2

Overview
STATUS OF THE
HEALTH-RELATED
SDGs

While SDG 3 is the main SDG with an explicit focus on health,

at least 10 other goals are also concerned with health issues.
In total, more than 50 SDG indicators have been agreed
upon internationally to measure health outcomes, proximal
determinants of health or health-service provision (1). These
as tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol and environmental
conditions ¬ within the sustainable development agenda is
becoming ever clearer. However, in many countries, weak
health systems remain an obstacle to progress and lead to
shortages in coverage of even the most basic health services,
as well as poor preparedness for health emergencies.
Based on the latest available data, the global and regional
health-related indicators may be grouped into the following situations in relation to the above seven thematic areas are
seven thematic areas: summarized below. Where available, country-specific data
for health-related SDG indicators are presented graphically
• reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health in Annex A and in tabular form in Annex B.
• infectious diseases
• noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) and mental health
• injuries and violence 2.1 Reproductive, maternal, newborn and
• universal health coverage (UHC) and health systems child health
• environmental risks
• health risks and disease outbreaks. Far too many women still suffer ¬ and die from ¬ serious
health issues during pregnancy and childbirth. In 2015, an
Despite all the progress made during the Millennium estimated 303 000 women worldwide died due to maternal
Development Goal (MDG) era, major challenges persist causes. Almost all of these deaths (99%) occurred in low-
in the MDG priority areas. These challenges will need to and middle-income countries (LMIC), with almost two thirds
be addressed if further progress is to be made in reducing (64%) occurring in the WHO African Region (2). Reducing
maternal and child mortality, improving nutrition, and maternal mortality crucially depends upon ensuring that
combating communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, women have access to quality care before, during and
tuberculosis (TB), and malaria. Furthermore, the crucial after childbirth. WHO recommends that pregnant women
importance of addressing NCDs and their risk factors ¬ such initiate first antenatal care contact in the first trimester of

4 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2018

pregnancy ¬ referred to as early antenatal care. Such care of older children (aged 5¬14 years) is an increasing area of
enables the early management of conditions which may focus. In 2016, about 1 million such children died, mainly
adversely impact upon pregnancy, thus potentially reducing from preventable causes (7).
the risk of complications for women and newborns during
and after delivery. However, globally, it is estimated that Globally in 2017, 151 million children under the age of
more than 40% of all pregnant women were not receiving five (22%) were stunted (too short for their age), with
early antenatal care in 2013 (3). Latest available data suggest three quarters of such children living in the WHO South-
that while in most high-income and upper-middle-income East Asia Region or WHO African Region. High levels
countries more than 90% of all births benefitted from the of stunting negatively impact on the development of
presence of a trained midwife, doctor or nurse, less than half countries due to its association with childhood morbidity
of all births in several low-income and lower-middle-income and mortality risks, learning capacity and NCDs later in
countries were assisted by such skilled health personnel (4). life. In 2017, 51 million children under the age of five (7.5%)
were wasted (too light for their height), while 38 million
An estimated 77% of women of reproductive age who (5.6%) were overweight (too heavy for their height).
are married or in-union have their family planning needs Wasting and overweight may coexist in a population at
met with a modern contraceptive method ¬ leaving nearly levels considered medium to high ¬ the so-called “double
208 million women with unmet need (5). Latest estimates burden of malnutrition” ¬ as observed in the WHO Eastern
indicate that that there are 12.8 million births among Mediterranean Region (Fig. 2.2) (9).
adolescent girls aged 15¬19 years every year, representing
44 births per 1000 adolescent girls in this age group (6). Fig. 2.2
Prevalence of wasting and of overweight among children under five years old, by
Early childbearing can increase risks for newborns as well WHO region and globally, 2017
as for the young mothers.
Wasting Overweight

The world has made remarkable progress in reducing child 16 —

mortality, with the global under-five mortality rate dropping 14 —

from 93 per 1000 live births in 1990 to 41 per 1000 live 12 —
births in 2016. Nonetheless, every day in 2016, 15 000
10 —
Prevalence (%)

children died before reaching their fifth birthday. Children

face the highest risk of dying in their first month of life, with 8—

2.6 million newborns dying in 2016 ¬ the majority of these 6—

deaths occurring in the first week of life (7). Prematurity, 4—
intrapartum-related events such as birth asphyxia and birth
2—
trauma, and neonatal sepsis accounted for almost three
quarters of all neonatal deaths. Among children aged 1¬59 0—
AFR AMR SEAR EMR WPR Global
months, acute respiratory infections, diarrhoea and malaria Note: Estimates are not available for the WHO European Region due to low coverage of
were the leading causes of death in 2016 (8) (Fig. 2.1). With surveillance data.
more young children now surviving, improving the survival

