhraka

2. Shodana
3. Satvapatana
(4) 12th century 1. Rasaprakasha - 1. Shodana
Sudhakara 2. Marana
3. Satvapatana
4. Satvabhasmikarana
5. Guna – Karmas
(5) 13th century 1. Rasa Ratna Samucchaya 1. Same as R.P.S.
2. And also therapeutic use
as a single drug in various
2. Rasa Paddhati ailments
1. DhanyAbhrakarana
2. Marana
3. Niscandrikarana
Also quoted the properties
like Vrusya, Balya,
Pramehagna
(6) 15th century 1. Lauha Sarvasvam 1. Shodana
(Published by Yadavji 2. Marana
Trikamji) 3. Satvapatana
5. Guna - Karmas
2. Rasendra Chintamani 1. Above all
3. Rasasara 1. Above all
(7) 16th century 1.Rasendrasara 1. Shodana
Sangraha 2. Marana
3. Satvapatana
5. Guna – Karmas


Drug review 6
(8) 17th century 1. Ayurveda prakasha 1. Only exhibit the

2. Yoga Ratnakara description regarding
3. Rasa Tarangini Dehavada
2. Therapeutic uses of
Abhraka
(9) 20th century Abhraka is used as a
important
1. Mineral in industrial
sector
2. Drug in Ayurvedic
therapeutics.
Origin of Abhraka
About origin of Abhraka fantastic stories have been narrated in different text
books. Some important mythological stories are as follows,
1) One story narrates Goddess parvathi when met God shiva for the first time
she passionately attracted by him resulted by ejaculation of veerya from her genital
organ which coming into contact with earth becomes pure Abhraka6.
2) Another mythological story is that, when lord Indra raised his vajrayudha to
kill the demon Urtra, the sparklings from this thunderbolt moved around the top of
mountains. From out of these sparklings, Abhraka originated in those mountains.7
3) During the time of intercourse between Lord shiva and Goddess Parvathi,
ejaculated Shukra of which deposited on the mount of hills. Later from these shukra,
Parada and Abhraka were produced respectively.8
Mythologically Abhraka is considered as shukra of goddess parvathi and
because of this reason it is claimed to have great affinity towards parada, which is
considered to be the shukra of lord shiva.
References regarding availability of Abhraka in mines are found in Rasa ratna


Drug review 7
samucchaya. Here Acharya Vaghbata explains that the Abhraka which is mined from
the depth of one rajahasta is said to have good medicinal properties than the Abhraka
available on the surface of the earth which is devoid of essence and useless9.
In Bhavaprakasha it is said as Abhraka available in northern mountains has
more essence and best in properties than that available in mountains of southern
part.10
India is the leading producer of sheet mica, followed by Brazil and
Madagascar. In India the chief sources are in Bihar and Nellore(Andhra Pradesh).
Moreover it is also found in Ajmer (Rajasthan), Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka. Mica
is found in igneous and metamorphic rocks.
Table No:2 - Paryayas

Sl. Paryaya R R A R R B.P R.N K. M.N R
N0 R C P S K N T
S u S
1 Abhraka + - + + - + + + + +
2 Abra + - - - - + - + +
3 Anantaka - - - - - - + - + +
4 Akasha - - - - - - + - - +
5 Ambar - - - - + - + - - +
6 Amala - - - + - - + - - +
7 Antariksha - - - - - - - - - +
8 Gagana - - + + - + - - +
9 Girija - - - - + + - + - +
10 Kha - - - - - - - - - +
11 Vyoma - - - - - - + - - +


Drug review 8
12 Vajra + - - - - + + - - +
13 Ghana - + - - - - - - - +
14 Shubra - - - - - - - + - +
15 Garaja - - - - - - - - - +
dhwaja
16 Megha - - - - + - - - - +
17 Bhrunga - - - - - - - - - +
18 Bahupatra - - - - - - + - - +
19 gouriteja + + - - - - + - - +
20 Akashavaci - - - + - - - - - -
21 Girijabija - - - - - - - - - -
22 Pita - - - - - - - + - -
23 Gourija - - - - - - - - - -
24 Gouriteja + - - - - - + - - -
25 Abrapatala - - - - - - + + - -
26 Nirmala - - - - - - - + - -
27 Varapitaka - - - - - - - + + -
28 Girijamala - - - - - - - + - -
29 Meghava - - - - - - - - + -
30 Swachcha - - - - - - - - + -


Drug review 9
VERNACULAR NAMES -
1. Latin : Mica
2. English : Glimmer
3. Hindi : Abhrak
4. Sanskrit : Abhra
5. Marathi : Abhrak
6. Kannada : Abhraka
7. Gujarati : Abhrakh
8. Telugu : Abhrakam
9. Tamil : Appirakam
10. Bengali : Abhra, Abhar
11. Farsi : Sitarch Jamin
12. Malayalam: Abhrakam
13. Oriya : Abhra
14. Simhali : Abhrak
Most of the names in different languages mentioned above, seem to be derived
from the Sanskrit word Abhraka.
Nirukti
1. Abhra – ApÉëUuÉÉå°uÉÉiÉç ApÉëqÉç |11
Which is produced from clouds
2. Ajara – lÉÉÎxiÉ eÉUÉ rÉxrÉÉ xÉ |12
It keeps the old age away.
3. Anantaka – lÉÉÎxiÉ AliÉÉå rÉxrÉ xÉ |13
No change takes place in it, when heated on the fire.
4. Girija – ÌaÉUÉæ eÉÉrÉiÉå CÌiÉ ÌaÉËUeÉÉÈ |14


Drug review 10
It is produced from hills or mountains.
5. Subhram – µÉåiÉqÉç |15
It is white in colour
6. Vajra – uÉeÉë eÉÉiÉiuÉÉ¨É²eÉëÉpÉëMÇü eÉÉiÉqÉç |16
Which is hard like vajra
7. Gagana – aÉaÉlÉÉirÉÌiÉiÉÇ iÉxqÉÉiÉç aÉaÉlÉÍqÉÌiÉ
urÉZrÉÉiÉqÉç |17
Which is produced from clouds.
Vargeekarana
Each author of Rasashatra varies in their opinion while classifying a particular
drug. Abhraka being an important drug in Rasashastra have been classified in the
different vargas by different authors. From the following table we can have a clear
idea regarding the vargeekarana of Abhraka.
Table No: 3 - Vargeekarana

Varga Texts
Maharasa Rasa raja sundara, Goraksha samhita, Rasa paddhati,

Rasa prakasha sudhakara, Raja nighantu,
Dhanwantari nighantu, History of hindu chemistry,
Rasarnava, Rasendra purana, Rasendra
chudamani,Rasaratna samucchaya.
Rasa Rasa ratna samucchaya, Rasa kamadenu,
Ayurvediya Rasashastra, Rudra yamala tantra,
Goraksha samhita.
Uparasa Ayurveda prakasha, Bhava prakasha, Rasa jala
nidhi, Rasendra sara sangraha, Rasa ratnakara,
Brihat rasaraja sundara, Rasa manjari, Ananda
kanda.


Drug review 11
Upadhatu Brihat yoga tarangini, Sharangadhara samhita, Yoga

ratnakara.
Lohavarga Rasamrita
Types and their characters
Acc to its response to heating
Depending on the behaviour towards fire, Abhraka is divided into 4 types as
Pinaka, Naga, Manduka and Vajra.18,19 In Rasaratna samuchaya and Rasendra
chudamani authors have sub classified each variety into 4 types i.e total of 16 by
matching with each colour20,21.
Where as Rasa Taranginikara and Ayurveda Prakasha author have included
Pinaka, Naga, Manduka, Vajra as the varieties Krishnabhraka.22,23In Rasarnava &
Rasendra sara sangraha among 4 types of Abhraka, mandukabhraka is replaced by
Dardurabhraka.
A) Pinakabhraka
On heating, the layers of the piece of mica starts getting separated. It leads to
death if consumed, causing severe constipation.24
As per Rasendra sara sangraha, Rasarnava have described it on heating
produces ‘chit chit’ sound and consumption of this Abhraka causes kusta.
B) Nagabhraka
This variety of Abhraka when heated, creates a sound that resembles to hissing
of enraged snakes and causes mandala kusta.25
As per the author of Rasarnava consumption of nagabhraka leads to diseases
like bhagandara.
C) Mandukabhraka
The sheets of mica on heating get thrown out which resembles the jumping of


Drug review 12
frogs. Its intake causes incurable ashmari roga, which can be treated only with
surgical measures26.
According to Rasarnava, on heating if it produce the sound similar to the
sound produced by the Kukkuta, intake will lead to death.
D) Vajrabhraka
In this variety of Abhraka, neither sound is created nor any visual effect is
seen. It remains as it is and shows no obvious changes. On the contrary it strengthens
the body like iron and destroys all the diseases27.
As per Rasarnava this is used for rasa and rasayana karma.
Acc to its colour
I) It has been classified into 4 types, such as Shweta, Rakta, Peeta, Krishna. It
is said as such, because of its contact with different types of soils, Abhraka attains
different colours.28,29
A) Shwetabhraka
It is useful in shwetakarma, in converting lower metals into silver or in the
treatment of shwetakusta.
B) Raktabhraka
It is used in Raktakarma such as imparting red colour to a metal and has
haematinic properties.
C) Peetabhraka
It is considered as best for peetakarma, in converting lower metals into gold or
in the treatment of Kamala.
D) Krishnabhraka
It is said to be be excellent in qualities by crores of times than other varieties
even though all kinds of Abhraka were best rasayanas.It is again divided into Naga,


Drug review 13
Pinaka, Dardura, Vajra30.
II) Another one classification depending upon Varna itself, 31
1) Brahmana(Shweta)
2) Kshatreeya (Rakta)
3) Vaisya (Peeta)
4) Shudra (Krishna)
32
Acc to Udbhava Sthana
It has been categorized as Uttara shailotha, Poorva shailotha and Dakshina
shailotha and these are uttarotara shreshta.
Abhraka Grahya Lakshana
Abhraka being a mineral found in different places and mines. The chemical
composition and physical properties vary from place to place and mines to mines.
Rasacharyas have fixed some parameters based on physical properties and behaviour
towards fire to test genuine species.
All the rasagranthas have mentioned the good quality of Abhraka with
following words.
1. Krushnam Tatra Gadapaham
2. Krushnavajrabhram Koti Koti Gunadhikam
3. Krushnantu Gadesu
4. Sarvarogaharam Param
5. Krushna Varnabhram Sarvebhyo hi Gunadhikam.
Further good quality of Abhraka has been mentioned, which is smooth, heavy,
thick layered, could be separated easily33, good coloured like Anjana and Vajra, does
not change its appearance in fire.34
Apart from all these, the Rasacharyas have unanimously accepted the


Drug review 14
Krsnavajrabhraka as the ideal one and capable of eradicating all sorts of ailments. It is
also said that the Abhraka available in the northern mountains has more essence and
best in properties whereas available in south has less essence and properties.35, 36
Similarly Abhraka, which is mined from the depth of Purusha pramana37,38 or
One Rajahasta Pramana39,40 or one Gajahasta pramana41 , is said to have good
qualities. The Abhraka available on the surface of the earth is devoid of essence and
useless by the contact of smoke, air and water.
PHARMACODYNAMICS
Table No:4 - Rasa of Abhraka
Author Rasa Guna Veerya Vipaka

A.K -- Snigdha,Laghu, -- Tridoshaghna
Sheeta
A.P Madhura,Kasaya Sheeta Sheeta Tridoshaghna
Ay.R.S -- Snigdha,sheeta Sheeta Tridoshaghna
Br.R.R.S -- Snigdha -- Vatapittaghna
Br.Y.T -- Sheeta -- Tridoshaghna
R.R.S -- Snigdha,sheeta -- Tridoshaghna
R.T Madhura,Kasaya Snigdha -- --
Y.R -- Snigdha,sheeta Sheeta Tridoshaghna
S.P.S Madhura,Kasaya -- Sheeta --
Ra.Ci.Vi Madhura,Kasaya -- Sheeta Tridoshaghna
B.R -- -- Sheeta --
Table no :5 - Karma of Abhraka

Karma A A A B Br B R R R R S Y R
K P Y R R r P R S T P R a
R R Y S S S S Ci


Drug review 15
S S T Vi
Ayusya + + - - + + - + - - + + +
Jaranashaka + - - + + + - - + + - + -
Medhya + + - - + + + + - - - - +
Mrityu + + - + + - + - + + + + -
nashaka
Rasayana + + + + - - - + - - - - +
Sarvaroga - - - + + - - + - + + + -
hara
Smritikara - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Balya + - + - + - + + - - - + +
Virya + + + + + - + - + + + - -
vardhaka
Vrushya + + + - + + + + - + - + +
Deepana + - + - + + + + - + - + -
SHODHANA
The term shodhana literally means purification. Abhraka being a mineral drug,
hard and stony in nature comes in contact with impurities like sand, clay, stone pieces
and poisonous substances in the mines, so shodhana of Abhraka is mandatory to
separate these physical and chemical impurities and to make brittle for marana.
The administration of Abhraka without proper shodhana is as advising Kala
Kuta Visha in the livelihood.42, 43

Internal administration of unpurified Abhraka
cannot be effective, on the contrary it may cause various disorders like kusta, karshya,
pandu, shotha and hrit parshwashoola etc.44


Drug review 16
It is also said that the impure Abhraka takes away the span of life, aggravates
vata and kapha. So to eradicate all these above ill effects Abhraka should be purified
properly before subjecting for internal application.
The process of shodhana
Most of the texts of Rasashastra have agreed the method for shodhana as
Nirvapana, means heating Abhraka to red hot and dipping in the suitable liquid media
immediately. This is called as Nirvapana as per the definition given by the texts.
Table No :6 - SHODHANA DRAVYA AND VIDHI OF ABHRAKA
Sl. Purifing media Reference Methods

NO
1 Kanji R.R.S, A. P, R.M, 7 times Nishechana and
R.Cu, Y.R trituration with Amla dravya
for one day.
2 Triphala kwatha R.R.S, A.P, 7 times Nishechana
R.Cu, Y.R, R.M
3 Godugdha R.R.S, Sha.Sam, 7 times Nishechana
R.Cu,R.T, R.K.D,
Y.R, R.M.
4 Gomutra R.R.S, R.M, Y.R, 7 times Nishechana
R.Cu.
5 In all the above A.P. 7 times Nishechana
said 4 dravyas
6 Badari kwatha R.P.S, R.K.D, A.P, 7 times Nishechana
R.T
7 Nirgundi swarasa R.K.D, Br.R.R.S 7 times Nishechana
8 Bhringaraja R.Chu, R.M, R.P.S 7 times Nishechana

swarasa


Drug review 17
9 Kanji,Kulattha R.P.S, Rasarnava 3 days swedana

kwatha,Takra,
Gomutra,Agastya
pushpa swarasa,
Kushmanda
rasa,Tinduka,
Jambira,
Meghanada,
Punarnava,
vanasurana,
Bhudatri,
Aranala, Amla
dravya, Karavira,
Meshashrungi,
Shrungataila,
Vajravalli,
Kshirakanda,
Maricha.
DHANYABHRAKA
Definition :
Converting stratified Abhraka into granular form with the help of Dhanya and Jute
bag is called as Dhanyabhrakaranam.
Prerequisite:
Though after Mardana, Abhraka will become brittle and it will only get
converted into small dimensional pieces from one large lattice of ore.
As Abhraka is found in ignicious rock, during cooling layerwise compact
arrangement generates mica sheets. So, it is also possible that in between the layers of those
small pieces, physical impurities may exist.
So,


Drug review 18
(1) To reduce the hardness of Abhraka.

(2) To form more fine and standard size to Abhraka particle to increase the area of
exposure.
(3) To remove the remaining physical impurities.
(4) And also to impose the properties of Amla Rasa through Kanji on it;
The Acharyas have introduced process of Dhanyabhrakarana after Sodhana and
before Marana.
Practicability :
(1) Removal of physical impurities.
(2) Due to the porousity of jute bag, Abhraka is converted to the coarse powder of
standard size. So, it is possible to get the Dhanyabhraka of various particle sizes by
altering the cloth.
(3) Due to various actions of Amla rasa, new properties are induced on it.
(4) Makes Abhraka fit for Marana procedure.
Process of Dhanyabhraka 45
One part of shalidhanya and four parts of purified Abhraka are mixed well and
kept in a jute bag and tied with thread. Further it is immersed in a container having
kanji for 3 days. After 3 days the bag is taken outside and kept on a clean surface and
rubbed vigorously by foot wearing slippers. The bag is dipped in liquid media in
regular intervals repeatedly by which fine particles of Abhraka are collected into the
liquid, disintegrated by sharp edges of paddy through the fine pores of the jute bag.
The hard and stony particles remain inside the jute bag due to their unchanged shape.
TableNo:7 VARIOUS PROCESS DESCRIBED FOR DHANYABHRAKARANA
Process Days Drug used References


Drug review 19
4 parts Churnabhra + Kanji (1) R.R.S. 2/21

1 part Sali → --
(2) R.T. 10/25
Vastrabaddha →Soaked
in Kanji
Abhraka + ¼ Sali → 1 day Water (1) R.T. 10/26-27
Pottali Soaked in water (2) A.P. 2/115
Same as above 3 days Water (1) A.P. 2/113
Abhraka →Red hot → Badari (1) Rasamanjari .

Nirvapa in Badari --
Kwatha (2) A.P. 2/112,
Kwatha → Mardana →
Dhanyabhraka
MARANA
Definition :
Levigation of metals and minerals with liquid extracts of medicinal herbs and later
their exposure to heat is called as process of calcination i.e. Marana.
Prerequisite :
(1) To prepare a herbomineral drug from an inorganic matter i.e. metals and
minerals, by destroying their mettalic properties like lustre, opacity, colour,
inertia.
(2) To constitute mainly fineness, smoothness in drugs by abolishing the hardness,
toughness of the ore.
(3) To prepare most assimilatory, harmless, therapeutically effectual form of
herbomineral drug.
Practicability :
(1) New properties of various Bhavana drugs are imposed on the Bhasma.
(2) It provokes entirely different properties like Raga, Laghutva,
Vichitragunadeepti in Bhasma, which are not previously seen in raw material.


