A Study About The Effective Use of Eco-Friendly and Organic Mosquito Repellent

A Study about the Effective Use of Eco-friendly and Organic Mosquito Repellent 1
A Study about the Effective Use of Eco-friendly and Organic Mosquito Repellent
A Research Proposal
Presented to the STEM Research Panel
Paombong High School, Inc.
Paombong, Bulacan
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

for the Subject of
Research/Capstone Project
by
Jalaena Lou Lorenzo Miranda
ABSTRACT
Repellent is known to prevent skin from insect bites such as mosquitoes.

Due to increasing number of dengue cases, repellent is a must for those people of
any age who are susceptible to mosquito bites due to unclean surrounding.
However, commercial mosquito repellents sold in the market contain DEET (N-
Diethyl-meta-toluamide) as an active ingredient that may cause harm to
environment and human health. This study investigated the efficacy of mosquito
repellent using natural ingredients to deter mosquitoes for a longer period and its
effects to environment and human health. The study used experimental research
and qualitative research to effectively present and discover the findings using
survey questionnaire to gather data through product testing and observation.
Based on the data collected, even the participants maintain the cleanliness of their
surrounding they still get mosquito bites in their home especially during at night.
On the other hand, they found out that the product was effective to protect
themselves from mosquitoes for 30 minutes to 2 hours. The study concluded the
hypothesis that organic ingredients used as material for organic repellent can
effectively help to repel mosquitoes and protect humans from getting bites was
strongly supported by the results.
Keywords: repellent, mosquito, dengue, DEET, organic

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
1.0 Introduction
1.1 Problem Rationale 4-5
1.2 Significance of the Study 5
1.3 Statement of the Problem 6
1.4 Hypothesis 6
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Rationale/ Synopsis of the Literature 7-9
2.1.1 Related Literature 7-8
2.1.2 Related Studies 8-9
2.2 Discussion of Relevance 9-10
2.3 Conceptual Framework 10-11
3.0 Research Methods
3.1 Design 12
3.2 Selection 12
3.3 Instrumentation 12
3.4 Ethical Consideration 13
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure 13
3.6 Mode of Analysis 13-14
4.0 Results and Discussion
4.1 Materials/ Ingredients Used 15-16
4.2 Side Effects of Materials/ Ingredients Used 16-17
4.3 Home and Self-Evaluation to Mosquitoes 17
4.4 Organic Mosquito Repellent 17-18
4.5 Different Repellents Comparison 18
4.6 Longevity Comparison 19
5.0 Conclusion and Recommendation
5.1 Conclusion 20
5.2 Recommendation 21
References 22-24
Appendices 25
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Rationale
An insect repellent is also known as a pesticide. According to United States