Fig. 2.1 2.2 Infectious diseases

Causes of death in children under 5 years of age, 2016

Neonatal (0–27 days) Globally, HIV incidence has declined from 0.40 per 1000
Postneonatal (1–59 months)
Under-fives uninfected population in 2005 to 0.26 per 1000 uninfected
Prematurity
Prematurity
population in 2016 (10). The WHO African Region remained
Acute Acute
respiratory infections
respiratory infections the most heavily impacted by HIV, with an incidence rate of
Birth asphyxia and birth trauma
Other
Birth asphyxia
communicable,
Other
and birth trauma
perinataland
communicable, perinatal
1.24 per 1000 uninfected population in 2016 (11). In 2016,
and nutritional conditions
nutritional
Congenital
conditions
anomalies
Congenital anomalies
an estimated 1 million people died of HIV-related illnesses
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea ¬Neonatal
120 000
(0−27 days) of whom were children under 15 years of age.
Postneonatal
Neonatal sepsis
Neonatal sepsis The global scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has
(1−59 months)

Injuries
Injuries
Malaria
been the main driver of the 48% decline in HIV-related
Malaria
Other noncommunicable diseases
Other noncommunicable diseases deaths
Under−fives from a peak of 1.9 million in 2005. By mid-2017,
Meningitis/encephalitis
Meningitis/encephalitis approximately 20.9 million people were receiving ART.
Measles
Measles
However, ART only reached 53% of people living with HIV
HIV/AIDS
HIV/AIDS
Tetanus
Tetanus
at the end of 2016, and a rapid acceleration of responses is
0l 5l l
10 l
15 needed to increase treatment coverage, along with other
0 5
Percentage 10
of total under−five deaths 15
Percentage of total under-five deaths
interventions along the continuum of services, including
prevention, diagnosis and chronic care (12).

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 5

 After unprecedented global gains in malaria control, testing and treatment are provided. Most of the burden
progress has stalled. Globally, an estimated 216 million of disease due to HBV infection results from infections
cases of malaria occurred in 2016, compared with 237 acquired before the age of five. The widespread use of
million cases in 2010, and 210 million cases in 2013. hepatitis B vaccine in infants has considerably reduced the
Malaria claimed the lives of approximately 445 000 people incidence of new chronic HBV infections ¬ as reflected by
in 2016 ¬ a similar number to the previous year. The main the decline in hepatitis B prevalence among children under
challenge that countries face in tackling malaria is a lack 5 years of age from 4.7% in the pre-vaccine era1 to 1.3% in
of sustainable and predictable funding. Other challenges 2015 (Fig. 2.4). At the same time, hepatitis B prevalence
impeding the ability of countries to control and eliminate in the general population decreased from 4.3% to 3.5%.
malaria include the risks posed by conflict in malaria Unsafe health-care procedures and injection-drug use
endemic zones, anomalous climate patterns and mosquito are the major routes of HCV transmission. To reduce this
resistance to insecticides, particularly those used for indoor risk, well-targeted prevention interventions need to be
residual spraying (13). expanded (15).

TB remains a high-burden disease and progress in fighting Fig. 2.4

Estimated global prevalence of hepatitis B, by age, pre-vaccine era and 2015
it, although impressive, is still not fast enough to close
persistent gaps. Globally, TB incidence declined from 173 Under5 5years
Under years
oldold Allages
All ages
7—

Global estimate of HBsAg prevalence (%)

7
new and relapse cases per 100 000 population in 2000

Global estimate of HBsAg prevalence (%)