Drug review 20
(3) It boosts the action of drug escalating its potency and curtailing its dose.
(4) According to reference of R.S.S, R.D, One can say that due to numerous
puta, the penetration power of drug is amplified which helps for its quick
absorption and easy assimilation.
After Dhanyabhraka, marana is most important step to convert it into bhasma
form.Marana is a process in which metals and minerals of inorganic nature are
subjected to extensive heat by Mahaputa, Gajaputa etc. to reduce the substance to
minute and fine form.
Most of the Rasagranthas have described the marana of Abhraka with several
herbo - mineral - animal drugs.
Mineral drugs used in marana of Abhraka are Gandhaka, Sarjakshara and
tankana.46
Animal drugs are ajarakta, gomutra and naramutra.47
Herbal drugs used in marana of Abhraka are Amlaki, Ashwagandha,
Apamarga, Bhanga, Brihati, Guduchi, Haritaki, Palankya,Kakamachi, Kasamarda,
Lodhra, Maricha, Shaliparni, Shriparni, Shwetapunarnava, Talisapatra, Vasapatra,
Saptaparna, Shuklasarshapa, tagara, Tilaparni, Vata dugdha,Gokshura, Hilamochika,
Prishnaparni, Kantakari, Kokilaksha, Katuki, Matsyakshi, Musali, Arka pushpa or
dugdha, Akhuparni, Bringaraja, Bibhitaki, Bilwa moola, Dadima phala or twak,
Eranda patra or moola, Guda, Patala, Kadambaka, Kumari, Manjista, Madanaphala,
Nagavalli, Agnimantha, Badara musta, Brahmi, Badara, Chitraka, Chameli, Devadaru,
Shankhapushpi, Snuhi kshara, Shyamaka, Tanduliyaka, Tulasi, Vatankura.48
In Ayurveda Prakasha, it is mentioned that the total of 60 drugs are of Maraka
gana of Abhraka.49Whereas in Rasa Tarngini it is described as 64 drugs for preparing
100 to 1000 puti Abhraka bhasma.50


Drug review 21
Procedure : Dhanyabhraka is triturated with the drugs which are explained
under Maraka gana and chakrikas were made and dried under sunlight. These are
placed in a sharava samputa and subjected to gajaputa till it attains the features of
bhasma which are explained in Rasagranthas.
Number of puta : Different opinions are seen in different Rasagranthas
regarding number of putas to be given for the preparation of Abhraka bhasma.
Acharyas prescribed the putas ranging from 1 to 1000 (3,7,10,30,50,100,1000)
Table No:8 - Number of puta

Reference Number of puta Therapeutic effect
Ayurveda 10 – 100 Vyadhi nashana
Prakasha 100 – 1000 Rasayana
500 Vajikarana
Br.R.R.S 18 Tridoshagna
36 Medoghna
54 Shothagna
Nature of puta : All the Rasashatra text unanimously agree to apply gajaputa
for the preparation of Abhraka bhasma. Some authors opine to give mahaputa in
preparing Abhraka bhasma.
According to classics, for Abhraka Bhasma Niscandratva is the Chief Desired

Character (C.D.C) and puta should be given till the appearance of this C.D.C. Prior to
appearance of this C.D.C. Bhasma is in immature form and could not be
recommended for any use.
Table No:9 – Opinions on Nature of Puta:


Drug review 22
Grant Kap K K G G V Bh Bh M L L V S
ha ota u u aj or al an ud a a a a u
nama puta k m a bh u da ar h g v r r
k b ar k a a h a a y
u h a a u k h a
ta a a a
A.P - - - + + + - + + + - - +
A.S.S + + + - + - + + + - + + -
P.S - - - + - - - - - - - - -
B.P + + - + + - + - + - - + -
R.Ci + + - + + + + + + - - + +
R.P.S + + - + - - + + + - + + -
R.R.S + + - + + + + + + + + + -
R.T + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Sh.S - + - + - + - + + + + + -
a
R.J.N + - - + + + + + - + + + +
Rasa + - - + + - - + - - - - -
rnava
Ra ka + + + + + + + + + + + + +
Amrutikarana
The word itself indicates Amruta i.e the drug processed in this method turns
into Amruta and thus the effect in the body. Also it removes all the Avashista doshas
left out in Marana, it reduces the rukshata, teekshanata, ksharata produced by agni
samskara and increases the potency by Amrutikarana process.
Procedure: In this process 10 part of Abhraka bhasma is taken in an iron pan and 16
part of decoction of triphala along with 8 parts of goghrita is mixed with it and heated


Drug review 23
in low temperature till the liquid evaporates. There after the container is covered by
an earthen plate and allowed to cool.51
By the above process Abhraka bhasma becomes more potent, mridu and
snigdha, but it loses its natural colour and becomes black.
Apart from triphala kwatha, kumari swarasa, can be used for this process
(swarasa - 16, Abhraka - 10, Goghrita - 12 parts) or can also be performed by using
equal parts of Goghrita only (1 : 1) .52
PROBING THE CHEMISTRY BEHIND "VARNAHANI" ?
While describing uses of this Samskara, Acaryas have quoted a disadvantage too,
called as Varnahani (colour loss) i.e. red coloured Bhasma changes to brown or
black one.
The secret behind this can be revealed by referring to the periodic table. Iron and
copper are the main constituents of Abhraka and Tamra Bhasmas respectively. Both
Fe and Cu are placed in 4th period and termed as 'transition element' (Plate 1/I),
forming 3 and 2 types of oxides respectively. These oxides of an element may
transform to one or another type on heating. As we are concerned with Abhraka, we
will mainly deal with oxides of iron,
Iron forms 3 types of oxides :
(1) Iron (II) Ferrous oxide - FeO ( Black powder produced by heating iron
oxalate in absence of air )
(2) Iron (III) Ferric oxide - Fe2O3 ( Red powder prepared by heating iron
hydroxide in strong heat )
2 Fe (OH)2 → Fe2O3 + 3H2O ↑
(3) Iron (II, III) Ferroso Ferric Oxide - Fe3O4 ( Bluish black prepared by heating
iron in air or steam to redness)


Drug review 24
Iron (III) oxide is the basic oxide readily reacting with dilute acids to form
corresponding iron (II) salts, this makes it the most absorptive form of iron,
which will be digested in Stomach.
Iron (II) changes rapidly to Iron (III) when it is exposed to air.
When Iron (II, III) treated with acids, it immediately yields the Iron (II) and
Iron (III) salts in solution.
From the previously mentioned reactions one can say that, due to process of
Amritikarana -
(A) In first step iron III changes to iron II, III and
(B) In second step Iron III changes to Iron II as earthen Sharava is covered causing
absence of air.
So, the red colour which was due to Iron III is lost and Bhasma becomes
brownish black in colour.
That is why to overcome this disadvantage, they have introduced another
procedure called 'Lohitikarana'.
Lohiteekarana
In this process Abhraka bhasma is triturated with manjista kwatha in a mortar.
Small chakrikas are made and dried under sunlight. They are kept in sharava samputa
to Gajaputa. The same procedure is repeated for 4 to 5 times. At the end Abhraka
bhasma attains natural brick colour and becomes smooth.53
Apart from manjista some other herbs like Vatamoola swarasa, Vata ksheera,
Ganeruki, Badaramusta and Haridra swarasa were prescribed for Lohiteekarana.54, 55
Bhasma Pareeksha
Several parameters have been mentioned in rasashatra texts to test the


Drug review 25
purification of the incinerated metals and minerals suitable for therapeutic
applications. In the context of Abhraka bhasma some classical parameters have also
been prescribed.
Organoleptic tests Others

1) Sound 1) Varitara 57
Dantagrekachakachabhava 56
2) Touch 2) Rekhapurnata59
Slaksna, Sukshma, Mrudu 58
3) Appearance
A) Colour
1) Sindhurabha60
2) Raktotpalasama 61
3) Padmaragavat 62
4) Shonavarna 63
5) Istikabha 64
B) Nischandra 65
4) Taste - Niswadu
5) Odour - Nirgandha
Therapeutic uses: 66
Abhraka bhasma has been mentioned as sarvavyadihara prescribing its broad
spectrum therapeutic use. It alleviates a majority of physical ailments with suitable
vehicles or drugs.
Table No: 10 – Therapeutic uses of Abhraka Bhasma.


Drug review 26
Sl.No Disease Accessory medicine Anupana
1 Jwara Rasasindura
2 Jirna jwara Pippali churna Madhu
3 Drustimandhya Triphala churna Madhu
4 Grahani Trikatu churna Ghrita
5 Rakta pitta Haritaki, Guda, Sharkara, Ela Vasa
bija churna swarasa
6 Arsha, Pandu, Trikatu,Triphala,Chaturjata Madhu
Kshaya, Halimaka Churna
7 Prameha Haridra, Pippali churna Madhu
8 Kshaya Swarna bhasma
9 Vandhyatwa Rajata, Swarna bhasma
10 Mutrakrichra Bhumyamlaki, Gokshura,Ela, Ghrita
Sita
11 Mutraghata, Ashta kshara
Ashmari,Mutrakrichra
12 Vrana dosha Murva kashaya
13 Dourbalya Kshirakakoli churna Kshira
14 Arsha Shodhita Bhallataka
15 Dhatu kshaya Lavanga churna Madhu
16 Shukratarala Jatiphala churna Bhanga
swarasa
17 Vata vyadi Shunti, Pushkaramula, Madhu
Bharangi, Vamshalochana
churna
18 Krumija hridroga Kajjali Arjuna
kwatha
19 Pitta roga Chaturjata churna, Sharkara
20 Kloma roga Pippali, Katphala churna Madhu
Matra :


Drug review 27
1 ratti to 2 ratti 67
Apatya :
Karira, karavellaka, karkati, taila, kshara, vruntaka.68
Kshara, amla, vidala anna, karkati, karavellaka, vrunthaka, karira, taila.69
Mica70
Introduction to Mica :
Mica is a generic term applied to a group of complex aluminosilicate minerals having
a sheet or plate like structure with different composition and physical properties. All
mica, form flat six-sided monoclinical crystals with a remarkable cleavage in the
direction of large surfaces, which permits them to split easily into optically flat films.
When split into thin films, they remain tough and elastic even at high temperature.
Mica possesses some of the most outstanding combinations of chemical, physical,
electrical,thermal and mechanical properties which are not found in any other product.
Physically:
Mica is transparent, optically flat, easily split able into thin films along its cleavage,
colourless in these sheets, resilient and incompressible.
Chemically:
It is a complex hydrous silicate of aluminium, containing potassium, magnesium,
iron, sodium, fluorine and/or lithium and also traces of several other elements. It is
stable and completely inert to the action of water, acids (except hydro-fluoric and
concentrated sulphuric), alkalies, conventional solvents, oil and virtually unaffected
by atmospheric action.
Types of Mica :


Drug review 28
According to the 'System of Minerology' by Dana,
1. Muscovite - Potassium Mica [H2KAl3 (SiO4)3]
2. Paragonite - Sodium Mica [H2NaAl3 (SiO4)3]
3. Lepidolite - Lithium Mica [(OH, F)2 KLiAl2 Si3O10]
4. Zinnwaldiet - Lithium iron Mica [(Li2K2Fe2Al4Si7O24]
5. Biotite - Magnesium iron Mica [H2K(Mg,Fe)3 Al(SiO4)3]
6. Phlogopite - Magnesium Mica - usually containing flourine free from iron
[H2KMg3Al (SiO4)3]
7. Lepidomelane - Iron Micas containing ferric iron in large amount
[(H2K)Fe3(Al, Fe)(SiO4)3]
Composition of Mica :
Chemical Composition Physical Composition
Silica (Sio2) 43 to 48% SPECIFIC GRAVITY (gm/cm³) 2.82
Aluminium (Al2O3) 33 to 37% Refractive Index 1.58
Potash (K2O) 8 to 12% Apparent Density (lbs/Cu.ft.) 9-12
Ferric Oxide (Fe2O3) 1.5 to 3% HARDNESS (Moh's Scale) 2.5
Calcium Oxide (CaO) 0.1 to 0.5%
Magnesia (MgO) 0.1 to 1%
Titanium Oxide (TiO2) 0.5 to 0.7%
Manganese (MnO2)
Sodium Oxide (Na2O)
Phosphorous (P)
Sulphur (S)
KANJI
Liquor prepared with the manda of half boiled kulmash dhanya is Kanji.71


Drug review 29
GUNA KARMA :
Rasa : Amla Virya : Ushna
Guna : Tikshna, Laghu Vipaka : Amla
Property : Bhedana
When applied externally cures daha and fever. When taken internally it
allivates vata and kapha.72
GOMUTRA
GUNA KARMA: 73
Rasa – Katu, Tikta, Kashaya, Madhura, Lavana (anurasa)
Guna – Tikshna, Ushna, Laghu
Virya – Ushna
Vipaka – Katu
Dosha karma – Kaphavata shamaka pitta Prakopaka
TRIPHALA
This includes three drugs: (a) Haritaki (b) Vibhitaki (c) Amalaki.
Synonyms : Phalatrika, Vara.
(a) HARITAKI:74
Latin name – Terminalia chebula Retz. Family - Combretaceae
Paryaya - Abhaya, Pathya, Shiva, Girija, Pramthya, Amrita
GUNA KARMA:
Rasa – Kashaya( pradhana), Tikta, Katu, Madhura, Amla
Guna - Laghu, Ruksha Virya - Ushna
Vipaka - Madhura Prabhava - Tridoshahara.
Action : Medhya, Rasayana, Brimhana, Anulomana, Ayushya, Chakshushya etc.
(b) VIBHITAKI:75


Drug review 30
Latin name – Terminalia bellerica Roxb. Family – Combretaceae
Paryaya - Kalidruma, Kasaghna, Aksha, Karshaphala, Kalpavriksha
GUNA KARMA:
Rasa – Kashaya (Pradhana), Tikta, Katu, Madhura, Amla
Guna – Ruksha, Laghu Virya – Ushna
Vipaka – Madhura Doshaghnata – Tridosha, mainly Kaphahara.
Actions: Dipana, Anulomana, Grahi, Chakshushya, Kantya, Swasakasahara,
Raktashodhaka.
(C) AMALAKI:76
Latin name – Emblica officinalis Linn Family – Euphorbiaceae
Paryaya – Dhatri, Vayastha, Amruta phala etc.
GUNA KARMA:
Rasa – Amla (Pradhana), Kashaya, Tikta, Katu, Madhura.
Guna – Guru, Ruksha Vipaka – Madhura
Virya – Seeta Doshaghnata –Tridoshaghna
Actions: Rasayana, Vrishya, Vajikara, Chakshushya etc.
GODUGDA77
Pharmacodynamics :
Rasa : Madhura Guna : Snigda
Veerya : Sheeta Vipaka : Madhura
Dosha karma : Vata pitta shamaka
Karma : Brahmana, Vrishya, Medhya, Balavardhaka, Jeevaniya &
Asthisandhanakara.
Rogaghnata : Pandu,Rakta pitta,Shukra dosha etc & it is pathya in vata pittaja vikara.
GOGRUTHA78


Drug review 31
Synonyms : Grutha, Sarpi, Ajya
Pharmacodynamics :
Rasa : Madhura Guna : Snigda
Virya : Shita Vipaka : Madhura
Dosha : Vatapitta nashaka
Nadivaha samsthana : Medhya
Pachana samsthana : Snehana, Agnideepaka, Anaha
Raktavaha samsthana : Dahahara
Mutravaha samsthana : Mutrala
Prajanana samsthana : Sukra janana
Rogagnatha : Jwara, Visarpa.
GUDA 79
Botanical Name : Saccharum Officinarum
Family : Poaceae
Synonyms : Ikshu, Deerghachada, Bhurirasa, Madhutrun
Pharmacodynamics :
Rasa - Madhura Guna - Guru, Snighda
Virya - Seeta Vipaka - Madhura
Doshakarma – Vatapittasamaka, Kaphavadhaka
Karma – Mutrala, Vrshya, Rakthavardhaka, Stanyajanan, Krimijanana
Rogaghnata – Mutravikara, Stanyadushti, Krimi
Dose : Juice - 24-48 g, Root Decoction - 50-100g
Formulations : Trinapanchamula Kwatha, Bala Taila, Navaratnarajamriganka Rasa
MANJISTA 80


Drug review 32
Botanical name : Rubia cordifolia
Family : Rubiaceae
Synonyms : Ratangi, Aruna, Kala, Manjusa, Samanga, Yojanavalli
Pharmacodynamics :
Rasa : Tikta, Kashaya, madhura Guna : Guru, ruksa
Virya : Usna Vipaka : Katu
Dosakarma ; Kaphapittashamaka Dose : 1 - 3 gms
Karma : Ratkashodaka, Varnya, Sthambana, Krimighna, Kaphagna, Balya, Rasayana.
Formulations : Manjistadi kwatha, Manjistadyasava, Manjistadya ghrtam,
Manjistadya taila, Manjistadya lepa.