Environmental Protection Agency in 2017, a pesticide is intended to prevent,
destroy, repel or mitigate pests which is like a repellent. It is often connoted to kill
insects, but this product is to make people less attractive to pests. Mosquito
repellents are applied on skin to prevent mosquito bites. Female mosquitoes suck
on blood that can help to develop their eggs into offspring. These repellents are
effective to be used in a prolonged period upon application so that humans will
become unattractive to mosquitoes (Rutledge, R and Day, J., 2002).
Repellents are widely available in markets for mass consumption and it is
available in spray, lotion, wipes, sticks and foams which can be made from
synthetic chemicals, such as DEET or plant-derived chemicals, such as Citronella.
The most common active ingredient used in a repellent is DEET or N, N-Diethyl-
meta-toluamide that serves as a protection from insect bites. DEET products are
known used in clothing and repellents. However, McFarland (2017) emphasizes
that DEET can act as irritant, causes allergic reactions and other symptoms such
as difficulty in breathing, burning eyes and headache because it is toxic and
harmful to human health.
On the other hand, SMART STUFF (2015) states that natural repellents do
more good than commercial repellent products. It works equally or more
effective, it is safe for people who have sensitive skin because it does not contain
synthetic chemicals that can irritate the skin, it smells better unlike the other
which has unpleasant odor that could be irritating to our nose, and some essential
oils contained in natural repellents may give benefits to our body.
The researcher came up with this research study because of the increasing
number of people having dengue caused by mosquito and malaria during summer
and rainy season. It is commonly caused by poor sanitation that causes
mosquitoes to live and survive in stagnant waters. Many people are not conscious
to clean and check their surrounding that makes it prone to mosquito’s existence.
Furthermore, this will be a big help to anyone to prevent themselves from
mosquitoes without causing any bad effects since it is easy to do, more natural
and affordable unlike any other mosquito repellents.
This research study aims to produce a quality and effective organic mosquito
repellent in form of spray that can be used anytime so that people will be not
susceptible to insects that can cause illnesses or diseases. The organic mosquito
repellent will be made from garlic, dried rosemary, peppermint and oregano
which are derived from nature. Unlike organically prepared which means to be
cultivated without the use of fertilizers. The mosquito repellent is targeted to be
good for environmental and human health to prevent side effects and damages.
1.2 Significance of the Study
This research study would benefit people of any age. Specifically, the residents
of Paombong and Malolos, Bulacan will benefit in this study to lessen the chances
of being susceptible to insect bites such as mosquito bites that may lead to
mosquito-related disease. This research study will be used by any individual to
prepare themselves for the rainy and summer season where dengue outbreak in
some areas are concerned. Through this research, once it is proven effective, they
will no longer buy commercial repellents that is expensive and may cause harm to
their health and to environment.
1.3 Statement of the Problem
The study aims to examine and determine the effective use of eco-friendly and
organic mosquito repellent at home.
Specifically, the researchers aim to address the following questions:
1.) What are the ingredients used in making organic mosquito repellent?
2.) What is the best procedure to make a repellent?
3.) Is organic mosquito repellent more effective than commercial product
repellents?
4.) Why is it safe to human health and environment?
5.) How would this research study be beneficial for the community?
1.4 Hypothesis
The study hypothesized that organic ingredients derived from nature as a

material are effective to repel mosquitoes.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Rationale/ Synopsis of the Literature
2.1.1 Related Literature
Mosquito bites are not just simply bites because it turns into an infectious
disease that can be fatal and deadly. Pietrangelo (2016) states that mosquitoes
live near to areas where human lives like in stagnant water or in grass.
Moreover, the most common disease that we acquire from mosquito is
dengue fever. Dengue fever is known to be break-bone fever because it causes
severe pain in the muscle sand joints and severe headache (Alturas, J. & Hamili,
K.R., 2009). Additionally, in the Philippines, the DOH or Department of Health in
2017 reported that dengue cases from January 1 to March 25, 2017 decreased
unlike from the same time period last year. A total of 24, 958 cases were reported
which is 36.2% lower than last year.
However, it is important to be prepared to prevent having bites. Use of insect
repellent is necessary to be unattractive to mosquitoes. Pointer in 2017
emphasized that use of natural insect repellent is effective. Mercola (2015)
supports that using natural repellents are more effective than DEET. DEET has the
potential to cause health and environmental problems unlike using natural
repellents with no side effects.
In addition, peppermint leaves are effective to use as an ingredient to
mosquito repellent. An article online entitled Making Mosquito Repellent with
Mint Leaves (2012, April 24) proves that mint species release a pungent scent that
deters mosquitoes. The essence found in the peppermint stems, leaves and
flowers are also needed to be extracted to get the oil. Meanwhile, Hisky in 2011
proves that peppermint has high amount of menthol that may help to repel and
kill mosquitoes.
Similarly, rosemary can be also used for making repellents. Kathy Adams
stated in her article entitled Homemade Rosemary Mosquito Repellent Recipe, a
simple repellent can be made by just using dried rosemary and boiling water. This
repellent can be applied directly on your skin even on your pets.
Lastly, SavATree (2002, April 02) emphasizes that garlic contains a substance
called allicin when chopped, crushed or blended. It releases a strong odor that
makes a powerful repellent to insects such as mosquitoes and flies. An article
online entitled Garlic as a Natural Mosquito Repellent supports that garlic is more
effective in repelling mosquitoes. It is scientifically proven that garlic has the
ability to repel mosquitoes because of its strong smell and prevents it from looking
for their prey.
2.1.2 Related Studies

