Q 1)SP 17

A. Elucidate following terms with suitable figure if needed:Pole pitch and electrical angle​.
B. Derive the expression for pitch Factore.
A 3-phase, 50HZ, Ÿ connected alternator with 2-layer winding is running at 600 rpm. It has 12 turns /phase and a
C.
coil-pitch of 10 slots. If the flux/pole is 40 mwb sinusoidally distributed, find the phase and line emf’s induced.

Assume that the total turns/phase are series connected.

Answer)a)Pole Pitch:
The peripheral distance between two adjacent poles,is called pole-pitch is always expressed in electrical
degrees, rather than in mechanical degrees. Pole pitch is always equal to 180 electrical degrees or π electrical
radians.
ELECTRICAL ANGLE:
The mechanical angle is angle of rotor shaft vs stator, meanwhile the electrical angle is the angle between
poles (rotor vs stator). If you have one pole pair only, then electric = mechanical.
So in general we can say that θe=(P/2)θm
B)EXPRESSION FOR PITCH FACTOR:

The angle by which coil are short pitched is called angle or short pitched is called angle of short pitch denoted
as 'α'.
α = Angle by which coils are short pitched. As coils are shorted in terms of number of slots i.e. either by
one slot, two slots and so on and slot angle is β then angle of short pitch is always a multiple of the slot angle
β.
.​.​.​ ​α​ = β x Number of slots by which coils are short pitched.
or ​α​ = 180​o​ ​-​Actual coil span of the coils
Now let E be the induced e.m.f. in each coil side. If coil is full pitch coil, the induced e.m.f. in each coil side
help each other. Coil connections are such that both will try to set up a current in the same direction in the
external circuit. Hence the resultant e.m.f. across a coil will be algebraic sum of the two.
.​ .​​ . ​E​R =​ E + E = 2E .......... for full pitch
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Now the coil is short pitched by angle '​α​', the two e.m.f. in two coil sides no longer remains in phase from
external circuit point of view. Hence the resultant e.m.f. is also no longer remains algebraic sum of the two but
becomes a phasor sum of the two as shown in the Fig.1

Fig. 1 Phasor sum of two e.m.f.s

.​ .​​ . ​l​ (OC) = ​ ​l​ (CB) = E​R /2

and
∟​BOA = ​α​/2
.​ .​​ . ​cos (​α​/2) = OC/OA = E​R​/2E
.​.​. ​E​R =​ 2 E cos (​α​/2) ............... For short pitch
This is the resultant e.m.f. in case of a short pitch coil which depends on the angle of short pitch '​α​'.
Note ​: Now the factor by which, induced e.m.f. gets reduced due to short pitching is called pitch factor or coil
span factor denoted by K​c​.
It is defined as the ratio of resultant e.m.f. when coil is short pitch to the resultant e.m.f. when coil is full
pitched. It is always less than one.

where ​α​ = Angle of short pitch

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c)

Slots per pole per phase=10/3

K ​d ​=sin(36/2)÷[qsin(18/10)]

=0.98

N​ph​=10*12/3=40

E​ph​=1.414*π*50*0.98*40*0.04=280.64v

El=1.732*2806.4=486.069v

Question 2) Paper MO-2017

A. What are the advantages of distributed winding?

B. Calculate the number of stator conductor per slot for 3 phase,50 HZ alternator if the winding is star connected and has

to give a line voltage of 13Kv when the machine is an open circuited. The flux/pole is 0.15Wb .Assume full pitched coils and

the stator to have 3 slot/pole/phase. The speed is 300 rpm.

C. Explain how a rotating magnetic field can be produced from a 3-phase supply in a 3-phase induction motor.

Solution.

A. The advantages of distributed winding are as follow-

· In distributed winding the emf produced is more uniform(sinusoidal) and the harmonics produced is less.

· In distributed winding their is maximum utilization of the armature which is more cost saving.