Disease review 33
DISEASE REVIEW
NIRUKTI AND PARIBHASHA
In Ayurveda, different diseases are named on the basis of signs and symptoms,
the origin of the disease, location of exhibiting its symptoms. Here the disease Pandu is
named on the basis of “Varna.”
The word “Pandu” is derived form “Padi–Nashne” dhatu by adding “Ku”
Pratyaya to it. For Pandu specifically the Nashana will be of the Varna i.e. the colour,
which is said by acharya Charaka as “Vaivarnya.”81 Thus the derivation of the word
“Pandu” indicates the abnormal colouration of the body.
Pandustu Peetabhagardhaha Ketaki Dhuli Sannibham |82
Pandu is a mixture of shweta and peeta varna in equal proportions, which
resembles the colour of pollen grains of Ketaki flower.
Pandu Haridra haritaan Varnancha Vividham Stwachi |
Sa Pandurogaha Ityuktaha ||
Pandu Haridra Haritan Pandutwam Tesham Chaadhikam |
The disease in which, twacha becomes Pandu, Haridra, Harita varna is known as
Panduroga.83
Padutwenopalakshitaha Rogaha Pandurogaha |
The disease in which Pandubhava, Pandutwa or Panduvarna is more is known as
Panduroga.84

Disease review 34
RELATION BETWEEN RAKTA, PITTA AND PANDU.
In describing the rupas of Panduroga, acharya charaka has described symptoms
like Vaivarnya, Ojogunakshayam, hataprabha, Alparakta nissara. Hence, it is necessary to
know the role of Raktadhatu and Pittadosha which play a predominant role in the
maintenance of the complexion of the body. Rakta has been considered as a key factor for
the Jeevana, and Poshanakarma of the body. According to Maharshi Sushruta,
Raktam Jeevam Iti Sthiti:|85
But, the proper functions of rakta can be expected only in its pure form as said by
acharya charaka.
Tadvishuddham Hi Rudhiram Balavarnasukhayusha |
Yunakti Pranianam Prana: Shonitam Hyunuvartate ||86
As per the classics, raktadhatu is derived from rasadhatu. Rasa is an aqueous
fluid. It is a transparent and colourless substance due to the predominance of
Jalamahabhoota and due to predominance of Teja mahabhoota it is reddish in colour.
Rasadhatu is sara of Shadrasayukta ahara called Poshya dhatu. When this poshya
dhatu undergoes pachana by agni derived from pitta, it transforms into raktadhatu. Due to
the action of ranjaka pitta on rasa, it gets transformed into reddish colour substance i.e.
Rakta. Acharya Sushruta has mentioned the main site of rakta is Yakrit and Pleeha.87
Ranjaka pitta is located in Yakrit and Pleeha, plays a major role in ranjana karma of
Rasadhatu. According to Vagbhata site of Rajaka pitta is amashaya.88
On the bases of above description it can be deducted that rakta depends on pitta,
which transforms rasa into rakta, and bala, varna, ayu depends on rakta.

Disease review 35
Pandu is said as Pitta pradhana vyadhi.89 In all types of paittika disorders
obviously there will be impairment of pitta i.e. in either vriddhi or kshaya stage.
It can be said that pitta plays an important role in the formation of rasaraktadi
dhatus as agni is represented by pitta in body which brings about good and bad effects
according to its normal or abnormal state.90
When pachaka pitta gets vitiated and due to its adverse effect, the digestive
process gets disturbed thereby dhatu formation. Ranjaka pitta also plays vital role in
formation of rakta, hence its vitiation also affect the formation of rakta. The vitiation of
sadhaka pitta disturbs the functions of hridaya and rakta parisanchalana. Hence, the sthayi
dhatus are poorly nourished. As a result, due to rakta kshaya, Bhrajaka and Alochaka
pitta also becomes durbala in performing their normal functions. Hence, various
symptoms of pitta are observed in Panduroga.
Thus it can be inferred that pitta plays a vital role in manifestation of disease
Pandu.

Disease review 36
NIDANA PANCHAKA
Disease can be diagnosed by the study of Nidana, Purvaroopa, Roopa, Upashaya
and Samprapti.
NIDANA91,92,93
The different authors have explained many nidanas for manifestation of the
disease Pandu. For the sake of convenience it can be categorized under different groups.
A. Aharaja Nidana
Table No. 11. Showing the Aharaja Nidana of Panduroga.
Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va
01. Amlarasa sevana + + + 08. Tilataila sevana + + -
02. Kshara seavnaa + - - 09. Madya sevana + - -
03. Lavana rasa sevana + + + 10. Mrit bhakshana + + -
04. Ati ushna bhojana + - - 11. Teeskhnahara sevana - + -
05. Viruddha bhojana + - - 12. Atikatu sevana - - +
06. Nishapava sevana + - - 13. Ati kashaya sevana - - +
07. Masha sevana + + -
Charaka mentioned Pandu in Santarpanajanya vyadhi.94 Above said nidanas are
causes for pitta pradhana tridoshas prakopa and Mandagni. Acharya Madhavakar,

Disease review 37
Bhavaprakash, Yogaratnakar have followed the Susrutha’s version.95 These types of
ahara may lead to disturb in digestive and assimilative process, leading to Panduroga.
B. Viharaja Nidana
Table No. 12. Showing the Viharaja Nidana of Panduroga.
Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va Sl. Nidana Ch Su Va
01. Amlarasa + + +
Manasika factors
sevana
02. Kshara seavnaa + - - 11. Bhaya + - -
03. Lavana rasa + + + 12. Krodha + - +
sevana
04. Ati ushna + - - 13. Kama + - +
bhojana
05. Viruddha + - -
Pratikarma Vaishamya
bhojana
06. Nishapava + - - 14. Snehatiyoga + - -
sevana
07. Masha sevana + + - 15. Vegavidharana in vamana + - -
karma
16. Amatisara sangaha + + -

Manasika factors

Disease review 38
08. Chinta + - - 17. Dushtaraktanigraha in + - -
Raktarsha
09. Shoka + - - 18. Snehavibhrama + - -
Causes related to vihara deals with both physical and mental activities as well as
iatrogenic cause i.e. Pratikarma vaishamya.
C. Nidanarthakara Roga
Panduroga can manifest as secondary to some other disorders like –
9 Raktarbuda96 9 Raktarsha100
9 Asrgdhara97 9 Pleehodara101
9 Raktapitta98 9 Yakrutodara102
9 Yakrit-pleeha roga99 9 Pittaja Prameha103
All leads to either rakta kshaya due to bleeding or vikrita doshas which results in
Panduroga.

Disease review 39
POORVAROOPA104, 105,106
The Panduroga manifests with following prodromal signs and symptoms –
Table No. 13. Showing the Purvaroopa of Panduroga.
Sl. Purvaroopa Ch Su Va Sl. Purvaroopa Ch Su Va
lakshana lakshana
01. Hritspandana + - + 08. Mritbhakshaneccha - + -
02. Rukshya + - + 09. Akshi kuta shotha - + -
03. Swedabhava + - + 10. Avipaka - + -
04. Shrama + - + 11. Aruchi - - +
05. Twacha sphutana - + - 12. Peetamutrata - + +
06. Sthivana - + - 13. Peeta purisha - + -
07. Gatrasada - + + 14. Alpa vanhita - - +
Madhavakara, Bhavaprakasha and Yogaratnakara have followed Sushruta’s
version.107
ROOPA
The term roopa implies to both the signs and symptoms by which a disease is
identified. These can be classified as –
01. Pratyatma lakshana (Cardinal sign & Symptom)
02. Samanya lakshana (General sign & Symptom)
03. Vishesha lakshana (Distinguishing features of doshanubandha)

Disease review 40
Pratyatma Lakshana:
Pandurvarna is considered as Pratyatma lakshana of Panduroga. This colour is
almost similar to pollens of Ketaki flower.
Samanya lakshana:
The Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga mentioned in the classics other than Panduta
can be considered as below –
Table No. 14. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Panduroga.108,109
Sl. Roopa Ch Su Va Sl. Roopa Ch Su Va
01. Panduta + + + 13. Shwasa + - +
02. Karna kshweda + - + 14. Gaurava + - +
03. Hatanala + - + 15. Gatra peeda + - -
04. Daurbalya + - + 16. Shunakshikuta + - +
05. Sadana + - + 17. Harita varna + - -
06. Annadwesha + - + 18. Hataprabha + - +
07. Shrama + - + 19. Kopanatwa + - -
08. Bhrama + - + 20. Shishira dwesha + - +
09. Gatrashoola + - + 21. Nidralu + - -
10. Jwara + - + 22. Pindikodweshtana + - -
11. Aruchi + - + 23 Sheerna lomata + - -
12. Gatramadata + - -

Disease review 41
Vishishta Rupa
The lakshanas which are specifying the involvement of particular doshas and
there by helpful in differential diagnosis of Panduroga.
The classification of Panduroga is made with reference to samanya samprapti.
Though the classification is made on the bases of involvement of particular dosha, the
prime factor involved is pitta dosha.110
Classification of Panduroga:111,112,113,114
Table No. 15. Showing the classification of Panduroga.
Sl. Prakara Ch Su Ah As BP YR MN
01. Vataja + + + + + + +
02. Pittaja + + + + + + +
03. Kaphaja + + + + + + +
04. Tridoshaja + + + + + + +
05. Mridbhakshnanajanya + - + + + + +
The description of vishishta rupa according to classification of Panduroga is
presented as follows –

Disease review 42
Vataja Panduroga Lakshana:115
Table No. 16. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Vataja Panduroga.
Sl. Ch Su Va Sl. Ch Su Va
Lakshana Lakshana
01. Krishna angata + - - 09. Toda + - +
02. Krishna nakhatwa - + - 10. Kampa + - +
03. Krishnekshanatwa - + - 11. Parshwaruk + - +
04. Krishna sira - + - 12. Shiroruk + - +
05. Krishna ananatwa - + - 13. Shopha + - +
06. Ruksha netrata - + - 14. Anaha + - +
07. Rukshangata + - - 15. Asya vairasya + - +
08. Angamarda + - - 16. Balakshaya + - +

Disease review 43
Pittaja Panduroga lakshana 116
Table No. 17. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Pittaja Panduroga.
Lakshana Lakshana
01. Gatra peetata + - + 09. Amlodgara + - -
02. Haritabha + - + 10. Daurbalya + - -
03. Murcha + - + 11. Peeta mutrata + + -
04. Jwara + + + 12. Shosha + - -
05. Daha + - + 13. Peeta vitkata + + -
06. Trishna + - + 14. Bhinna Varchas + - -
07. Sheetakamata + - + 15. Katukasyata + - +
08. Sweda + - + 16. Tama + - +
Kaphaja Panduroga lakshana 117
Table No. 18. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Kaphaja Panduroga.
Lakshana Lakshana
01. Shwetavabhasata + - + 11. Shwayathu + - -
02. Shuklakshita - + + 12. Shukla mutra + + -
03. Shukla nakha - + + 13. Shukla mala + + -
04. Shukla ananatwa - + + 14 Tandra + - +
05. Gaurava + + - 15 Chhardi + - +

Disease review 44
06. Sadana - - - 16 Praseka + - -
07. Murchha + - - 17 Lomaharsha + - +
08. Bhrama + - - 18 Klama + - -
09. Shwasa + - - 19 Kasa + - -
10. Alasya + - - 20 Aruchi + - -
Tridoshaja Panduroga lakshana
Vitiation of all the doshas causes severe degree of dhatushaithilya and dhatu
gauravata leading to dhatu and Oja kshaya.
The features of sannipataja pandu are explained only in Hareeta samhita. All other
authors have stated that it manifests due to the vitiation of all the doshas and considered
as asadhya type of Panduroga.
Hareeta Samhita118
01. Tandra 10. Kshudartata
02. Alasya 11. Moha
03. Shotha 12. Trishna
04. Vamana 13. Klama
05. Kasa
06. Hrillasa
07. Shosha
08. Vitbheda
09. Jwara

Disease review 46
As per the opinion of Brihattrayee’s the lakshanas of Vataja, Pittaja and
Kaphaja Panduroga were seen severely in Tridoshaja Panduroga depending on their
degree of vitiation.119
Mridbhakshanajanya Pandu –
Acharya charaka120 and Vagbhata121 have explained Mridbhakshanajanya
pandu. Further, Madhavakara, Yogaratnakara and Bhavaprakashakar have also
followed the Charaka’s version.122 But Sushruta has not considered it separately. Here
Mridbhakshana is considered as a Nidana for Panduroga rather than an individual
type.
The person who is addicted to consuming Mrid like Kashaya, Ushara
(Ksharanurasa), Madhura rasa will vitiates Vata, Pitta and Kapha dosha respectively.
The Mrid moreover, produces srotavarodha without undergoing pachana leading to
Indriya balahani and Teja, Veerya and Ojokshaya. Thus manifesting Panduroga,
which can cause Bala, Varna and Agni nasha.
Mridbhakshanajanya Panduroga lakshana
Table No. 19. Showing the Samanya lakshanas of Mridbhakshanajanya Panduroga.
Sl. Ch Va MN BP Yo
Lakshana
01. Shoonaganda + - + + +
02. Shoonakshikoota + - + + +
03. Shoona bhru + - + + +
04. Shoona pada + + + + +

Disease review 47
05. Shoona nabhi + + + + +
06. Shoona mehana + + + + +
07. Krimikoshta + - + + +
08. Atisara + + + + +
09. Sasrik Mala Pravritti + + + + +
10. Kaphayukta malapravritti + + + + +
SAMPRAPTI
The causes of Panduroga that are explained under the heading of Nidana leads
to vitiation of Tridosha but however, pitta is dominating dosha irrespective of type of
Pandu.
Acharya Charaka and Vagbhata mention the detailed Samprapti of Panduroga.
The intake of pitta pradhana ahara in excess, pitta situated in hridaya aggravates, it is
propelled by aggravated (balina) vayu through dashadhamani that spreads all over the
body. The vitiated pitta affects in between twak and mamsa leads to vitiation of twak,
mamsa, vata, asrik, thereby produces various varna like Pandu, Haridra and Hareeta,
due to Panduvarna pradhanata it is called as “Panduroga”. 123,124
According to acharya Sushruta, indulgence of Nidana leads rakta pradushana
that causes vitiation in Twak causes the Pandubhava therefore it is called as
“Panduroga”.125

Disease review 48
Samprapti of Panduroga
Nidana Sevana Agnidushti
Pradushya Raktam Prakopa of Pitta pradhana doshas Agnimandya
Hridaya Samvasthita Amavisha Utpatti
Vimarga gamana of pitta by vitiated vayu
Twak Mamsantarashrita.
Kapha, Vata, Rakta, Twak, Mamsa dushti.
Rakta kshaya
Bala, varna, oja kshaya.
Vaivarnya
Panduroga

Disease review 49
PHYSIOLOGY OF BLOOD FORMATION126,127
Development of Red Blood Corpuscles
Theories of Origin:
There are two theories: intravascular and extravascular
Intravascular: RBC,s were formed only in intravascularly from the capillary
endothelium.
Extravascular: As per this theory RBC,s produced from extravascular cell, i.e
haemocytoblast which burrows in to the blood sinuses, multiply there and mature in
normal erythrocytes. This is the most popular theory.
Site of Development: However the site of development of RBC,s in the embryonic
stage and foetus is different from the after birth stage.
Stages of blood formation: In embryos foetus. There are three successive stages of
blood formation in the embryo and foetus namely
1) Mesoblastic haemopoiesis : First 2 months of embryonic life
2) Hepatic haemopoiesis: 2nd to 5th month.
3) Myeloid period of haemopoiesis: After 5th month.
After birth: The bone marrow is the main site of erythrogenesis. During early years
all bones are filled up with blood forming red marrow but after 20th year, RBC
formation in this location stops. Only the upper ends of femur and humerus, vertebrae,
ribs and the flat bones produce red cells.
Erythropoiesis: The erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and are destroyed
by the reticuloendothelial system. The maturation of erythrocytes occurs through
several stages. The precursor cell in the bone marrow is haemocytoblast proliferate
and give rise to proerythroblast, which is subsequently converted to early normoblast

Disease review 50
intermediate and late normoblast. The nucleus of the late normoblast becomes
pyknotic along with the appearance of a reticulum, resulting in the formation of a
reticulocyte. It takes the reticulocyte approximately 2 day to mature in to a normal
erythrocyte.
Stages of RBC formation
Haemocytoblast
Proerythroblast
Early normoblast
Intermediate normoblast
Late normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte
Factors controlling erythropoiesis:
The red cells are constantly being destroyed and are regenerated. The rate of
destruction and regeneration are same. Here certain factors are necessary for the
formation and maturation of red cells.
1) Diet : Food, rich in first class proteins, that supply amino acids for the
synthesis of globin of haemoglobin.

Disease review 51
2) Erthrocyte stimulating factor (ESF) : O2 tension in the tissues, i.e decrease in
oxygen content stimulates erythropoiesis.
3) Stimulus for maturation.
a) Extrinsic factors : Iron, Copper, Manganese, Calcium, vitamins (B12) etc.
b) Intrinsic factors : Bile, Gastric juice, Thyroxine etc.
Due to the union of these two factors there will be a production of one more
product i.e Antianaemic principle. This principle absorbed by mucous
membrane and reaches the bone marrow and this helps in the maturation of
RBC,s.
ANAEMIA128,129
Anaemia can be defined as a haemoglobin concentration in blood below the
normal range appropriate for the age and sex of the individuals. In adults, the lower
extreme of normal haemoglobin is taken as 14.0g/dl for males and 12.0g/dl for
females.
A decrease in the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood is termed as
“Anaemia.” The haemoglobin content of the erythrocytes determines the oxygen
carrying capacity. Hence, a reduction in the blood haemoglobin level and in the
number of circulating erythrocytes are characteristics of Anaemia,
Although haemoglobin value is employed as the major parameter for
determining whether or not Anaemia is present. The red cell count, haematocrit
(PCV) and absolute values of MCV, MCH, and MCHC provide alternate means of
assessing Anaemia.