Repellents are known to protect humans to variety of bacteria from
protozoans, viruses and nematodes. During World War II, DEET was developed to
effectively repel mosquitoes. However, many were afraid about the possible side
effects of using products containing DEET that’s why a natural type of DEET-free
repellent was created. Rodriguez, S.D. et. al. (2015) found that products
containing DEET have long-lasting repelling effect to provide protective from
mosquitoes unlike DEET-free products containing citronella or geranoil. Different
active ingredients used in the repellent varies depending in terms of duration and
strength of repellency.
Historically, based on a study entitled “Plant-based insect repellents: a review
of their efficacy, development and testing” stated that repellents made from
plants were already used for generations that serves as a personal protection to
mosquitoes. Currently, commercial repellent products containing plant-based
ingredients have won growing reputation amongst customers, as these are
typically perceived as “secure” in contrast to long-hooked up synthetic repellents
even though that is sometimes a misconception (Maia, M. F. and Moore, S.J.,

2011).
As a matter of fact, Rani, N., Wany, A. Vidyarthi A.S. and Pandey, D. V. (2013)
in their study “Study of Citronella leaf based herbal mosquito repellents using
natural binders” stresses that citronella grass has been proven for years as an
ingredient to mosquito repellent during ancient and modern medicine. It is cheap
and environmentally-friendly to use unlike commercial mosquito repellents that
causes danger to human health. Moreover, the use of other natural binders to
10% of citronella oil wherein neem powder shows the most effective repellent
activity because of increase to protection time.
Furthermore, catnip and osage orange fruits were used as main ingredients
for repellent. Rimando, A.M. and Duke, S.O. (2006) stated that catnip and osage
orange fruit has higher percentage of repellency than DEET. Though catnip oil
shows high repellency response, DEET shows a longer duration of repellency
compared to catnip oil.
Lastly, a study entitled “Natural Mosquito Coil Made from Oregano and
Charcoal” emphasized that oreganos are very effective yet used in a natural way
of preventing mosquitoes in mosquito-prone areas (Baguino in 2016, February
23). In the study, the researcher proved that oregano with charcoal is more
effective than commercial coils in terms of its time duration and side effects. The
study showed between commercial coil and oregano and charcoal coil that both
of them killed mosquitoes within a few minutes. However, side effects to users
were encountered when commercial coil was used.
2.2 Discussion of the Relevance

The following articles and studies were helpful to the research topic by
supporting the hypothesis stated by Mercola (2015) that using natural repellents
are more effective than DEET. Traditionally, DEET was first used during World War
II to repel mosquitoes. However, Rodriquez, S.D. et. al. (2015) stated that repellent
containing DEET have long-lasting effect to deter mosquito which mostly contains
synthetic chemicals that may be harmful to human skin and environment.
In addition, many online articles have confirmed that herbs such as
peppermint, oregano, rosemary, catnip, garlic and osage orange fruit has repelling
effect that may help repel and kill mosquitoes. These herbs were proven that it
releases strong odor to be resistant to mosquito bites. Lastly, Hisky (2011) proved
that peppermint leaves can effectively repel mosquitoes as it contains high
amount of menthol.
2.3 Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable
Mosquito Repellent Effective Use
1. Organic 1. Less Attraction

Ingredients 2. Protection Time
2. Safe to Human 3. Possible Side
and Environment Effects
Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

As shown in the above figure, the first frame is the independent variable
showing organic ingredients used in making a mosquito repellent and its safe use
to human and environment. The second frame is the dependent variable showing
the effective use of the repellent to human skin based on its less attraction,
protection time and possible side effects. The relationship between the mosquito
repellent and its effective use showed positive outcomes based on its following
indicators. It is recognized that organic ingredients and its safety have an impact
to determine the following indicators based on the dependent variable.
Moreover, the study is involved with two groups: control group and experimental
group. A person will go outside of the house near a canal where mosquitoes are
mostly present. For control group, the left arm of the participant will not use the
formulated organic mosquito repellent. On the other hand, for the experimental
group, the right arm of the participant will be sprayed with the formulated
repellent. The activity will be conducted for 1 to 2 hours at night and the
repellency and protection from the repellent will be the basis for the
measurement of effectivity.
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODS
3.1 Design
In order to see the impact of using natural repellent, combination of
experimental research and qualitative research are used. Experimental research
will be needed to formulate the plan, procedure and execution of the natural
mosquito repellent using common ingredients that can effectively deter
mosquitoes. Also, qualitative research will be needed to clearly emphasize and
present the information to answer the research questions.
3.2 Selection
The researcher selected an approximate of 10 respondents from
Paombong and Malolos, Bulacan, male and female of any age. The respondents
are randomly chosen from the said areas because mosquitoes are present
everywhere. Also, they are chosen since assessment and observation are only
needed based on the tested product. Selected respondents may be either child or
adult who are willing to participate in the study.
3.3 Instrumentation
A questionnaire was used in gathering data. Self-constructed
questionnaire was done by providing questions to obtain the needed information.
The questionnaire has 2 parts. The first part is about home assessment to
mosquitoes to discover if the participant’s home were prone and susceptible to
mosquitoes. The second part is about organic mosquito repellent to examine the
efficacy of the product used. The questionnaire is consisted of items that
determined the effective use of organic mosquito repellent.
3.4 Ethical Consideration