6— 6
to 140 per 100 000 population in 2016 ¬ a 19% decline
5— 5
over the 16-year period. The TB mortality rate among
4— 4
HIV-negative people fell by 39% during the same period.
3— 3
In 2016, an estimated 10.4 million people fell ill with TB,
of whom 90% were adults, 65% were male and 10% 2— 2

were people living with HIV. In that same year, there were 1— 1

an estimated 1.3 million TB deaths among HIV-negative 0— 0

Pre− 2015 Pre− 2015
Pre-vaccine
vaccine 2015 Pre-vaccine
vaccine 2015
people and an additional 374 000 deaths among HIV-
Note: Vertical lines represent 95% confidence intervals.
positive people. While millions of people are diagnosed
and successfully treated for TB each year, large gaps in case
notification persist (Fig. 2.3). In addition, drug-resistant TB Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs)2 are a group of diseases
is a continuing threat. In 2016, there were 600 000 new characterized by their proliferation in tropical environments
cases of TB resistant to rifampicin (the most effective first- where multiple infections in a single individual are common,
line drug) of which 490 000 were multidrug resistant (14). and by their association with poverty (16). A reported 1.5
billion people required mass or individual treatment and
care for NTDs in 2016 ¬ down from 2 billion people in
Fig. 2.3
Estimated, notified and successfully treated new and TB relapse cases, 2000–2016 2010. Progress has been driven by the elimination of
diseases at country level in 2016, including the elimination
Estimated incidence 95% confidence interval
Notified of lymphatic filariasis in Cambodia, onchocerciasis (river
Successfully treated
blindness) in Guatemala and trachoma in Morocco. In the
14 — same year, more than a quarter of all those who required
interventions against NTDs (27% equating to 409 million
12 —
people) lived in low-income countries that are home to
10 — only about 9% of the world’s population. This reflects
Number of cases (millions)

the disproportionate burden borne by these countries. At

8— the same time, the fact that over 1 billion people living in
middle- and high-income countries still required treatment
6—
and care for NTDs indicates the presence of poverty and
4— inequality worldwide (17).

2—

0—
l l l l l
2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
1
Depending on the year of vaccine introduction, this can range from the 1980s to the early
2000s.
2
The NTDs focused on by WHO are: Buruli ulcer; Chagas disease; dengue and
chikungunya; dracunculiasis (guinea-worm disease); echinococcosis; foodborne
In 2015, an estimated 325 million people worldwide were trematodiases; human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness); leishmaniasis;
leprosy (Hansen’s disease); lymphatic filariasis; mycetoma; chromoblastomycosis
living with hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus and other deep mycoses; onchocerciasis (river blindness); rabies; scabies and other
(HCV) infection. Such infection carries the risk of slow ectoparasites; schistosomiasis; soil-transmitted helminthiases; snake-bite envenoming;
taeniasis/cysticercosis; trachoma; and yaws (endemic treponematoses). See: http://www.
progression to severe liver disease and death unless timely who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/en/.

6 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2018

 2.3 Noncommunicable diseases and mental
health Tobacco use is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease
(CVD), cancers and chronic respiratory disease (CRD),
In 2016, an estimated 41 million deaths occurred due to and has negative social, environmental and economic
noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), accounting for 71% consequences. In 2016, globally more than 1.1 billion people
of the overall total of 57 million deaths. The majority of aged 15 years or older smoked tobacco (34% of all males
such deaths were caused by the four main NCDs, namely: and 6% of all females in this age group) (20). To date, the
cardiovascular disease (17.9 million deaths; accounting for WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO
44% of all NCD deaths); cancer (9.0 million deaths; 22%); FCTC) (21) has been ratified by 181 Parties, representing over
chronic respiratory disease (3.8 million deaths; 9%); and 90% of the global population. During the period 2015¬2016,
diabetes (1.6 million deaths; 4%). In 2016, a 30-year-old over half (98) of WHO Member States strengthened
man had a higher risk of dying before reaching the age of 70 their implementation of the WHO FCTC through various
from one of the four main NCDs than a 30-year-old woman measures, such as introducing or strengthening legislation
(22% compared to 15% respectively). Adults in low- and requiring health warnings to appear on tobacco product
lower-middle-income countries faced the highest risks packaging (92 countries) and improving the national
(21% and 23% respectively) ¬ almost double the rate for monitoring of tobacco use (14 countries). Although 146
adults in high-income countries (12%). Globally, the risk of countries are currently monitoring the smoking behaviour
dying from any one of the four main NCDs between ages of their populations, only 109 are monitoring the use of all
30 and 70 decreased from 22% in 2000 to 18% in 2016 types of tobacco products.
(18). Meeting the SDG target of reducing premature NCD
mortality by one third by 2030 will require the acceleration Almost 800 000 deaths by suicide occurred in 2016 (18).
of progress, including action to reduce key risk factors Men are 75% more likely than women to die as a result of
such as tobacco use, air pollution, unhealthy diet, physical suicide. Suicides deaths occur in adolescents and adults of
inactivity and harmful use of alcohol ¬ as well as improved all ages (Fig. 2.6).
disease detection and treatment.
Fig. 2.6
Global suicide deaths by age and sex, 2016
The worldwide level of alcohol consumption in 2016 was
6.4 litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15 years or older, Male
Female
a level that remained stable since 2010. Consumption
levels and trends vary across WHO regions. Consumption 85+
85+