Disease review 52
Patho-physiology of Anaemia130
Subnormal level of haemoglobin causes lowered oxygen carrying capacity of
the blood. This in turn initiates compensatory physiologic adaptations such as –
01. Increased release of oxygen from haemoglobin.
02. Increased blood flow to the tissues.
03. Maintenance of the blood volume.
04. Redistribution of blood flow to maintain the cerebral blood supply.
Tissues with high oxygen requirement such as the Heart, CVS, and the skeletal
muscles during exercise, bear the brunt of clinical effects of Anaemia.
Clinical features of Anaemia
The haemoglobin level at which symptoms and signs of anaemia develop
depends upon following factors –
01. The spread of onset of Anaemia – Rapidly progressive Anaemia causes more
symptoms than Anaemia of slow onset, as there is less time for physiological
adaptation.
02. The severity of Anaemia – Mild Anaemia produces no symptoms or signs but
a rapidly developing severe Anaemia may produce significant clinical
features.
03. The age of the patient – The young patients due to good cardiovascular
compensation tolerate Anaemia quite well as compared to the elderly.
Symptoms
In symptomatic cases of Anaemia, the presenting features are tiredness, easy
fatiguability, generealised muscular weakness, lethargy and headache. In older

Disease review 53
patients there may be symptoms of cardiac failure, angina pectoris, intermittent
claudication, confusion and visual disturbances.
Signs
A few general signs common to all types of Anaemia are as follows –
01. Pallor – Pallor is the most common and characteristic sign, which may be seen
in the mucous membranes, conjunctiva and skin.
02. Cardiovascular System – A hyperdynamic circulation may be present with
tachycardia, collapsing pulse, cardiomegaly, midsystolic flow murmur,
dyspnoea on exertion and in case of elderly congestive heart failure.
03. Central nervous system – The older patients may develop symptoms like
attacks of faintness, giddiness, headache, Tinnitus, drowsiness, numbness and
tingling sensation of the hands and feet.
04. Occular manifestations – Retenal haemorrhages may occur if there is
associated vascular disease or bleeding diathesis.
05. Reproductive system – Menstrual disturbances such as amenorrhoea and
menorrhagia and loss of libido are some of the manifestations involving the
reproductive system in Anaemia subjects.
06. Renal System – Mild proteinuria and impaired concentrating capacity of the
kidney may occur in severe Anaemia.
07. Gastrointestinal system – Anorexia, flatulence, nausea, constipation and
weight loss may occur.

Disease review 54
Investigations of the Anaemia subject
After obtaining the full medical history pertaining to different general and
specific signs and symptoms in order to confirm the presence of anaemia its type and
its cause the following plan of investigations is generally followed.
A. Haemoglobin estimation – The first and foremost investigation in any
suspected case of Anaemia is to carry out haemoglobin estimation. Several
methods are available, but most reliable and accurate is Cyanmethaemoglobin
(HiCN) method Drabkin soultion and spectrophotometer. If the haemoglobin
value is below the lower limit of the normal range for particular age and sex,
the patient is said to be anaemic.
B. Peripheral blood film estimation – The haemoglobin estimation in invariably
followed by examination of peripheral blood film for morphologic features
after staining it with Romanowsky dyes (Leishman’s Staining). The following
abnormalities we can look for in the smear study.
a. Variation in size – Microcytosis (Iron deficiency anaemia)
Macrocytosis (Megaloblastic Anaemia)
Dimophic
b. Variation in shape – Poikilocytes.
c. Inadequate haemoglobin formulation – Hypochromasia.
d. Compensatory erythropoiesis
e. Miscellaneous changes
C. Red cell indices – An alternative method to diagnose and detect the severity of
anaemia is by measuring the red cell indices –

Disease review 55
a. In iron deficiency and thalassaemia MCV, MCH and MCHC are
reduced.
b. In Anaemia due to acute blood loss and haemolytic Anaemia MCH,
MCV and MCHC are all within normal limits.
c. In Megaloblastic Anaemias, MCV is raised above the normal value.
D. Leucocytes and platelet count – Measuring of Leucocytes and platelet count
helps to distinguish pure anaemia form pancytopenia in which red cells,
granulocytes and platelet counts are often elevated.
E. Reticulocyte count – reticulocyte count is done in each case of anaemia to
assess the marrow erythropoietic activity. In acute haemorrhage and in
haemolysis, the reticulocyte response is indicative of impaired marrow
function.
F. Erythrocyte sedimentation Rate – The ESR is non-specific test used as a
screening test for anaemia. It usually gives a clue to the underlying organic
disease but Anaemia itself may also cause to rise in ESR.
G. Bone marrow examination – Bone marrow aspiration is done in cases where
the cause for anaemia is not obvious. In addition to these general tests, certain
specific tests are done in different types of anaemias.
Classification of Anaemia
A. Pathophysiologic
I. Anaemia due to impaired red cell production.
a. Acute post-haemorrhagic Anaemia.
b. Chronic blood loss.
II. Anaemia due to impaired red cell production.

Disease review 56
a. Cytoplasmic maturation defects –
i. Deficient haem synthesis – Iron deficiency anaemia.
ii. Deficient globin synthesis – Thalassaemic syndromes.
b. Nuclear maturation defects – Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency and
Megaloblastic Anaemia.
c. Defect in stem cell proliferation and differentiation –
i. Aplastic Anaemia.
ii. Pure red cell aplasia.
d. Anaemia of chronic disorders.
e. Bone marrow infiltration.
f. Congenital Anaemia.
III. Anaemia due to increased red cell destruction (Haemolytic Anaemia)
B. Morphologic
I. Microcytic, hypochromic.
II. Normocytic, Normochromic.
III. Macrocytic, Normochromic.
Iron deficiency Anaemia
The commonest deficiency disorder present throughout the world is iron
deficiency, but its prevalence is higher in developing countries. The factors
responsible for iron deficiency in different populations are variable and are best
understood in the context of normal iron metabolism.
Iron metabolism131
The amount of iron obtained form the diet should replace the losses from skin,
bowel and genitourinary tract. These losses together are about 1 mg daily in an adult

Disease review 57
male or in non-menstruating female. While in menstruating woman there is an
additional iron loss of 0.5-1 mg daily.
The iron loss required for haemoglobin synthesis is derived from two primary
sources –
01. Ingestion of foods containing iron (e.g. Leafy vegetables, Beans, Meats, Liver,
etc.)
02. Recycling of iron form senescent red cells.
Absorption
01. The average western diet contains 10-15 mg of iron out of which only 5-10%
is normally absorbed.
02. In pregnancy and in iron deficiency, the proportion of absorption is raised to
20-30%.
03. The iron is absorbed mainly in the duodenum and proximal jejunum.
04. Iron from diet containing haem is better absorbed than non-haem iron.
05. Absorption of non-haem is enhanced by factors such as ascorbic acid
(Vitamin C), Citric acids, Sugar, Gastric secretions and Hydrochloric acid.
06. Iron absorption is impaired by factors like medicinal antacids, milk,
pancreatic secretions, phytates, phosphates, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
(EDTA) and tannates contained in tea.
07. Non-haem iron is released as ferrous or ferric form but is absorbed
exclusively as ferrous form. The iron balance in the body is maintained
largely by regulating the absorptive intake by intestinal mucosal cells, so
called Mucosal block.

Disease review 58
08. The factors, which determine this mucosal intelligence, are unknown. When
the demand for iron is increased there is increased iron absorption, while
excessive body stores of iron causes reduced intestinal iron absorption.
Distribution
In an adult iron is distributed in the body as under –
01. Haemoglobin – Present in the red cells, contains most of the body iron (65%).
02. Myoglobin – Comprises a small amount of iron in the muscles (35%).
03. Haem and Non-haem enzymes – eg. Cytochrome, Cutalase, peroxidase,
succinic dehydrogenase and falvoproteins constitute a fraction of total body
iron (0.05%).
04. Transferrin bound iron – Circulates in the plasma and constitutes another
fraction of total body iron (0.5%).
All these forms of iron are in functional forms.
05. Ferritin and haemosiderin – These are the storage forms of excess iron (30%).
Thus, are stored in the mononuclear phagocytic cells of the spleen, liver and
bone marrow and in the parenchymal cells of the liver.
Iron transport and utilization
After absorption, iron circulates in the blood bound to beta globulin fraction,
siderophilin or transferrin. Transferrin is present almost exclusively in the plasma and
extra vascular space and serves to transport iron from the site of absorption and
storage to the areas of its utilization. The liver parenchymal cells are the major site of
transferrin synthesis.
The labile iron pool (mainly ferritin) is that part of the body iron which is
readily available for utilization of haemoglobin synthesis. Iron quickly enters this pool

Disease review 59
01. After absorption from the intestines
02. After release from the RBC breakdown
03. Following parental injections.
If the amount entering this labile pool is in excess of needs, then it is
transferred into storage pool. The daily iron turnover has been estimated to be
approximately 35 mg.
The major contribution to this 21 mg comes form the normal red cells
destruction. About 3 million red cells are destroyed every second. Iron released form
destroyed red cells is thus reutilized.
About 11 mg of iron is contributed by that fraction which is not used for
haemoglobin production during its stay in the marrow. While remaining 2-3 mg
comes form the storage sites, intestinal absorption and the extra cellular fluid.
From these 35 mg of iron about 32 mg, enters the erthropoietic labile pool, a
poorly defined compartment, primarily in the bone, for erythropoiesis. Approximately
1mg of iron goes for storage and into extra cellular fluid each and about 1 mg is
excreted, mainly in urine and sweat.
Pathogenesis
Iron deficiency anaemia develops when the supply of iron is inadequate for the
requirement of haemoglobin synthesis. Initially, the negative iron balance is made
good by mobilization from the tissue stores so as to maintain haemoglobin synthesis.
It is only after the tissue stores of iron are exhausted that the supply of iron to the
marrow becomes insufficient for haemoglobin formation so that state of the following
factors –
01. Increased blood loss.

Disease review 60
02. Increased requirements.
03. Inadequate dietary intake.
04. Decreased intestinal absorption.
Etiology
I. Increased Blood Loss
01. Uterine e.g. Excessive menstruation in reproductive years, repeated
miscarriage, at onset of menarche, post menopausal uterine bleeding.
02. Gastrointestinal e.g. Peptic ulcer, haemorrhoids, hook worm infestation,
cancer of stomach and large bowel oeasophages varices, hiatus hernia, chronic
aspirin ingestion, uncreative colitis, diverticulosis.
03. Renal tract e.g. Haematuria, haemoglobinuria.
04. Nose e.g. Repeated apitaxis.
05. Lungs e.g. Haemoptysis.
II. Increased Requirements
01. Spurts of growth in infancy, childhood and adolescence.
02. Prematurity.
03. Pregnancy and lactation.
III. Inadequate Dietary Intake
01. Poor economic status.
02. Anorexia e.g. in pregnancy.
03. Elderly individuals due to poor dentition, apathy and financial constraints.
IV. Decreased Absorption
01. Parietal or total gastrectomy.
02. Aschlorhydria.

Disease review 61
03. Intestinal malabsorption such as in coeliac disease.
Clinical features
Initially, there are usually no clinical abnormalities. But subsequently,
inaddition to features of undergoing disorders causing anaemia, the clinical
consequences of iron deficiency manifest in two ways – Anaemia itself and Epithelial
tissue changes.
01. Anaemia – The onset of iron deficiency anaemia is generally slow. The usual
symptoms are of weakness, fatigue, dyspnoea on exertion, palpitations and
pallor of the skin, mucous membranes and sclerae. Patients may have unusual
dietary cravings such as pica. Menorrhagia is a common symptom in iron
deficient women.
02. Epithelial tissue changes – Long standing chronic iron deficiency causes
epithelial tissue changes in some patients. The changes occur in nails
(Koilonychia or spoon shaped nails), tongue (Atrophic glossitis), mouth
(Angular stomatitis) and oesophagus causing dysphagia form development of
thin webs at the postericoid area (Pulmmer – Vinson Syndrome).
Treatment
The management of iron deficiency anaemia consist of 2 essential principles –
01. Correction of disorder causing the anaemia – The underlying cause of iron
deficiency is established after thorough check-up and investigations.
Appropriate medical or preventive and surgical measures are instituted to
correct the cause of blood loss.
02. Correction of iron deficiency – This can be compensated by two ways –

Disease review 62
a. Oral Therapy – Administration of oral salts such as ferrous sulfate, tablets
containing 60 mg of elements iron is administered thrice daily, but side
effects occurs like nausea, abdominal discomfort, diarrhoea.
b. Parental therapy – This therapy is indicated in cases who are intolerant to
oral iron therapy, in GIT disorders such as malabsorption. This is
hazardous and expensive when compared with oral administration. Total
dose is calculated by a simple formula multiplying the grams of
haemoglobin below normal with 250 mg of elemental iron is required for
each gram of deficit haemoglobin. The adverse effects include
hypersensitivity reactions, haemolysis, hypertension, circulatory collapse,
and vomiting and muscle pain.

Pharmaceutical study 63
Methodology
Methodology can be studied under 3 headings:
1) Pharmaceutical study.
2) Analytical study.
3) Experimental study.
Pharmaceutical Study :
The study involves proper Identification, Collection, Processing of raw drugs &
Preparation of the Abhraka Bhasma. The rationality of this study is to make the drug
effective, safe & suitable medicine. It is evident that samskara given
to the drug will change the quality & also acts in different manner, when mixed with
other drugs. Timing of medication & anupana also direct the medicine to act in
different ways.
Study Design:
It involves 5 major steps:
Step 1: Identification & collection of Krishnavajrabhraka.
Step 2: Shodhana of Abhraka as per classics.
Step 3 : Dhanyabhraka preparation as per classics.
Step 4: Marana of Abhraka as per classics.
Step 5: Amruteekarana & Lohitikarana of Abhraka Bhasma as per classics.
It also involves Date of commencement & Date of completion, Reliable
References & Methods adopted.
Identification & collection of Raw Drug :

An important part in the preparation of medicament lies in proper identification &
procurement of the raw materials. This determines quality of the drug.Special
request was made to the Mineralogists of Dharwad Mineralogy Department,
K.U.D, for selecting the best Abhraka. On their suggestion, Krishnavajrabhraka
collected from Chennai was selected & implicated for Bhasmeekarana & it was
used for the study.

Pharmaceutical study
Practical no – 1
Name of the practical: Preparation of Kanji
Reference: Bhavaprakasha, sandhana varga /1
Date of starting: 29/06/10
Date of completion: 8/07/10
Materials required: Gas stove, steel vessel with lid, plastic jar, sieve, clothes, dry
husk, etc.
Drugs used: Shali – 2 kg
Water – 32 litres
Procedure : 2 kg of Shali is cleaned and washed twice with water. Then to it 32 litres
of water is added and kept on agni. Mandagni is maintained throughout the procedure.
After 2½ hrs gas is turned off,one part is evaporated and three parts is retained.Then
it is kept for self cooling. Later filtered through the mesh and manda portion is kept in
the plastic jar which is fumigated before and closed with lids. Then jar is kept in the
husk. From 10th day of filteration the kanji was suitable for the purpose of shodhana.
Observation:
1) After boiling for 2 ½ hrs the rice particles were found broken.
2) On 3rd day the hissing sound was absent, on filtration the manda obtained was thick
and white in colour.
Results :
Quantity obtained – 12 litres

Odour – Amla gandha
Taste – Amla
Consistency – Thinner
Colour – White

Practical no – 2
Name of the practical : Samanya shodhana of Abhraka in Kanji
Reference : R.R.S 2 / 16 - 17
Date of commencement : 9/07/10
Date of completion : 9/07/10
Materials :
Krishnavajrabhraka – 1 kg
Kanji – 12 litres
Apparatus :
Gas stove, steel vessels, Iron pan etc
Procedure : In a steel vessel, required amount of kanji was taken with help of
measuring jar. Then large pieces of Abhraka were kept directly on charcoal till they
became red hot. Then immediately Abhraka was completely immersed in kanji. Then
it was allowed to cool,after that Abhraka was taken out and washed with hot water.
After complete drying, the Abhraka was weighed and repeated the same procedure
for 7 times, each time fresh kanji was taken.
Observations :
1) Abhraka became soft and brittle.
2) Lusture was increased.
3) Colour became golden brown.
4) A typical hissing sound is produced when Abhraka was dipped in kanji.
5) Temperature of kanji suddenly raised and its colour became slightly brown.
Results :
Intial weight - 1000gms
Final weight - 980gm

Practical no – 3
Name of the practical : Samanya shodhana of abhraka in gomutra for 7times
Reference : R.R.S 2/16 -17
Date of starting : 12/07/10
Materials :
Krishna vajrabhraka – 980gms
Gomutra – 12 litres
Apparatus :
Gas stove, steel vessels, cloth, measuring glass, Iron pan etc
Procedure :
Sufficient quantity of gomutra was taken in steel container. Then kanji
shodhita abhraka was heated until it turns red hot. Then it was immersed in gomutra.
Once it becomes cool,Abhraka was taken out and washed with hot water. After
complete drying, the Abhraka was weighed and again repeated the same procedure for
7 times, each time fresh gomutra was taken.
Observations :
1) Each time when the Abhraka quenched in gomutra there was lot of smoke.
2) After 7th nirvapa,the Abhraka was more blackish in colour than the previous
nirvapa.
3) The Abharaka became brittle and shining reduced.
Results :
Intial weight - 980gm

Practical no – 4
Name of the practical : Preparation of Triphala kwatha
Reference : Sharangadara samhita Madhyma khanda 2/1
Materials :
Triphala (coarse powder) – 6 kg
Water – 48 litres.
Apparatus :
Gas stove, steel vessels, cloth, measuring glass etc
Procedure :
6 kg coarse powder of Triphala was taken. Then 48 litres of water was added
to triphala churna and boiled on mandagni till it reduced to ¼ part. Then it is filtered
and used for Abhraka shodhana.
Observations :
1) For 1st hr slowly smoke started .
2) In 3rd hr foam was observed.
3) After 4th the amount of water decreased.
4) After 6th hr, triphala was found to be turned into very soft in consistency.
5) The colour of kwatha was slight brownish in nature.
Results :
No of days taken – 2 days
Total kwatha obtained – 12 litres.