· it make the structure more rigid and mechanically strong

B. Given,

VL=13kv

so,Vph=13/√3=7.50Kv and f=50Hz

Kc=1 and n=3*3=9 ,β=180/9=20

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Slot per pole per phase is given=3

Kd=sin(3*20/2)/(3*sin(20/2))=0.96

We know that slot/pole/phase=3

So pole=120*50/300=20

Therefore no of slot will be 180

Stator conductors be X then T=90X

Emf=4.44*f*Kc*Kd*T*Φ

7.05*1000=4.44*50*1*.96*.15*90*X

X=2.69=3 answer

C. In the 3 phase induction motor when the supply is provided in the primary winding from the external source(Dc

supply).The winding of field produces magnetic field due to presence of current. This field is such that its poles do no

remain in a fixed position on the stator but go on shifting their positions around the stator. For this reason, it is called a

rotating field. The three phase windings are displaced from each other by 120°. The windings are supplied by a balanced

three phase ac supply.The winding are either star connected or delta connected so the phase difference between them

would be of 120 degree. If the phase sequence of the windings is R-Y-B, then mathematical equations for the

instantaneous values of the three fluxes ΦR=Bsin(ωt) , ΦY=Bsin(ωt-120) ,ΦB=Bsin(ωt+120)-

AT instant ωt=0

ΦR=0 and ΦY=Bsin(-120) and ΦB=Bsin(120)

Case1:

The resultant would be Φnet=ΦR+ΦB+ΦY=0+Bsin120+Bsin(-120)

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Similarly, at instant ωt=60​ and at -120.

Q​.​MO 14
The stator of three phase, 6 pole induction motor has 36 slots. It consists of double layer sinusoidally distributed
winding. The coil pitch is shorted by one slot. The phase sequence is ABC.
a. Find the value of Pole Pitch and Slot Angle
b. Develop winding table for phase A.
c. Draw winding diagram for phase A only.
Ans.
Ans.

a. No. of phase = 3

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No. of poles, P = 6

No. of slots, S = 36

Pole pitch = S/P

=​ 36/6

=6

Slot Angle = 180°/slots per pole

​= 180°/6

= 30°

Since, the phase sequence is ABC therefore, the phase spread will be 120°.

The coil pitch is short by one slot therefore this is a short pitch winding and

Coil Pitch = Pole Pitch – 1

Coil Pitch = 6-1

=5

Phase belt = 120°/Slot angle

= 120°/30°

=4

b. Winding table for phase A

​+C.S. ​+C.S. ​+C.S. ​+C.S.

STAR 1 6’(=1+5) 2 7’(=2+5) 3 8’(=3+5) 4 9’(=4+5) COIL GROUP 1

25 30’(=25+5) 26 31’(=26+5) 27 32’(=27+5) 28 33’(=28+5) COIL GROUP 3

C.S. -- COIL SPAN

P.P. -- POLE PITCH

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c. Winding diagram for Phase A

Q.1 MO 15

(a)Explain the difference between (i)full pitch and short pitch (ii) single layer and double layer windings.

(b)Derive an equation for torque in cylindrical rotor ac machine.

(c)A 3φ, 6 pole, star connected alternator revolves at 1000 rpm. The stator has 90 slots and 8 conductors per slot.

The flux per pole is 0.05wb. Calculate the voltage generated by machine if winding factor is 0.96.

Ans.​(i) full pitch and short pitch

Full Pitch Short Pitch

In full pitch coil pole pitch is equal to coil span In short pitch coil Coil span is less than pole pitch

In full pitch generated EMF is maximum. In short pitch coil generated emf is less than that

of generated in full pitch coil.

It requires more copper. So more copper losses. It requires less copper. So low copper loss.

(ii) ) single layer and double layer windings.

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Single Layer Double Layer

In Single layer winding, it requires a variety of In Double layer winding , all coils are of the same

sets of coils with each set differing both in size shape and size.

and shape.

Fractional winding can’t be used. Fractional winding can be used.

EMF Waveform is distorted in case of generator. Better EMF Waveform in case of generator.

Due to different size of coil it is costly. It is easy to manufacture and lowest coils.

c)3 phase 6 pole machine with speed 1000 rpm

T=90*8/6=120

emf=4.44*.96*50*.05*120=1278.72v answer