in the WHO South-East Asia Region increased by almost 75−84

75–84
30% since 2010, while that of the WHO European Region 65−74
65–74
decreased by 12%, but remaining the highest in the world in 55−64
55–64
Age range
Age range

2016 at 9.8 litres of pure alcohol per person aged 15 years 45−54 Mal
45–54
Fem
or older (Fig. 2.5) (19). Available data indicate that treatment 35−44
35–44
coverage for alcohol and drug-use disorders is inadequate, 25−34
25–34
though further work is needed to improve the measurement 15−24
15–24
of such coverage. 5−14
5–14
l
100
l
75
l
50
l
25
l
0
l
25
l
50
l
75
l
100
100 75 50 25 0 25 50 75 100
Fig. 2.5 Number of suicides (thousands)
Number of suicides (thousands)
Trends in alcohol consumption among people aged 15 years or older, by WHO region
and globally, 2010–2016

2.4 Injuries and violence

2010 2016

12 —

Road traffic crashes killed 1.25 million people worldwide

Total alcohol per capita ( > 15 years of age)

10 —
consumption (litres of pure alcohol)

in 2013 and injured up to 50 million more. The death rate

8— due to road traffic injuries was 2.6 times higher in low-
income countries (24.1 deaths per 100 000 population)
6— than in high-income countries (9.2 deaths per 100 000
population), despite lower rates of vehicle ownership in
4—
low-income countries (22).
2—
Latest estimates indicate that globally almost one quarter
0— of adults (23%) suffered physical abuse as a child (23)
AFR AMR SEAR EUR EMR WPR Global
and about one third (35%) of women experienced either
physical and/or sexual intimate partner violence or non-
partner sexual violence at some point in their life (24).

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 7

Violence against children has lifelong impacts on the health indicates the level of government spending on health within
and well-being of children, families, communities and the total expenditure for public sector operations in a
nations. Violence against women results in serious short- country, and could constitute part of SDG indicator 1.a.2 on
and long-term physical, mental, sexual and reproductive the proportion of total government spending on essential
health problems, affects their children, and leads to high services (education, health and social protection).
social and economic costs for women, their families and
societies. SDG Target 3.8 on achieving UHC has two indicators:
3.8.1 on coverage of essential health services and 3.8.2
Over the period 2012¬2016, on average there were 11 000 on the proportion of a country’s population with large
deaths globally each year due to natural disasters, equating household expenditures on health relative to their total
to 0.15 deaths per 100 000 population (18). Low- and household expenditure. Both of these aspects must be
lower-middle-income countries typically have higher measured together in order to obtain a clear picture of those
mortality rates and struggle to meet financial, logistical who are unable to access health care and those who face
and humanitarian needs for recovery from disasters. financial hardship due to health-care spending. The UHC
service coverage index is a single indicator computed from
An estimated 477 000 murders occurred globally in tracer indicators of the coverage of essential services in the
2016, with four fifths of all homicide victims being male areas of reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health
(Fig. 2.7). Men in the WHO Region of the Americas suffered (RMNCH), infectious disease control, NCDs and service
the highest rate of homicide deaths at 31.8 per 100 000 capacity and access.
population ¬ down from 33.5 per 100 000 population in
2000 (18). As measured by this index, the levels of service coverage
varied widely across countries in 2015 ¬ from 22 to 86
Fig. 2.7
Homicide numbers and rates per 100 000 population, by sex and by WHO region, 2016 (out of a maximum index score of 100). At least half of the
Female Male
world’s population do not have full coverage of essential
health services. Among those who were able to access
AMR SEAR AFR
156 000 60 000 25 000 needed services, many suffered undue financial hardship.
31.8 6.0 4.9
In 2010, an estimated 808 million people ¬ 11.7% of the
world’s population ¬ spent at least 10% of their household
AMR SEAR
22 000 20 000 budget (total household expenditure or income) paying
4.3 2.1
EMR WPR
out of their own pocket for health services. For 179 million
34 000
9.9
28 000
2.9
of these people such payments exceeded a quarter of their
household budget. An estimated 97 million people ¬ 1.4%
AFR of the world’s population ¬ were impoverished by out-of-
81 000 EMR EUR
15.9 11 000 pocket health-care spending in 2010 (at the 2011 poverty
3.4
EUR
WPR
line of PPP $ 1.90 a day) (25).