Practical no – 5
Name of the practical:Samanya shodhana of Abhraka in Triphala kwatha for 7 times
Reference : R.R.S 2/16 - 17
Materials :
Gomutra shodhita krishnavajrabhraka – 950gms
Triphala kwatha – 10 litres
Apparatus :
Procedure :
Sufficient quantity of triphala kwatha was taken in a steel container. Then
Gomutra shodhita abhraka was heated until it becomes red hot. Then it was immersed
in Triphala kwatha. Then the Abhraka which is cooled was taken out and washed with
hot water. After complete drying, the Abhraka was weighed and again repeated the
same procedure for 7 times, each time fresh triphala kwatha was taken.
Observations :
Each time the Abhraka quenched in triphala kwatha took lot of time to red hot.
Results :
Intial weight - 950gm

Practical no – 6
Name of the practical : Vishesha shodhana of samanya shodhita abhraka.
Reference : R.R.S 2/16 - 17
Materials :
Samanya shodhita abhraka – 930gms
Godugdha – 10 litres
Apparatus :
Procedure :
Sufficient quantity of Godugdha was taken in a steel container. Then
Samanya shodhita Abhraka was heated until it turns to red hot. Then it was immersed
in Godugdha. Then cooled Abhraka was taken out and washed with hot water. After
complete drying, the Abhraka was weighed and again repeated the same procedure for
7 times, each time fresh Godugdha was taken.
Observations :
1) The milk used became very hot after each nirvapa.
2) The milk showed grey tinge after each nirvapa.
3) The Abhraka became more brittle.
Results :
Intial weight - 930gms
Final weight - 920gms

Practical no: 7
Name of the practical : Dhanyabhraka Nirmana
Date of commencement : 26 / 07/ 10
Date of completion : 29 / 07 / 10
Reference : R.R.S 2/21
Equipments : Jute cloth, large steel vessels.
Ingredients :
1) Shodhita abhraka - 920gm
2) Shali dhanya - 230gm
3) Kanji - 10 litres
Procedure : The shodhita abhraka was powdered and shali dhanya was mixed with it
thoroughly and tied in a jute bag with thread to prepare pottali. The required quantity
of kanji was taken in a vessel and the pottali was kept into it. After 72hrs the pottali
was removed and rubbed between palms protected by gloves. Then the fine particles
of Abhraka were slipped into the kanji and settled in the bottom of the container. Then
it was collected by transferring the supernatant fluid. This process was continued till
the complete extraction of dhanyabhraka occurred. Then collected Abhraka particles
were washed, dried and weighed.
Observation :
1) Every time the colour of the kanji changed to black.
2) Abhraka became more brittle, minute in particle size and light in weight.
Results :
Total Dhanyabhraka obtained - 880gm

Practical no : 8
Name of the practical :Abhraka marana
Ref : R.T 10/56 – 64, R.T 10/30
Date of commencement : 15/ 08/ 10
Drugs required : Dhanyabhraka - 880gm
Guda - 100 gm
Water - 1.6 litres.
Equipements : Mortar, Pestle, Sharava, Steel vessels, Cloth, Clay, Cowdung cakes.
Method : First Guda paka is prepared by taking above mentioned quantity of Guda
and water,heated in mandagni until it attain siddi lakshana.Then Dhanyabhraka was
taken in khalva and required amount of Guda paka was added and mardana is done
for 9 hrs. When the contents become paste like, then chakrikas were made over plastic
sheet and allowed to dry. Next chakrikas were kept in sharava, sandhibandhana was
done accordingly. Then dried and subjected to gajaputa. When puta becomes
swangasheeta the sharava samputa was taken out chakrikas were collected after
opening sandhi bandhana carefully.The Abhraka bhasma was collected, powdered and
weighed. The same procedure is repeated for 20 times and each time fresh Guda paka
was added to Abhraka bhasma for mardana.
Observation :
1) Weight loss is observed in each puta, so the quantity of Guda paka was reduced
gradually.
2) Shiny particles reduced gradually after each puta.
3) Colour changes was observed in each puta.
4) Puta was continued until the appearance of the special parameters for Abhraka

bhasma .
Results :
Intial weight : 880gms
Final weight : 750gms
Table no: 20 - Observation of Abhraka bhasma in different putas
Observ Wt Pea Colou Odour Ta Touc Chan Var Rek

ation → afte k r ste h drika itar hapu
r Tem a in rnat
No of Eac p % a in
puta h duri %
↓ Puta ng
in puta
(g) in
Inti °C
al
wt
880g
m
1 873 960 Black Odour Cla Roug ++++ - ve - ve
less y h
like
less y h
like
less y h
like
less y h
like
5 845 890 Brow Odour Cla Roug ++++ - ve - ve
nish less y h
like
6 839 892 Brow Odour Cla Less ++++ - ve - ve
nish less y roug
like h
7 831 890 Brow Odour Cla Less ++++ 20 25

nish less y roug
like h
8 828 890 Brow Odour Cla Less +++ 30 30
n less y roug
like h
9 821 934 Pale Odour Cla Less +++ 35 35
brown less y roug
h
10 811 856 Dark Odour Cla Smo ++ 45 50
brown less y oth
like

11 800 900 Pale Odour Cla Smo ++ 50 60

brown less y oth
like
brown less y oth
like
13 785 920 Brow Odour Cla Smo ++ 60 75
n less y oth
like
brown less y oth
like
n less y oth
like
n less y oth
like
17 758 875 Brow Odour Cla Smo + 80 85
n less y oth
like
18 754 920 Brow Odourl Cla Smo + 90 90
n ess y oth
like
19 752 890 Brow Odour Cla Smo - ve 90 100
n less y oth
like
20 750 890 Brick Odour Cla Smo - ve 95 100
less y oth
like

Practical no : 9
Name of the practical : Amriteekarana of Abhraka bhasma
Ref : Rasendra chintamani 4/33
Date of commencement : 22/ 03/ 11
Drugs required : Abhraka bhasma - 750 gms
Triphala kwatha - 1200ml
Ghrita - 600ml
Equipements : Gas stove, iron vessel etc.
Procedure : The above mentioned quantity of ingredients are taken in an iron vessel
and kept over the stove and heated until ghrita gets dried up completely.
Observation :
1) Abhraka bhasma lost its natural colour and became black.
2) Bhasma particles were fine and smooth.
Results :
Weight of Abhraka bhasma : 795gms

Practical no : 10
Name of the practical : Lohiteekarana of Abhraka bhasma
Ref : Rasa tarangini 10/65 - 66
Date of commencement : 24/ 03/10
Drugs required : Abhraka bhasma - 795gms
Manjista - 100gm
Water – 800ml
Equipements : Mortar, Sharava, Steel vessels, Cloth, Clay, Cowdung cakes.
Procedure : First Manjista kwatha is prepared by taking above mentioned quantity of
manjista and water boiled and reduced to 1/4th. Filtered in a vessel. The Abhraka
bhasma is taken in a khalva and sufficient quantity of Manjista kwatha was added and
triturated.When the substance became semisolid, chakrikas were made and dried.
After that chakrikas were kept in sharava and sandhibandana is done with the help of
gopichandana, dried and subjected to gajaputa. After swangasheeta, sharava samputa
was taken out and Chakrikas were collected, powdered and weighed,again the same
procedure was repeated until Ishtika varna Abhraka bhasma was obtained.
Observations :
1) During 1st puta the bhasma was still black in colour.
2) During 2nd , 3rd and 4th the bhasma colour changed to brownish colour.
3) By the end of 5th puta the bhasma attained Ishtikavat varna.
Result :
Final weight : 740gms
Varna – Ishtika varna

Table no: 21 - Observation of Abhraka bhasma in different putas during

Lohiteekarana
Ob Wt Peak Colour Odou Tast Touc Chan Varit Rek
ser after Temp r e h drika ara in hap
vati Each durin % urn
on Puta g ata
→ in (g) puta in
Intial in °C %
No wt
of 795g
put m
a
↓
1 780 920 Black Odour Clay Smoo -ve 98 100
less like th
2 770 850 Black Odour Clay Smoo -ve 98 100
less like th
3 762 850 Browni Odour Clay Smoo -ve 98 100
sh less like th
4 755 900 Browni Odour Clay Smoo -ve 99 100
sh less like th
5 740 820 Brick Odour Clay Smoo -ve 100 100
less like th

Analytical study 77
Analytical Study:
The Rasoushadies mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia should be analyzed

for physical & chemical properties to confirm genuinity & safety before
administration in human beings. Hence it became obligatory to adopt modern
analytical methodology for better understanding and interpretation of physico-
Chemical changes occurred during the process.
Aims & Objectives
• To analyze the physico - chemical properties of Abhraka bhasma.
• To carry out quantitative estimation of Al, Ca, Mg, Fe in Abhraka bhasma.
Materials:
1)Ancient parameters were conducted at P.G Dept of Rasashastra, D.G.M.A.M.C,
Gadag.
2) Modern physical and chemical tests were conducted at Bangalore drug test house
Bangalore, and Sastra University,Tanjore.
3) N.P.S. Test was done at P.G.Dept of Rasashastra, D.G.M.A.M.C, Gadag.
1) Ancient parameters
Table 22 - Showing Analysis of Abhraka bhasma by Ancient methods.
Sl. OBSERVATION AND RESULT

No. TEST
Abhraka Bhasma
1 Varna Ishtikavat
2 Gatarasatvam Nirasa
3 Sparsha Mrudutva and Slakshnatva was felt by simple
(Slakshnatvam--Mrudutvam) touch with finger tips
4 Gandha Nirgandha
5 Rekhapurnatva The Bhasma was rubbed in between index finger
and thumb. It penetrates into the furrows of the
fingers – Positive
6 Varitaratva A small amount of Bhasma was carefully
sprinkled in beaker full of water. It was found that
total portion of Bhasma was floating on the water
surface – Positive
7 Nischandratvam The Bhasma observed in bright sunlight. It was
not having any lustre – Positive
8 Dantagra kach kach Bhava Bhasma when kept in between teeth, cannot feel
the kach kach Bhava.

Analytical study 78
2) Modern Parameters
The study has been divided into two parts
1) Physical analysis
2) Chemical analysis
1) Physical analysis
a) Organoleptic characters
Colour: Brick red
Odour: Odourless
Touch: Fine
b) Analysis
Determination of pH Value:
Procedure:
The pH value of the sample was determined by a digital pH meter. One gram of
Abhraka bhasma was weighed accurately and dissolved in 100ml of water and pH
was noted in the digital pH meter.
Result: pH = 7.88
Loss on drying at 110°C:
Procedure:
Two grams of Abhraka bhasma was weighed in a silica crucible and dried in a hot air
oven at 110°C till a constant weight is obtained. The difference in the two weighing
gives the loss on drying & then the percentage of loss on drying was calculated.
Result: 0.18 %

Analytical study 79
Loss on Ignition:
Procedure:
Weigh a silica crucible which is previously ignited for one hour at a temperature not
exceeding 500°C and cooled in desiccators. Transfer to the crucible accurately
weighed sample. Weigh the crucible accurately. Place the loaded crucible in the
muffle furnace & ignite the crucible to 500°C, until constant weight is indicated.
Calculate loss on ignition with reference to the air dried drug.
Result: 0.51%
Determination of Total Ash:
Procedure:
Take about 2 gms accurately weighed ground drug in a previously traced silica
dish, previously ignited and weighed. Scatter the ground drug in a fine even layer on
the bottom of the dish. Incinerate by gradually increasing the heat not exceeding dull
red heat (450°C) until free from carbon. Cooled and weighed. Then the percentage of
ash with reference to the air dried drug was calculated.
Result: Total ash: 99.49%
Determination of Acid Insoluble Ash:
Procedure:
Boil the ash obtained in the process described under determination of total ash for 5
minutes with 25ml of dilute hydrochloric acid. Collect the insoluble matter on an ash
less filter paper. Wash with hot water and ignite.Weigh it and calculate the percentage
of acid insoluble ash with reference to the air dried drug.
Result: 90.88%

Analytical study 80
Determination of Fineness of particles:
Procedure:
The degree of coarseness or fineness of a powder is differentiated and expressed by
the size of the mesh of the sieve through which the particle is able to pass. A suitable
quantity of the sample is weighed and transferred to the set of sieves and shaken,it is
shaken for about 30minutes and the residue on each sieve is weighed separately.
Result: 125 microns - Passes through sieve No. 120
Solubility:
Procedure:
About one gram of the sample was weighed and dissolved in 10 ml of the solvents.
When the sample did not dissolve, an excess of solvent by 10 ml quantity up to 100ml
was added and noted that the sample was sparingly soluble in water. Abhraka bhasma
is sparingly soluble in Water
Results: Water - Sparingly soluble.
Determination of Flow property:
Procedure: Angle of repose: It is the maximum angle that can be obtained between
the free standing surface of a powder heap and the horizontal plane i.e tan θ = 2h/D
Where D is the diameter of the circle & ‘h’ is the height of the powder heap. Angle of
repose by which we can analyze either the powder having very good flow property,
good property or a bad flow property. This test involves the hollow cylinder half is
filled with the sample with one end sealed by transparent plate. The cylinder is rotated
about its horizontal axis until the powder surface cascades. The curved wall is lined
with sand paper to prevent preferential slip at this surface. If the value comes between
200 - 400 indicates reasonable flow potential.
Result: Flow property : Angle of repose = 27.800

Analytical study 81
Determination of Flow Rate:
Procedure: A simple indication of the ease with which a material can be induced to
flow is given by application of a compressibility index “I”
I = [1-V/V0] x 100
Where ‘V’ is the volume occupied by sample of the powder after being subjected to a
standardized tapping procedure.
V0 = Volume before tapping procedure.
In this procedure one measuring cylinder is taken and is filled with sample.
The level of the sample should be noted. Then at a height of 2 cm continuous 10
tapping should be done, after that the level of the sample in the cylinder is once again
noted and the value “I” is calculated with respect to the Vo and V value. If the “I” is
below 15% usually having good flow rates.
Results: Flow rate: 14.8 %
2. Chemical analysis:
Determination of Iron As Fe2O3:
Reagents:
1. Nitric acid
2. Hydrochloric acid
3. Diluted Sulphuric acid
4. 10% w/v solution of Ammonium Thiocyanate in water
Standard Solution:
1000 ppm Iron Stock Solution
Sample Solution:
To accurately weighed sample, add 1 ml of Nitric acid and 3 ml of Hydrochloric acid
and heat on a low heat until the sample dissolve. Dilute to 100 ml and filter.

Analytical study 82
Procedure:
To 2ml each of sample and standard solutions, add 5ml of Ammonium Thiocyanate
Solution, dilute to 25 ml dilute sulphuric acid. Measure the absorption of both the
solutions at 520 nm against reagent blank and result is calculated by comparison.
Result: 10.5%
Determination of Calcium:
Reagents:
• Ammonium Oxalate – Saturated solution
• Methyl Red indicator – Dissolve 0.5g of Methyl Red in100ml of 95% Alcohol.
• Dilute Acetic acid.
• Dilute Ammonium Hydroxide.
• Dilute Sulphuric acid : Add acid to water slowly and with constant stirring.
Cool and make up to volume.
• 0.1N Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
• 0.01 N Potassium Permanganate – Working standard:
• Dilute 10 ml of 0.1 N KmnO4 solution to 100 ml with water (1 ml = 0.2 mg of
Calcium).
• Prepare fresh solution before using.
Procedure:
Pipette an aliquot (20 to 100 ml) of the ash solution obtained by dry ashing to a
250 ml Beaker. Add 25 to 50 ml of water if necessary. Add 10ml of saturated
Ammonium Oxalate solution and 2 drops of Methyl Red Indicator. Make the solution
slightly alkaline by the addition of dilute ammonia and then slightly acidic with a few
drops of acetic acid until the color is faint pink (pH 5.0). Heat the solution to the
boiling point. Allow to stand at room temperature for at least 4 hours or preferably

Analytical study 83
overnight. Filter through whatman No. 42 paper, wash with water till the filtrate
isoxalate free (since HCl has been used for preparing the original ash solution, it is
Convenient to test for the absence of chloride using AgNO3). Break the point of the
filter paper with platinum wire or pointed glass rod. Wash the precipitate first using
hot dilute H2SO4 from wash bottle into the beaker in which the calcium was
precipitated.
Then wash with hot water and titrate while still hot (temperature 70 to 800C)
With 0.01 N KmnO4 to the first permanent pink colour. Finally, add filter paper to
solution and complete the titration. Calculated as
Calcium (mg/100g) = Titre X 0.2 × Total volume of Ash solution ×100
______________________________________________
Volume taken for Estimation × weight of sample taken
If the KmnO4 standard solution is not exactly 0.01 N, use the following expression.
Calcium (mg/100g) = Titre × Normality of KmnO4 ×20 ×Total Volume of ash soln×100
_______________________________________________________
ML of Ash solution × Weight of the sample
Taken for estimation taken for ashing
Result: 2.88%
Determination of Magnesium:
Reagents: 1. Ammonia-Ammonium Chloride solution
2. 0.05 Disodium Edetate (EDTA)
3. Solochrome Black T Indicator
Procedure:
Weigh accurately about 0.3 g, dissolve in 50 ml of water, add 10 ml of strong
Ammonia Ammonium Chloride solution and titrate with 0.05 M Disodium Edetate

Analytical study 84
(EDTA) using 0.1 gm of Solochrome Black – T indicator, until a blue colour is
obtained.
Each ml of 0.05 M Disodium Edetate is equivalent to 0.002916 g of Mg
Calculation:
% of Magnesium
= Volume of EDTA x Actual M of EDTA x 0.002916 x 100 Molecular weight of magnesium
___________________________________________________________________________
Weight of Molecular weight of magnesium hydroxide Sample taken x 0.05 M
Result = 1.24%
Determination Of Aluminium by AAS:
Sample Preparation:
Weigh accurately known quantity of sample in a clear silica crucible and ashed at
temperature up to 500°c and dissolve the ash in minimum volume of concentrate
HNO3 (1:1). Add 20 ml of water and evaporate to dryness on steam bath. Add 20 ml
of 0.1 N HNO3. Heat for 5 minutes and filter and give washing with 0.1 N HNO3 and
make up the volume. Further dilutions may be done if required to attain the working
range of the instrument.
Procedure:
Lamp Current : 5 mA
Support : Air
Fuel : Acetylene
Wavelength : 309.3 nm

Analytical study 85
Optimize the response of the instrument by adjusting burner height and flame.
Aspirate distilled water to get zero absorption. When stable response is observed,
aspirate standards (at least 3) and note down the absorption. Aspirate the sample to
get its absorption. Prepare Calibration Curve by plotting the net absorption values of
standards against concentration in mg/L of Iron. Locate the point of sample
absorbance and calculate the concentration of silver in the sample.
Calculation:
Aluminium content in % : C xV
M x 105
Where
C : concentration of aluminium in the final solution
V : Volume in ml of the final solution
M : Mass in gram of the sample in the final solution
Result = 2.3%
Determination Of Silica:
Procedure: Weigh accurately a suitable quantity of the well-mixed sample in a tared
silica dish. Sample used for the determination of moisture may be taken for ashing.
Heat first over a low Bunsen flame to volatilize as much of the organic matter (until
no more of smoke is given out by the material) as possible. Transfer the dish to a
temperature controlled Muffle Furnace. Keep the muffle at about 300°C until all the
carbon has ceased to glow and then raise the temperature to 420°C. Most materials
may be ashed in a reasonable time at a temperature as low as 420°C if heated

Analytical study 86
overnight and such low temperatures are to be preferred. Generally, ashing is done at
450°C.
The time required at this temperature will depend on the nature of the material
to be ashed. Generally, 5 to 7 hours are sufficient to ash most of the fruits or
vegetables or their products. If it is suspected that all the carbon has not been
oxidized, remove the dish from the muffle furnace, allow to cool and if required, note
the weight of the ash. Cover the dish with watch glass to prevent scattering, add
gently 40 to 50 ml of 1: 1 HCl with the help of a pipette. Heat over a water bath for
30 minutes, remove the cover and rinse. Continue heating for another 30 minutes to
dehydrated silica; add another 10 ml of 1: 1 HCl and water to dissolve soluble salts
filter into a 100 ml volumetric flask using No. 44 Whatman Filter paper. Wash the
residue in the basin once or twice using dilute HCl; wash the residue on the filter
paper with HCl. Make up to volume with water. Return the filter paper to the dish,
ignite, place in muffle furnace for 1 hour at 450°C. Cool and weigh. This gives an
approximate estimate of silica.
Result = 26.42%
Namburi Phased Spot Test:
Date of solution prepared : 11.04.2010
Date of Dropping : 13.04.2010
Materials : Test tubes, spirit lamp, wide mouthed white
Glass bottle, capillary etc.
Reagents : 1. Conc. HCl
2. Potassium Iodide – 10% solution

Analytical study 87
3. Potassium ferrocynide – 2.5% solution
4. Whatmans Paper No. 1
Procedure:
10% Potassium Iodide and 2.5% Potassium ferrocynide solution was prepared in
two different wide mouthed glass bottles and pieces of Whatmans paper No. 1 of size
14 cm. x 8 cm. was impregnated in the solution and was kept for drying.
Take about 0.25gms of sample bhasma into a centrifuge test tube and heat for a
minute. After 30 minutes, add drop by drop 0.5ml of con.HCL. Apply gentle heat for
a minute. Allow them to react for 8 hours shaking now & then. The solution is
allowed to settle for some time until clear layer forms. The solution is to be used
before 20 hour after it is prepared. Then take from the clear layer and put one drop on
10% Potassium iodide paper and on 2.5% ferrocynide paper.
Observation:
When it is treated with 2.5% Potassium ferrocynide paper Abhraka Bhasma
in its 2nd phase a small very deep blue solid spot forms slowly followed by a wide
light blue periphery and thin white margin. This state continues to be the same in its
3rd phase also (four or five hours after 2nd phase vide plate no.1)
When it is treated with 10% Potassium Iodide paper in it s 1st phase a
wide deep brown solid spot forms which continues to be the same in its 2nd phase
also. The brown color slowly begins to fade away. Since it requires several hour for
complete fading away of the brown colour put one or two drops of distilled water over
the spot at the end of its 2nd phase which washes away the brown colour from the
centre of the spot to its periphery leaving behind colourless space.

Analytical study 88
2.5% Potassium ferrocynide paper 2.5% Potassium ferrocynide paper with
Standard spot of Abhraka Bhasma
10% Potassium Iodide paper 10% Potassium Iodide paper with
standard spot of Abhraka Bhasma
XRD REPORT:
X-ray diffraction method:
Definition:
X-ray diffraction is a technique through which the special arrangement of
structural units of a substance in the crystalline state i.e. investigating the interior or a
crystal.
Principle:
Bragg’s law of diffraction of X-ray by crystals is applicable according to him

Analytical study 89
when an X-ray beams strikes a crystal surface at an angle portion of the beam
penetrates to the second layers of atoms and so on. The cumulative effect of this
scattering from the regularly spaced centers of the crystal is nothing but diffraction of
the beam.
The important requirements of the diffraction are:
a) The spacing between layers of atoms must be regularly the same as the wave length
of the radiation.
b) The scattering centres must be specially distributed in a highly regular way.
Various methods of X-ray diffraction:
¾ Lane photographic method
¾ Bragg X-ray spectrometer method
¾ Ratting crystal method
¾ Powder method
Sample Preparation:
The samples are ground to a fine homogeneous powder and held in the beam
of thin walled glass or the specimen may be mixed with a suitable non crystalline
binder and moulded in to a suitable shape.
As a result large number of small crystallites is oriented in all possible
direction and when X-ray beam traverses the material, a significant number of
particles are expected to be oriented in such a manner that Bragg’s a equation for
reflection from every possible inter planer spacing becomes satisfied.
When the X-ray beam is diffracted by a fine powder, made of small
crystallites, diffraction will take place for all crystallites whose planes spacing of
atom d make an angle or reflection (Ө) to that incident beam, and the diffracted beam
will lie on a cone of semi apex angle 2Ө.The minimum interplanner spacing giving

Analytical study 90
diffraction is at
d = λ / 2 Ө = 90ْ
A complete study of the sample assumes all possible angular positions in the
path of the X-rays,should give a unique result for each substance.
Application:
9 X-ray diffraction provides a convenient and practical means for qualitative
identification of crystalline compounds where the X-ray diffraction pattern is
unique for each crystalline substance.
9 Quantitative analysis of X-ray diffraction is done by comparing the intensity
of a chosen diffraction line in a standard mixture.
9 X-ray diffraction is employed in investigating the interior of a crystal (size
and shapes of individual crystal vary but interfacial angle remain constant)
9 Used in detecting the structures of complex natural products such as steroids,
vitamins and antibiotics.
Advantages:
¾ X-ray methods are non destructive.
¾ X-ray analysis done to crystalline samples in any physical state of subdivision.
Disadvantages:
9 The accuracy of the analysis depends on the surface preparation, reliability of
standards, stability of X-ray tube output and the number of X-ray photos
counted.
9 Instrumental and sample variable affect the analysis.

Analytical study 91
1000
Intensity in counts
20 30 40 50 60
2-Theta
File: Dr GIGI.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 20.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 7 s - 2-Theta: 20.000 ° - Theta: 10.
d=2.86014
d=3.30425
1000
Intensity in counts
d=2.49700
d=2.67676
d=1.73836
d=1.77636
d=1.68458
d=1.82994
20 30 40 50 60
2-Theta
File: Dr GIGI.raw - Type: 2Th/Th locked - Start: 20.000 ° - End: 60.000 ° - Step: 0.010 ° - Step time: 1. s - Temp.: 25 °C (Room) - Time Started: 7 s - 2-Theta: 20.000 ° - Theta: 10.

Analytical study 92
Angle d value Intensity Intensity %

2-Theta ° Angstrom Count %
27.374 3.25548 1848 6.0
27.982 3.18608 1815 5.9
30.217 2.95537 2465 8.0
30.683 2.91151 2132 7.0
31.229 2.86184 1781 5.8
32.597 2.74478 1569 5.1
33.493 2.67341 1460 4.8
35.340 2.53777 1488 4.9
35.982 2.49396 2302 7.5
36.943 2.43124 1253 4.1
39.597 2.27419 1223 4.0
42.380 2.13107 1283 4.2
42.716 2.11508 1305 4.3
43.236 2.09082 1167 3.8
44.755 2.02333 1188 3.9
50.048 1.82105 1134 3.7
52.215 1.75045 1515 4.9
52.699 1.73551 1421 4.6
56.933 1.61609 1466 4.8
57.694 1.59657 30654 100.0
57.983 1.58931 1062 3.5
58.305 1.58127 26819 87.5
58.650 1.57280 969 3.2
58.980 1.56478 1563 5.1

Experimental study 93
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY132,133
Evaluation of Haematinic Activity in Albino rats
Date of commencement : 20-6-2011 to 23-6-2011
Haemoglobin Estimation
Principle: Sahli’s method
Iron deficiency anaemia is a most frequent disease in the developing countries
like India.The common clinical features of iron deficiency anaemia are malaise,
bodyache,loss of appetite,physical and mental stress etc.
Acute anaemia can be induced in laboratory animals by using
Phenylhydrazine dissolved in Dimethylsulphoxide.Later Test sample will be given to
correct the Anaemia by proper procedure.
Male albino rats weighing between 175-200gms wee taken from KLE’s
Pharmacy college animal house and whole study was carried out in the experimental
laboratory attached with the Institute
Requirements: Shali’s hemometer, Thin glass rod (stirrer) and micropipette of 20
cubic millimeter capacity, pricking needle, N/10 HCl, distilled water, 70% alcohol
and absorbent cotton.
Animals: Albino rats (175-200gms,Overnight fasted)
Trial drug Guda marita bhasma
Total RBC Count:
Principle: Neubauer’s method
Requirements: Neubauer’s counting chamber, RBC pipette, Thomas coverslip,
watch glass, RBC dilution fluid, pricking needle, 70% alcohol, xylon and microscope.

Drugs:
¾ Phenyl hydrazine dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (To induce anaemia)
¾ 5% carboxy methyl cellulose. (To make the suspension of bhasma)
¾ Trial drug Abhraka bhasma
¾ 0.1N Hydrochloric acid, Distilled water, 70% alcohol (For estimation of
Haemoglobin)
Animal selection:
18 healthy male rats (175-200gms) of Albino strain were selected for the
present study. The animals were grouped in 3 groups (6 rats in each group) and
placed accordingly in different cages as 6 animals in each cage. The animals were
provided with food and water ad libitum.
Fixation of Rat dose: To calculate the Rat dose from Human dose, the formula is
Rat dose = Human dose x surface area factor 0.018
Procedure:
¾ The rats were divided into 3 groups. The rats of group I were not given any
treatment and served as normal.
¾ The rats of group I & group III were given 25mg phenyl hydrazine/kg
body wt which was dissolved in Dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) (250
mg/ml)
¾ Group II animals served as standard group.
¾ Guda marita Abhraka bhasma is mixed with 5% carboxymethyl cellulose
and made a suspension. This suspension was administered to animals of
Group III immediately after administration of Phenylhydrazine orally. The

doses were calculated according to body weight of 200 gms weighing
albino rats.
¾ 3 rats from each groups were sacrificed ( by ether anaesthasia) after 48
hours. The remaining 3 rats from each groups were sacrificed after 96
hours.
The various haemotological and biochemical parameters were estimated and also the
study of bone marrow was carried out.
Bone marrow study
Requirements: Infant bone marrow needle microscope with oil immersion lens.
Selection of Animals:
Albino rats of either sex weighing between 150-200 gm breeds in animal
house were selected for the study. They were housed individually in polypropylene
cages in well-ventilated rooms. The rats were kept under observation for seven days
with standard laboratory diet. After which they were examined for their normal health
and then subjected to experimental study.
Procedure134: The femur bones of the rats were dissected out immediately after they
were sacrificed. The femur bones were cleaned, their heads were cut and bone
marrow was flushed out with the help of infant bone marrow needle. The flushed
bone marrow was transferred to a clean slide and thin film was prepared. The slide
was air dried and then fixed with methanol. The bone marrow slides were stained by
wrights stain and observed under the microscope using oil immersion lens.
The various parameters observed on the slides were:
• Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio
• Pronormoblast count

• Normoblast count
• Reticulocytes count
• Normocytes cont
Haematological parmeters:
Blood samples were aspirated from all the animals by cardiac puncture, from
rat hearts before sacrificing the haematological parameter estimated were.
1) Hb
2) Hb %
3) Red blood cell count
4) Hemoglobin content.
These parmeters were analyzed at K.L.E.S’s college of pharmacy, Gadag.
Biochemical Parameters Bone Marrow study
The various parameters observed on the slides were
1) Pronormoblast count
2) Normoblast count
3) Reticulocytes count
4) Normocytes count
5) Myeloid : Erythroid cell ratio

Results 97
Results of Experimental Study
The results of the present study are based on the values of Parameters
like Hematological parameters, Bone marrow parameters. In Hematological
parameters Hb and RBC and in Bone marrow parameters like Erythroid,
Pronormoblast, Normoblast, Reticulocytes, Normocytes.
Table No. 23. Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 48 hrs
Source of Degrees of Sum of Mean F-Value p Value Remark
Variation freedom squares sum of Sq
Treatment 2 36.754 18.377 438.696 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 0.6283 0.04189
Total 17 37.383
Table No. 24. Intermediate calculations Anova table myeloid to erythroid 96 hrs
S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F value p Value Remark
Treatment 2 33.174 16.587 757.85 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 0.3283 0.0218
Total 17 33.3283
Table No. 25. Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 48 hrs
Treatment 2 29.49 14.745 163.83 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 1.36 0.090
Total 17 30.86
Evaluation of Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma

- An Experimental Study
Results 98
Table No. 26 Intermediate calculations Anova table R.B.C 96 hours
Treatment 2 30.27 15.135 229.318 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 0.99 0.066
Total 17 31.26
Table No. 27 Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 48 hours
S.V D.F S.S M.S.S F value P Value Remark
Treatment 2 45.412 22.706 585.206 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 0.582 0.0388
Total 17 45.995
Table No. 28 Intermediate calculations Anova table Hb 96 hours
Treatment 2 37.68 18.84 588.75 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 0.48 0.32
Total 17 38.16

Results 99
Table No. 29. Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 48 hours
Treatment 2 1887.4 943.7 547.72 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 25.588 1.725
Total 17 1913.0
Table No. 30 Intermediate calculations Anova table Pronormoblast 96 hours
Treatment 2 611.50 305.75 228.854 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 20.050 1.336
Total 17 631.55
Table No. 31 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 48 hours
Treatment 2 840.54 420.27 2361.06 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 2.677 0.178
Total 17 843.22

Results 100
Table No. 32 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normoblast 96 hours
Treatment 2 568.81 284.405 82.772 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 51.547 3.436
Total 17 4877.5
Table No. 33 Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 48 hours
Treatment 2 40.779 20.389 65.94 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 4.638 0.3092
Total 17 45.417
Table No. 34 Intermediate calculations Anova table Reticulocytes 96 hours
Treatment 2 33.051 16.5255 8.71 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 28.46 1.8973
Total 17 51.515

Results 101
Table No. 35. Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 48 hours
Treatment 2 56.36 28.18 24.806 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 17.05 1.136
Total 17 73.45
Table No. 36 Intermediate calculations Anova table Normocytes 96 hours
Treatment 2 131.15 65.515 28.66 <0.01 H.S
Residual 15 34.32 2.288
Total 17 165.48
Table No. (a)
Treatment Mean Difference
Control 4.8
Treatment 3.01 1.79*
Standard 1.3 3.5* 1.71*

Results 102
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.4189
------------------------
= 0.795
From Table No. (a)
1) The treatment are not alike
2) The highest treatment mean effect is 4.8 due to the control group.
3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, control group is the best and
most effective, of choice made between treatment and Standard group, which
differ significantly the treatment group is preferred since the mean effect due
to treatment group is more than the Standard group.
Table No. 1 (a)
Control 4.8
Standard 1.6 3.2* 2.38*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.0218
-----------
= 0.368

Results 103
From Table No. 1 (a)
Table No. 2 (a)
Control 8.26
Treatment 6.8 1.48*
Standard 5.13 3.13* 1.67*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.09
------------------------
= 0.368

Results 104
Table No. 3 (a)
Control 8.36
Standard 5.26 3.1* 2.16*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.066
------------------------
= 0.315

Results 105
Table No. 4(a)
Control 14.1
Standard 10.41 3.69* 2.92*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.0388
------------------------
= 0.2422

Results 106
Table No. 5 (a)
Control 14.32
Standard 10.96 3.36* 2.67*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.032
------------------------
= 0.2199

Results 107
Table No. 6 (a)
Control 31.15
Standard 7.7 23.45* 19.43*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 1.725
------------------------
= 1.615

Results 108
Table No. 7 (a)
Control 31.91
Standard 17.68 14.23* 8.08*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 1.336
------------------------
= 1.42

Results 109
Table No. 8 (a)
Control 74.2
Standard 57.41 16.79* 9.17*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.178
------------------------
= 0.5188
2) The highest treatment mean effect is 74.2 due to Standard group.
3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, Standard group is the best and
most effective, of choice made between treatment and control group, which
to treatment group is more than the control group.

Results 110
Table No.9 (a)
Control 67.51
Standard 54.66 12.85* 2.134
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 3.436
------------------------
= 2.279
2) The highest treatment mean effect is 67.51 due to the Standard group.
differ significantly the control group is preferred since the mean effect due to
control group is more than the treatment group.

Results 111
Table No. 10 (a)
Control 8.33
Treatment 6.8 1.53*
Standard 66 3.67* 2.14*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 0.3092
------------------------
= 0.683
2) The highest treatment mean effect is 8.33 due to the treatment group.
3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, treatment group is the best and
most effective, of choice made between control and Standard group, which
treatment group is more than the control group.