Functioning health systems require a qualified health

It is estimated that in 2016, 180 000 people were killed workforce that is available, equitably distributed and
in wars and conflicts, not including deaths due to the accessible by the population. According to the latest
indirect effects of war and conflict such as the spread of available data for the period 2007¬2016, 76 countries
diseases, poor nutrition and collapse of health services. The reported having less than one physician per 1000
average death rate due to conflicts in the past five years population, and 87 countries reporting having fewer than
(2012¬2016), at 2.5 deaths per 100 000 population, was three nursing and midwifery personnel per 1000 population.
more than double the average rate in the preceding five-year In many countries, nurses and midwives constitute more
period (2007¬2011) (18).1 than half of the national health workforce (26).

In addition to a qualified and accessible health workforce,

2.5 UHC and health systems health system functioning also relies crucially on access
to affordable essential medicines of assured quality that
Globally, the average national percentage of total government are available at all times in adequate amounts and in the
expenditure devoted to health was 11.7% in 2014, ranging appropriate dosage forms. The term “essential medicines”
from 8.8% in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region to covers a wide range of medicines, including those needed
13.6% in the WHO Region of the Americas.2 This measure for pain management and palliative care. Data from health-
facility surveys conducted nationally in 29 countries during
1
Conflict deaths include deaths due to collective violence and exclude deaths due to legal the period 2007¬2017 indicate that 64% of public-sector
intervention. facilities surveyed in low-income countries and 58% of public-
2
Unweighted averages of country-specific data from: WHO Global Health Expenditure
Database [online database]. Geneva: World Health Organization (see: http://apps.who.int/ sector facilities surveyed in lower-middle-income countries
nha/database/Select/Indicators/en).

8 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2018

 Fig. 2.8 levels of more recently recommended vaccines such as
Global coverage of DTP3, MCV2 and PCV3, 2000–2016
rotavirus vaccine and pneumococcal-conjugated vaccine
100 — (PCV) are still under 50%. By the end of 2016, PCV had
90 — DTP3 been introduced in 135 countries with global coverage of the
80 — third dose (PCV3) reaching 42%. Middle-income countries
are lagging behind in the introduction of such new vaccines
70 —
as their health budgets are insufficient to cover the costs
60 — MCV2
Coverage (%)

and there may be a lack of external support (29, 30).

50 —

40 —
PCV3 Each year, billions of dollars are spent on research and
30 — development into new or improved health products
20 —
and processes, ranging from medicines to vaccines to
diagnostics. But the way these funds are distributed and
10 —
spent is often poorly aligned with global public health
0—
l l l l needs. Countries with comparable levels of income and
2000 2005 2010 2016
health needs receive different levels of official development
assistance for medical research and for basic health sectors.
stocked medicines for pain management and palliative care. Of grant recipients by income group, low-income countries
Less than 10% of the public-sector health facilities surveyed received only 0.3% of all direct grants (31).
in low-income countries stocked opioid analgesics such as
morphine, buprenorphine, codeine, methadone and tramadol In terms of monitoring health status, WHO estimates
¬ essential medications for treating the pain associated with that about half of its 194 Member States register at least
many advanced progressive conditions (27, 28). 80% of deaths of population aged 15 years and older, with
associated information provided on cause of death (18). In
Latest estimates indicate that in 2016, one in 10 children addition, data-quality problems further limit the use of such
worldwide did not receive even the first dose of diphtheria- information.
tetanus-pertussis (DTP1) vaccine. In the same year, the
global coverage of three doses of DTP (DTP3) vaccine
among children was 86% (Fig. 2.8). As shown in Fig. 2.8, 2.6 Environmental risks
this level has essentially remained unchanged since 2010.
During this same period, coverage of a second dose of Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking has
measles-containing vaccine (MCV2) increased from 39% marginally improved and in 2016 reached 59% globally ¬
to 64% but this is still insufficient to prevent measles an increase of 10 percentage points since 2000. However,
outbreaks and avoid preventable deaths. Global coverage coverage levels vary greatly between countries (Fig. 2.9)