Results 112
Table No. 11 (a)
Control 8.33
Treatment 6.8 1.53*
Standard 4.66 3.67* 2.14*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 1.8973
------------------------
= 1.693
3) If a choice is made among the three, treatment, treatment group is the best and
most effective, of choice made between control group and +ve group which
control group is more than the Standard group.

Results 113
Table No. 12 (a)
Control 7.00
Standard 4.57 2.43* 1.5*
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 1.136
------------------------
= 1.31

Results 114
Table No. 13 (a)
Control 9.67
Standard 5.66 4.01* 0.58
* Significant
CD = 2.13 2 x 2.288
------------------------
= 1.86
2) The highest treatment mean effect is 9.67 due to Standard group.
to treatment group is more than the control group.

Results 115
To know the mean effect of treatment of the three groups, the statistical analysis is
done by using completely randomized design. By assuming that the mean treatment
effect of the drug in three groups is same.
If the hypothesis is rejected that is treatment shows significant, to know which
pair treatment means differ significantly. We final out the critical difference that is the
least difference between any two means to be significant.
CD = t 0.05 2S 2E
-----------
Where t 0.05 = The t- table value for error degrees of freedom.
2S 2E = Mean error sum of squares
K = No of observation in the group.
From the study all parameters show highly significant (at p<0.05) to know
which pair treatment means differ significantly,the conclusion can be taken as
follows.
Comparing these difference with the critical difference, we find that
1) Control group differs significantly from each of the treatment.
The treatment group and Standard group also differ significantly

Results 116
Table No. 37 Paired ‘t’ test table for the parameter Myeloid to Erythroid 48
hours
Group Mean SD SE t value p Value Remark
Control 4.8 0.126 0.051 94.11 <0.001 H.S
Standard l 1.3 0.2 0.081 16.049 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 3.01 0.263 0.10 30.1 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 1
Paired 'T' test table for the parameter

of Erythroid at 48 hours
4
Mean
3 Series1
0
Control Control +ve Treatment
Group

Results 117
Table No. 38 Myeloid to Erythroid 96 hours
Control 4.80 0.126 0.051 94.11 <0.001 H.S
Standard 1.60 0.178 0.013 21.91 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 3.98 0.132 0.054 73.70 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 2
Paired 'T' test table for the param eter

Erythroid at 96 Hours
3 Series1
0
Cont rol Cont rol +ve Treat ment
G r o up

Results 118
Table No. 39. RBC 48 hrs
Control 8.26 0.30 0.121 68.26 <0.001 H.S
Standard 5.13 0.30 0.121 68.26 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 6.80 0.16 0.06 6.85 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 3
Paired 'T' test table for the param eter of

R.B.C at 48 hours
9
8
7
6
Mean
5
Series1
4
3
2
1
0
Group

Results 119
Table No. 40. RBC 96 hrs
Control 8.36 0.25 0.10 83.6 <0.001 H.S
Standard 5.26 0.24 0.09 58.44 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 7.41 0.27 0.11 67.36 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 4
Paired 'T' test table for the parameter Of R.B.C. at

96 hours
5
Mean
Series1
4
0
Group

Results 120
Table No. 41 Hb 48 hrs
Control 14.10 0.17 0.073 193.15 <0.001 H.S
Standard 10.41 0.17 0.07 148.71 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 13.33 0.23 0.095 140.31 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 5

Hem oglobin at 48 hours
16
14
12
10
Mean
8 Series1
6
4
2
0
Control Control Treatment
+ve
Group

Results 121
Table No. 42 Hb 96 hrs
Control 14.32 0.13 0.056 255.71 <0.001 H.S
Standard 10.96 0.25 0.10 109.6 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 13.63 0.10 0.042 324.52 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 6

Hem oglobin at 96 hours
16
14
12
10
Mean
8 Series1
6
4
2
0
Group

Results 122
Table No. 43 Pronormoblast 48 hrs
Control 31.150 2.14 0.874 35.64 <0.001 H.S
Standard 7.70 0.48 0.200 38.5 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 27.13 0.53 0.218 124.44 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 7

Pronorm oblast at 48 hours
35
30
25
20
Mean
15 Series1
10
0
+ve
Group

Results 123
Table No. 44 Pronormoblast 96 hrs
Control 31.91 1.69 0.69 46.17 <0.001 H.S
Standard 17.65 0.41 0.170 103.82 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 75.76 0.98 0.402 188.45 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 8
Paired 'T' test table for the parm eter of

Pronorm oblast at 96 hours
80
70
60
50
Mean
40 Series1
30
20
10
0
+ve
Group

Results 124
Table No. 45 Normoblast 48 hrs
Control 57.41 0.40 0.164 350.6 <0.001 H.S
Standard 74.20 0.49 0.201 369.154 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 66.58 0.36 0.147 452.92 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 9
Paired 'T' test table for the parameter

Normoblast at 48 hours
80
70
60
50
Mean
40 Series1
30
20
10
0
Group

Results 125
Table No. 46 Normoblast 96 hrs
Control 56.80 0.244 0.100 525.92 <0.001 H.S
Standard 67.51 0.33 0.135 500.07 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 54.66 3.18 1.300 42.046 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 10
Paired 'T' test table for the

parameter Normoblast at 96 hours
80
70
60
50
Mean
40 Series1
30
20
10
0
+ve
Group

Results 126
Table No. 47 Reticulocytes 48 hrs
Control 6.80 0.098 0.0140 48.57 <0.001 H.S
Standard 4.66 0.808 0.330 14.121 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 8.33 0.516 0.210 39.68 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 11

parameter of Reticulocytes at 48
hours
10
8
6
Mean
Series1
4
2
0
+ve
Group

Results 127
Table No. 48 Reticulocytes 96 hrs
Control 6.940 1.389 0.567 12.169 <0.001 H.S
Standard 4.570 1.651 0.674 6.78 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 7.00 1.019 0.416 16.826 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 12

parameter of Reticulocytes at 96
hours
8
7
6
5
Mean
4 Series1
3
2
1
0
+ve
Group

Results 128
Table No. 49 Normocytes 48 hrs
Control 5.68 1.04 0.428 13.27 <0.001 H.S
Standard 9.67 0.80 0.330 29.303 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 6.24 1.29 0.527 11.84 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 13

parameter of Normocytes at 48
hours
12
10
8
Mean
6 Series1
4
2
0
+ve
Group

Results 129
Table No. 50 Normocytes 96 hrs
Control 5.15 1.76 0.720 7.15 <0.001 H.S
Standard 11.23 1.44 0.590 19.033 <0.001 H.S
Treatment 5.94 1.29 0.527 11.271 <0.001 H.S
Graph - 14
Paired 'T' test

Paired test table
tablefor
forthe
the
parameter of Normocytes
parameter Normocytesatat9696
hours
hours
12
12
10
10
88
Mean
Mean
66 Series1
Series1
44
22
00
Control
Standard Treatment
+ve
Group
Group

Results 130
Myeloid to erythroid cell ratio:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phenylhydrazine has resulted
in sharp decreased in the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 1.3 and 1.60 at 48 and
96 hours.
2) The animals treated with Guda marita Abraka Bhasma showed a significant
increase in the myeloid to erythroid ratio i.e 3.01 and 3.98 at 48 and 96 hours
of treatment respectively, when compared to Standard group.
Pronormoblast:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phenythydrazine has resulted
in sharp decreased in the Pronormoblast i.e 7.70 and 17.68 at 48 and 96 hours.
increase in the Pronormoblast i.e 27.13 and 25.76 at 48 and 96 hours of
treatment respectively, when compared to Standard group.
Normoblast:
in sharp increase in the Normoblast: i.e 74.20 and 67.51 at 48 and 96 hours.
decrease in the Normoblast i.e 66.58 and 54.66 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment
respectively when compared to Standard group.
Reticulocytes count:
1) The results obtained indicated that treatment of Phyenylhydrazine has resulted
in sharp Decreased in the Reticulocytes i.e 4.66 and 4.57 at 48 and 96 hours.

Results 131
increase in the Reticulocytes i.e 8.33 and 7.00 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment
respectively, when compared to Standard group.
Normocytes:
in sharp increase in the Normocytes : i.e 9.67 and 11.23 at 48 and 96 hours.
decrease in the Normocytes: i.e 6.24 and 5.94 at 48 and 96 hours of treatment
respectively, when compared to Standard group.
To study the individual effect of all the parameters, the statistical analysis was
done by using paired t-test by assuming that the drug is responsible for the change in
the readings after the treatment in parameters erythriod control group shows more
highly significant than the others in both the hours. (By comparing ‘t’ value) in the
parameter RBC all groups showed more highly significant in 96 hrs than the 48 hrs by
comparing t value, In the parameter Hb control group and treatment group are more
significant in 96 hrs where as Standard is more highly significant in 48 hrs (by
comparing t value) In the parameter pronormoblast all groups highly significant in 96
hrs. In normoblast the control group and Standard group are more significant in 96
hrs, but treatment group was more highly significant in 48 hrs. in reticulocyte all the
groups are more highly significant in 48 hrs. in normocytes, all the groups are more
significant in 48 hrs.

Discussion 132
DISCUSSION
Information available on Abhraka from Vedic period to till today indicates its
importance. In Vedic period various Synonyms of Abhraka were actually used in the
name of Udaka i.e. water. After the Vedic period in Jain & Buddha Literature no
explanation regarding Abhraka was found.
Synonyms of Abhraka were found in sushruta Samhita as Vajrakhya explained

in Su.Sh.Chi 9/5. Dalhana, commentator of Sushruta Samhita has opined it as
“Keshamit Mathe Abhraka Miti”.
In A.H Chi 8/15, Therapeutic usage of Abhraka was explained. In Kautilya

Arthashastra use of Abhraka by goldsmiths for preparing ornaments, as a substitute
for gold was explained. An attempt is made to classify numerous synonyms of
Abhraka according to 3 main parameters such as origin, action & structure, where
action is subdivided into two types regarding its utility in Dehavada & Lohavada.
Vernacular names have also been explained for thorough knowledge of

Abhraka. Abhraka is totally classified into 16 types by R.R.S. (2/4) as well as R.T
(10/34), A.P. (2/92-93) & the R.R.S considered reaction on fire as a main parameter
& then classified Vajra Abhraka in to four types according to colour, while A.P. &
R.T classified Abhraka into four types according to colour & classified Krishna
Abhraka into four types namely “Pinaka, Naga, Mandooka & Vajra”.
Regarding Grahya Lakshanas of Abhraka it was selected based on 7

parameters namely colour, lustre, structure, cleavage, Reaction on fire, properties &
utpatti. Along with these, other three properties like snighdham, Guru /
Bharatoadhikam, Pruthrudalam were also considered.
So, Krisha Vajra Abhraka possessed all characters & it was selected for the
preparation of Abhraka Bhasma.

Discussion 133
Concept of Shodhana:-
This is well elaborated & most discussed topic. The grahya Abhraka may also
contain few adulterants, foreign materials etc which may cause complications, so by
considering all these our Acharyas have mentioned various Shodhana procedures. The
heat resistance properties & stratified structure of Abhraka, made Acharyas to follow
mainly Nirvapa for Abhraka Shodhana.
Main Purpose of Shodhana :-
i) Removal of both water soluble & fat soluble impurities.

ii) Destruction of stratified structure of Abhraka by converting it into a
granular form especially before marana.
Selection of 4 Drugs for Shodhana :-
i) Kanji → pH → 3 – 3.4
ii) Gomutra → pH → 3 – 4
iii) Triphala kwatha → pH → 3 – 4
iv) Godugdha → pH → 6.6 – 6.7
By seeing above all pH of shodhana dravyas Kanji, Triphala Kwatha &

Gomutra come under strong acid & plays an important role by converting raw
Abhraka into physically pure granular form.
During Nirvapa:-
i) In the phase of heating due to expansion of solid & evaporation of

water vapours, the layers of Abhraka gets separated along its parallel cleavage
plane.This layer separation causes weakening of electrostatic forces &
increase in intra atomic distances.
ii) As this heating is followed by nirvapa in liquids, instant cooling takes
place. The sudden change in the temperature breaks the strong bonds to
reduce the hardness & increases the brittleness of Ahraka.

Discussion 134
iii) Thus after nirvapa though Abhraka becomes brittle, still it has to be
converted into uniform granular form. So this is possible by
Dhanyabhraka.
Concept of Dhanyabhraka :-
Here it is a process of keeping Dhanya + Shodita Abhraka in a Jute bag &
pottali is prepared & kept in Kanji.
Probably interaction between liquid (Kanji) & solid (Abhraka) may takes
place.The role of Amla rasa through Tikshna, Jarana & Kshalana properties supported
by its acidic nature causes brittleness in Abhraka.
Dhanya due to sharp edges makes Abhraka into coarse powder form. The
pressure of hands enhances this process by increased friction & pores of Jute bag
prove to be a perfect sieve, yielding & expelling out standard sized particles of
Dhanyabhraka. Thus by all these processes Abhraka attains granular form & becomes
fit for subjecting to marana process.
Concept of Marana:-
The process of Marana is adopted to convert the heterogenous material into
homogenous substance & converting it into nanoparticles. The puta adopted in the
present study was Gajaputa, which exerts up to 1000°C .
Different Acharyas have explained different number of putas for Abhraka
Bhasmeekarana. But here we have given puta until “Bhasma Pariksha” gets fulfilled.
So up to 20 putas we have given & after 20th puta we got all “Bhasma Parikshas” full
filled. Later Amrutikarana was done & after 5 putas lohitikarana was achieved. Puta
can be decided according to raw drug dimensions & temperature they produce
accordingly. In classics 13 types of putas explained by R.T., R.D.P., R.K.D.,
R.R.S.,B.R.R.S. etc. Here R.T. (10/56-64) (10/30) procedure is followed.
Rasacharyas do believed that performance of the putas plays key factor in
enhancing the properties of that Bhasma, So according to the number of putas
conducted, they describe variation in properties of same Bhasma.

Discussion 135
Maraka Gana dravyas due to their antagonistic properties make the raw drug
more brittle & facilitates marana procedure & induce their special properties on
Bhasma. So according to the desired effect, the suitable drug is selected to achieve
enhanced effect from the group of maraka dravya. As the number of putas increases it
converts more & more metallic portions into oxides, which helps in yielding desired
effects.
Abhraka Bhasma has been selected for Haematinic effect, because it has been
indicated in Panduroga (R.R.S. 2/2) & even Guda is a dravya,prepared out of herbal
drug called ikshu,which will increase the amount of blood. So, as the hypothesis says
when two or more drugs having similar properties, combined together would give
enhanced effect. Thus both of them have been selected for Haematinic effect.
An Aluminosilicate mineral called, “Mica” can be co-related to Abhraka due
to its specific pattern of cleavage i.e. “Micaceous Cleavage” & its heat resistance
property.
So the concept of marana provides an absolute extra ordinary form of dhatus
called as bhasma in which a metal & a mineral can be administered internally,as it is
in its most assimilatory form.
As Mica is an Ionic crystal, any changes taking place in it are termed as Ionic
Reactions.These reactions & their rate are directly proportional to the surface area,
temperature & concentration of the constituent.
During marana procedure, while giving puta various changes took place. First &
foremost is that Abhraka weight loss was minimal after each puta, totally after 20
putas only 130 gms weight loss was noticed which was appreciable one. During each
puta, there was difference in temperature of puta yantra, might be the surrounding
atmosphere has made difference in temperature & as I have done marana procedure
during winter season the fluctuations in the temperature was noticed.
On touch Abhraka was very rough before marana process, but as the number of
puta increased, smoothness was appreciable, as it was undergoing brittleness & agni
samskara made Abhraka to attain smoothness.Varitaratva was achieved to the
minimal level after 7th puta,but upto 6 putas no changes were seen regarding
varitaratva. Regarding colour from black colour gradually brownish/brick red colour
was seen after 18 putas & after 20th puta brick red colour was appreciable.

Discussion 136
Concept of Amriteekarna & Lohiteekarana :

These are specially explained for Abhraka Bhasma for removal of remaining
doshas from Bhasma.
As very high temperature is provided many times for Abhraka Marana,
frequent exposure to very high temperature leads to “Bhasmikarana” & also creates
unwanted properties like Rookshata & Teekshnatwa.To overcome these
Amruteekarana is done. Amruteekarna process destroys “Rukshata” & “Shesha
doshas” of Abhraka bhasma, but destroys colour of Bhasma.
Iron oxide is the chief constituent of Abhraka Bhasma which is responsible
factor for Brick Red Colour of Abhraka Bhasma. During Amruteekarana iron oxide
when heated up to red hot gets converted in to black colour due to conversion of
Ferric Oxide into Ferrous & Ferroso- ferric Oxide i.e. Brick Red Colour changes in to
Black Colour.
So, to regain its original colour “Lohiteekarana” is done.
Lohiteekarana:
Here after Amruteekarana, Abhraka Bhasma is subjected to Manjista kwatha
bhavana & Gajaputa is given. It was repeated for 5 times until colour was regained.
Here water soluble extract of manjista may convert ferrous & ferroso-ferric
iron oxide in hydroxide form which on puta gets converted in to ferric form. This
process was repeated for 5 times so that maximum amount of iron gets converted in to
ferric form. This helps to regain the brick red colour of Abhraka Bhasma. The purpose
of expecting brick red colour of bhasma is that our Acharyas were expecting iron
oxide of Abhraka Bhasma in the ferric state only, for desired effects.
Minimal loss of weight was seen (20 gms). Upto 2nd puta no change in the
colour was seen, immediately after 3rd puta from black colour it changed to brick red
colour ,but brick red colour was appreciable after 5 putas of Lohitikarana.
Smoothness remained as it is until the end of Lohitikarana process. Complete
varitaratva was seen after the completion of Lohitikarana Process.