Fig. 2.9
Proportion of population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies (%), 2016

Proportion of population (%)

<5
5–30
31–50
0 850 1,700 3,400 Kilometers
51–95 Data not available
>95 Not applicable

Note: Estimates for India, Israel, Lithuania and Portugal are under country consultation as of May 2018.

MONITORING HEALTH FOR THE SDGs 9

and population growth continues to outpace the transition Unintentional poisonings were responsible for over
to clean fuels and technologies in many countries, leaving 100 000 deaths in 2016. Although the number of deaths
over 3 billion people still cooking with polluting stove and from unintentional poisonings has steadily declined since
fuel combinations (32). The resulting household air pollution 2000, mortality rates continue to be relatively high in
is estimated to have caused 3.8 million deaths from NCDs low-income countries (18). Unintentional poisoning can
(including heart disease, stroke and cancer) and acute lower be caused by household chemicals, pesticides, kerosene,
respiratory infections in 2016 (18, 32). carbon monoxide and medicines, or can be the result of
environmental contamination or occupational chemical
In 2016, 91% of the world’s population did not breathe clean exposure.
air, and more than half of urban population were exposed
to outdoor air pollution levels at least 2.5 times above the
safety standard set by WHO. It has been estimated that 2.7 Health risks and disease outbreaks
in 2016 outdoor air pollution in both cities and rural areas
caused 4.2 million deaths worldwide. Taken together, indoor Under the International Health Regulations (2005), all
and outdoor air pollution caused an estimated 7 million States Parties are required to have or to develop minimum
deaths ¬ one in eight deaths ¬ globally in 2016 (18, 32). core public health capacities to implement the IHR (2005)
effectively. Until 2017, the monitoring process involved
Unsafe drinking water, unsafe sanitation and lack of hygiene the use of a self-assessment questionnaire sent to States
also remain important causes of death, with an estimated Parties to assess the implementation status of 13 core
870 000 associated deaths occurring in 2016 (18).1 The capacities. In 2017, 167 States Parties (85% of all States
WHO African Region suffered a disproportionate burden Parties) responded to the monitoring questionnaire, up
from such deaths, with a mortality rate four times the global from 129 States Parties (66% of all States Parties) in 2016.
rate. Available data from fewer than 100 countries indicate All 196 States Parties have responded to the monitoring
that safely managed drinking-water services ¬ that is, questionnaire at least once since 2010. The average core
located on premises, available when needed and free from capacity score of all reporting countries in 2017 was 71%
contamination ¬ were enjoyed by only 71% of the global (34, 35).
population (5.2 billion people) in 2015, whereas safely
managed sanitation services ¬ with excreta safely disposed
of in situ or treated off site ¬ were available to only 39%
of the global population (2.9 billion people) (Fig. 2.10) (33).

Fig. 2.10
Proportion of global population by type of drinking-water services and sanitation
services used, 2015

Safely managed Unimproved

Basic Surface water (drinking water)
Limited Open defecation (sanitation)

Drinking
Sanitation
water

Drinking
Sanitation
Water

0l l
20 l
40 l
60 l
80 l
100
Percent
0 20 40 60 80 100
Safely managed Percent Improved
Surface water (Water)
Basic
Open defecation (Sanitation)
Limited

Includes deaths from diarrhoea, intestinal nematode infections and protein-energy

1

malnutrition attributable to lack of access to WASH services.

10 WORLD HEALTH STATISTICS: 2018

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