Discussion 137
Concept of Analytical Study:

This part exposes the hidden facts about the final product when it was
critically analyzed with the help of physical & chemical parameters.
Ancient Parameters:
Abhraka Bhasma passed all ancient parameters like varitaratva, rekhapurnata
Etc which indicates that Bhasma has been prepared well.
Varna:
The Sample has attained ‘Ishtika’ Varna after 20th Puta. The Chemical form of
Bhasma is indicated by its colour, which can be explained by Myce theory of colour,
which signifies that specific chemical form has specific colour.
Rasa:
The Bhasma is Niswadu - Tasteless. Tastelessness of Bhasma indicates
transformation of metallic taste to tasteless compound i.e. a new entity resulted due to
unique pharmaceutical properties.
Varitara:
Here the Sample has passed Varitara pariksha after 20 putas.
All the particles of the Bhasma, if float on the surface of the water, it is
considered as “+ve” i.e. the Bhasma particles have passed the Varitara pariksha. This
suggests that, particle size of the Bhasma does not break the surface tension of the
water. It also indicates the uniformity of the particles.
Rekhapurna:
It is an organoleptic method conducted by the fingertips. A pinch of Bhasma
is taken in between the Index finger and Thumb and rubbed. The Bhasma fills the
furrows of the fingertips. Here all the Bhasma Samples have passed the Rekhapurnata
pariksha. This indicates the Sukshmata (fineness) of the particles and also the
penetration of the Bhasma particles up to minute capillaries of the body without any
obstruction.
Nischandrata:
The Bhasma should be ‘Nischandra’ before therapeutic application. The
Chandrika present in the metal is due to its physical property, which reflects the light
when fall on it. The absence of chandrika in the Bhasma indicates that every particle
of the metal has been burnt and converted in to Bhasma form.

Discussion 138
Discussion on Modern Parameters:

i) pH→The reported pH of 7.83, recommends final product is slighty akali
in nature.
ii) Loss on Drying (at 1100C) : It shows that bhasma contains 0.06%
moisture which was negligible amount. The reduction in moisture
content reduced the chance of microbial contamination,
decomposition due to the undesired chemical changes.
iii) Total Ash: In pharmaceutical preparation the amount of ash which
is left after the processing represents the inorganic residue. Abhraka
Bhasma was evaluated for total ash value & it was found to be
99.49% which implies the organic constituents & the left 0.51% in
Abhraka Bhasma was in the inorganic form.Ayurvedic
organoleptic tests of bhasma proved the total conversion of Abhraka
into bhasma. The bhasma pariksha like Varitaratwa, Rekhapurnatwa,
and Slakshnatwa confirms the micro fine nature of Bhasma
and Gatarasatwa test indicates complete loss of metallic taste.
The colour of Abhraka bhasma is brick red in colour, which is
similar as explained in classics i.e. ‘Ishtikabha varnavat”. Sparsha is
smooth and soft and odourless.
iv) Acid Insoluble Ash: It is 90.88%. It suggests that the quantity is less
than total ash. The low acid insoluble ash values facilitate the easy
absorption of drug.
v) Fineness of Particle: It passes through sieve No: 120. So the particle
size is 125 microns which is fine in nature, able to enter into small
capillaries & the rate of absorption of drug is directly proportional to
the particle size of drug. The particle size is fine, so the absorption is
quick.
vi) Solubility: It is sparingly soluble in water. It is insoluble in
chloroform.
vii) Flow Rate: As the drug is in powder form it is tested for its flow
property. This analysis makes us to know whether any adjuncts are
essential for proper flow of drug during Capsule or Tablet preparation.

Discussion 139
It is determined by application of Compressibility Index – ‘I’ (which

should be below 15%).It is 14.8% in Abhraka Bhasma indicates good
flow rate.
viii) Flow Property: It is determined by application of ‘angle of repose’
(which should be within 200 – 400). It is 27.80 in Abhraka Bhasma,
which indicates reasonable flow potential.
[Flow rate & Flow Property – are to be known for purpose of Capsule filling]
Discussion on Quantitative Tests:

The Quantitative estimation of Fe,Ca,Mg, Al203,Si in Abhraka Bhasma were
10.5%,2.88%,1.24%,2.3% & 26.42% respectively, which were with in the standard
limits given for Abhraka Bhasma by Pharmacopoeial standards for Ayurvedic
Formulations. N.P.S.T. results were also upto the mark & proved the Abhraka
Bhasma existence.
Discussion on Experimental study
An experimental study has been conducted so as to ascertain the haematinic
action of test drug. Another important objective of this study was to evaluate the
action scientifically i.e in terms of duration, mode of action etc.
The action was tested by using the phenylhydrazine as the anaemic agent to
induce anaemia in the rats. The group I was not given any treatment and served as
normal. Group II was treated with Phenylhydrazine 25 mg/kg body weight orally,
which was dissolved in dimythlsulphoxide control group. Group III was treated with
Guda mairta Abhraka bhasma.
Phenylhydrazine is used for the treatment of polycythemia. It is also used for
induction of experimental anaemia in animals. Phenylhydrazine treatment decreases
the total blood volume, haemoglobin content and red blood cells count.
Phenylhydrazine increases the fragility of RBC’s oxyhaemoglobin and myoglobin

Discussion 140
react with Phenylhydrazine to yield a derivative of haemoglobin containing N-
phenylprotoprophyrin in which the haemogroup is modified, free radicals generated
after treatment of phenylhydrazine lead to RBC’s haemoglobin.
After 48 hours & 96 hours 6 rats from each group were sacrificed & various
haematological and biochemical parameters were estimated. The parameters of group
II animals indicated in graph.
The drug is responsible for the change in the readings after the treatment, in
parameters erythroid to myeloid ratio control group shows highly significant than the
others in both the hours. (By comparing ‘t’ value) in the parameter RBC all groups
shows more highly significant in 96 hrs than the 48 hrs by comparing t value, In the
parameter Hb control group and treatment group are more significant in 96 hrs where
as positive control group is more significant in 48 hrs (by comparing t value) In the
parameter pronormoblast all groups highly significant in 96 hrs. In normoblast the
control group and positive control group are more significant in 96 hrs, but treatment
group is more significant in 48 hrs. In reticulocyte all the groups are more significant
in 48 hrs, in normocytes all the groups are more significant in 48 hrs.
Discussion on RBC and Hb
In the control group the RBC and Hb contents were standard and the phenyl
hydrazine treated group showed decrease in the RBC and Hb value as the Guda marita
Abhraka Bhasma treated group showed significant increase in number of RBC’s and
Hb content
The RBC and Hb increase due to Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is true
increase and may be due to the drug effect at the level of erythropoesis and the

Discussion 141
stimulation of erythropoesis and enhancement of Hb level. Therefore it can be
inferred that the drug Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is possessing Haematinic activity
and Pro RBC synthesis activity.
Discussion on Bone marrow study
Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma showed significant increase in myeloid to
erythroid ratio which indicates the drug effect on erythropiosis. This effect may be
due to the copper and iron pro metabolic activity and also due to the correction of
premolecular difeciency and stimulation of reticulo endothelial system. Hence it can
be inferred that Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is a complex mineral trace elemental
supplement, when used in prescribed dose and manufactured as per classical guide
lines helps in stimulation of bone marrow and erythropoisis at myeloid to erythroid
ratio level. This effect has the credit of pro erythropiosis with out organic and
phytosublimentation. Hence it can be stated that, Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is a
mineral trace elemental supplement which can be used to increase myeloid to
erythroid ratio and hence useful in the management of anaemia. However, the control
group showed normal cells and positive control treated with Phenylhydrazine showed
decrease in myeloid to erythroid cell ratio and hence it can be said that Guda marita
Abhraka Bhasma is better than others.
Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma showed significant increase in pronormoblasts
and reciculocytes, which shows pro erythropoiesis activity or erythropoiesis
stimulation activity of the drug. It may be due to the supplementation of iron and
other trace elements in biologically acceptable form required in erythropoiesis. It is
also to be noted that Iron supplementation and other trace elemental supplementation
is desired but as Fe ion helps in augmented metabolism of Iron the effect of Guda

Discussion 142
marita Abhraka Bhasma can be justified pro normoblast and pro reticulocyte activity
of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is hence a true drug effect. It indicates the level of
activity of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma and its metabolic components. This effect
may be due to its supplementation or metabolic enzyme correction activity where as
positive control group treated with phenylhydrazine caused decrease in pro
normoblast and reticulocyte content. Hence it can be said that, Guda marita Abhraka
Bhasma is having positive actual drug effect over erythropoiesis by means of
increasing pronormoblast and recticulocyte count However it is be noted that Guda
marita Abhraka Bhasma is a mineralo metallic trace elemental nano particle and do
not contain any aminoacid, which are required in erythropoiesis even then Guda
marita Abhraka Bhasma is showing pro erythropoiesis activity mean while the drug
has shown decrease in normoblast the normocyte level and positive control has
increased normoblast and normocyte count which may be due to the effect of Guda
marita Abhraka Bhasma is more inclined at myeloid to erythroid cell, pronormoblast
and reticulocyte level where as phenylhydrazine is better at the level of normoblast
and normocyte level.

Conclusion 143
CONCLUSION
In this research work we have drawn following conclusions from various
section of the work.
1. Abhraka is considered as a main drug in many samskaras of parada.
2. Mythologically Abhraka is considered as shukra of goddess parvathi and
because of this reason it is claimed to have great affinity towards parada,
which is considered to be the shukra of lord shiva.
3. Maximum Acharyas have mentioned mainly 4 drugs for Shodhana, namely -
Triphala Kwatha, Gomutra, Kanji, Godugdha indicates that pH of these
drugs do play an important role in the structural changes in Abhraka as well
as impose their properties on it during the process.
4. Abhraka is said to possess Madhura and Katu Rasa, Guru and Snigdha
Guna, Madhura Vipaka, Sheeta Virya & Tridoshahara.
5. To prepare Abhraka bhasma nearly 25 putas are required to fulfil the
parameters mentioned in classics.
6. By Physico-Chemical analysis it is evident that the prepared Abhraka
bhasma is genuine and it is within the permissible limits given by Analytical
laboratories.
7. Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma is a Rasayana and Shamanoushadha
8. It contains Iron and other trace element.
9. Significant improvement in RBC count and Hb % in the blood is noted.
10. No side effects of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma were observed .
11. To prove further efficacy clinical study can be followed.

Summary 144
SUMMARY
The present dissertation work entitled “Evaluation of Haematinic effect of

Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma - An Experimental study” contains topics like
Introduction, Drug Review, Disease Review, Methodology includes Pharmaceutical
study, Analytical study, Experimental study followed by Observations, Results,
Discussion & Conclusion.
Introduction:
The introduction covers need of research, importance of Abhraka, Importance

of bhasmas and plan of the study is discussed in introduction..
Review of Literature:
This aspect of literary review dealt with Drug & Disease review. Abhraka
Paryaya, Bheda, Shodhana, Dhanyabhraka, Marana, Amrutikarana, Lohitikarana,
Amayika Proyoga, Matra, Yoga & Modern aspect of Abhraka with this
pharmocodynamics of shodhana, Marana & Amrutikarana upayogi dravyas. The
disease review is dealt with concept of Haematinic effect in detail in both Ayurvedic
and Modern view.
Methodology:
Pharmaceutical Study:
This is dealt with samanya & vishesha shodhana of Abhraka, Dhanyabhraka,

Marana, Amruteekarana & Lohitikarana of Abhraka.
Analytical Study:
This is dealt with Bhasma pareeksha according to Ayurveda & Physico-
Chemical Analysis of Bhasma according to modern parameters including N.P.S.Test.
Experimental Study:
This is dealt with selection of animals, collection & mode of administration of
drugs, experimental parameters.

Summary 145
Results:
In this part, the data obtained from the study conducted is presented with the
help of graphs & statistical analysis.
Discussion:
This part includes with the logical interpretations of results. An attempt has
been made to discuss Pharmaceutical studies, Analytical studies and Experimental
studies & Probable mode of action of Abhraka Bhasma. It also included the further
scope for the study.
Conclusion:
In this part, the essence which is drawn from the present study i.e. about Drug,
Disease, Preparation, Analysis & Experimental study etc were mentioned.


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Pharmaceutics of Abhraka Bhasma
Fig.1.Raw Abhraka Fig.2. Heating of Abhraka
Fig.3. Kanji Fig.4. Triphala kwatha
Fig.5. Gomutra Fig.6. Godugdha

Fig.7. Shodhita Abhraka Fig.8. Abhraka with Dhanya Fig.9. Pottali kept in Kanji
Fig.10. Dhanybhraka Mardana Fig .11. Guda Fig.12. Abhraka Chakrikas
Fig.13. Sharava Samputa Fig.14. Marana in gajaputa Fig15. Abhraka Bhasma After
20 puta
Fig.16. Bhasma after Amrutikarana Fig.17. Bhasma after Lohiteekarana

Experimental Study
Fig.18. Albino Rats Fig.19 Weighing of Rats
Fig.20.Suspension of Abhraka Bhasma Fig.21. Administration of trial drug
Fig.23. Fully Automatic Analyzer

XRD INTERPRETATIONS :
Dr. Gigi Mathew’s Report:---
System – Triclinic
Space Group – P-1
Cell dimensions
a = 5.3714 ± 0.0034
b = 9.2978 ± 0.0066
c = 10.8108 ± 0.0075
Alpha (α) = 112.812 ± 0.036
Beta (β) + 118.931 ± 0.028
Gamma (γ) = 79.751 ± 0.040
Cell Volume = 435.546 Å3.
h k l TH(OBS) TH-ZERO TH(CALC) DIFF.
1 2 -3 27.374 27.391 27.365 0.026

1 -2 0 27.982 27.999 27.985 0.014
0 0 3 30.217 30.234 30.229 0.005
0 3 -2 30.683 30.700 30.704 -0.005
0 3 0 31.229 31.246 31.286 -0.041
1 3 -1 32.597 32.614 32.590 0.023
1 0 2 33.493 33.510 33.513 -0.003
2 1 -1 35.340 35.357 35.357 0.000
1 0 -4 35.982 35.999 36.025 -0.027
1 3 0 36.943 36.960 36.987 -0.028
2 -1 0 39.597 39.614 39.607 0.007
2 -2 -1 42.380 42.397 42.398 -0.002
1 -2 3 42.716 42.733 42.726 0.007
0 3 2 43.236 43.253 43.241 0.012
2 2 -5 44.755 44.772 44.767 0.004
3 0 -2 52.215 52.232 52.226 0.005
0 2 4 52.699 52.716 52.694 0.022
2 -3 2 56.933 56.950 56.974 -0.024
1 -3 -4 57.694 57.711 57.716 -0.005
3 0 -5 57.983 58.000 58.014 -0.014
2 -4 -1 58.305 58.322 58.297 0.024

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DR. GIGI MATHEW

Dissertation Submitted to the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

AYURVEDA VACHASPATI (DOCTOR OF MEDICINE)

Under the guidance of

Dr. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Ayu)

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA

Rajiv Gandhi University Of Health Sciences, Karnataka,

I here by declare that this dissertation / thesis entitled “Evaluation of

Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma - An Experimental Study” is

Dr. M.C.Patil, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D, Post graduate Department of

Place: Gadag. Dr. GIGI MATHEW

CERTIFICATE BY THE GUIDE

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of Haematinic effect of

Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma – An Experimental Study” is a bonafide research

of Ayurveda Vachaspathi. M.D (Rasashastra).

Place: Gadag. Guide:

POST GRADUATE DEPARTMENT OF RASASHASTRA.

ENDORSEMENT BY THE H.O.D AND PRINCIPAL OF

This is to certify that the dissertation entitled “Evaluation of

Haematinic effect of Guda marita Abhraka Bhasma – An Experimental Study”

is a bonafide research work done by Dr.Gigi Mathew under the guidance of

Dr.M.C.Patil, M.D.(Ayu), Professor & H.O.D, Postgraduate Department of Rasashastra

DR. M.C.Patil, M.D. (Rasashastra) Dr. G. B.Patil,

Place: Gadag Place: Gadag

Declaration by the candidate

I hereby declare that the Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences,

© Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences, Karnataka.

At this amenity of successful integrating of my work, I bow my head on the

feet of Lord Jesus Christ.

There is hardly any task which is more pleasant than acknowledgement my

I have no words to express my gratitude towards my affectionate Parents

love and guidance helped me to overcome all the obstacles in my life.

It is my proud and privilege to express my extreme sense of indebtedness to

my guide Prof Dr.M.C.Patil, M.D(Ayu), Head of the Department of Rasashastra, for

his invaluable and ever available help and guidance.

I express my gratitude with due respect to our Principal Dr. G.B.Patil.

I extend my gratefulness to Dr.Suvarna B.Nidagundi and Dr. Jagdeesh G. Mitti

and Dr. Shobagin whose valuable suggestions, helped me to complete my work.

I acknowledge my sincere thanks to Dr.Ashok Patil, M.D(Ayu) for his valuable

guidance and help from the beginning of my P.G.studies to till date.

co-operation and help during study.

I acknowledge my sincere thanks to my brother Mr. Saji Sebastian and family,

Anna Mathew whose joyful face and naughtiness kept me relaxed.

I express my sincere acknowledgement to Mr. M. Muraleedharan, Secretary,

I express my sincere and Mrs. Sandhya Prasad, Administrative Officer PNNM

for their timely help and suggestions.

I extend my gratitude to Shri V.M.Mundimani, Mr.Shavi, and Mr.Karur for

providing the required books during the study.

I cannot forget the love and timely co-operation offered by my friends

also thankful to my classmates, Dr. Anidev S, Dr.Vijayraj, Dr.Gaurav, and Dr.

Geetha for their co-operation during the course of study.

whose support is always comforting to me.

operation and help during the study.

I am deeply indebted to Sri. Shivakumar. S. Inamdar, Dept of Pharmacology &

I express my special thanks to my other department friends Dr.Bhagyesh,

helped me in this work.

Dr. GIGI MATHEW

1. A.P Ayurveda Prakasha

Background: Ayurveda is one of the ancient systems of medicine; the utility

Anaemia is a condition in which decrease of blood, especially of its