The following materials used for mosquito repellent are all natural such as
garlic, peppermint, oregano and dried rosemary. The produced mosquito
repellent will be tested on the participant’s skin to test the efficacy of the product.
Also, the natural ingredients used ensure users that no side effects can be
encountered when the product was being used.
3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

The researcher performed an experiment about mosquito repellent using
natural ingredients. The experiment was done by following different processes.
The ingredients were extracted to get the essential oils in the ingredients called
ester through esterification, boiled, cooled, strained to separate solid to liquid and
transferred in a spray container for easier and direct application of the repellent
on the skin. The mosquito repellent was distributed to the participants and was
used for 2-3 days only upon application on skin.
The researcher also distributed the questionnaires to the participants after
their last day of use to have their insights about the repellent. Questionnaires
composed of 10 copies was distributed to chosen respondents in Paombong and
Malolos, Bulacan. The researcher personally asked the respondents’ permission
by discussing the information about the study and asked them if they could spend
at least 15 minutes of their time to answer the questionnaire.
After the questionnaires have been accomplished, the results were tallied
and tabulated. These data became the bases of analysis and interpretation.
3.6 Mode of analysis

The experiment of the study will produce a mosquito repellent out of
natural ingredients. After production, the repellent will be distributed to
participants and will be used during day to night to assess what time of the day
mosquitoes were most active.
The product will be tested based on the hypothesis if organic ingredients
used as a material are effective to repel mosquitoes. The efficacy of the product
will be measured through the level of repellency and protection time on skin in
hours. The experiment will be analyzed using tables including explanations to
clearly present the data.
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS SND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the answer to specific questions and the output of
the study. It also includes the results of the evaluation conducted for the
experiment.
4.1 Materials/ Ingredients Used
Availability
Materials/ Chemical
Other Uses of
Ingredients Components
Ingredients
allicin, diallyl
disulfide, alliin,
ajoene, s-allyl
cysteine,
It may be used as raw
alliinase, diallyl
vegetable for culinary
trisulfide,
purposes, or as an Public
Garlic fructan, allyl
ingredient of Market
propyl disulfide,
traditional and modern
allixin, allyl
medicine.
mercaptan, syn-
propanethial-s-
oxide, sulfenic
acid
It is used for digestion
problems, including
heartburn, intestinal
gas (flatulence), liver
eucalyptol,
and gallbladder
carnosol,
Dried complaints, and loss of
rosmarinic acid, Supermarket
Rosemary appetite. It is also used
carnosonic acid,
for gout, cough,
ursolic acid
headache, high blood
pressure, and reducing
age-related memory
loss.
menthol, It can be used,
menthone, including cosmetics,
Peppermint Backyard
menthyl acetate, aromatherapy, relaxing
menthofuran, baths, and as a
pulegone, cleaning agent around

monoterpene the house. Due to its
stimulant properties,
using it daily could
interfere with sleep
patterns, and an
overdose of the oil can
lead to potentially
severe side effects.
Medicinal uses include
treating respiratory
tract disorders,
gastrointestinal (GI)
carvacrol, β-
disorders, menstrual
fenchyl alcohol,
Oregano cramps, and urinary Backyard
thymol, and γ-
tract disorders. It may
terpinene
also help treat a
number of skin
conditions, such as
acne and dandruff.
4.2 Side Effects of Materials/ Ingredients Used

Materials/ Ingredients Side Effects
When applied to the skin, garlic
Garlic might cause skin damage that is
similar to a burn.
Rosemary can cause increased sun
Dried Rosemary sensitivity, skin redness, and allergic
reactions.
Peppermint can cause some side
effects including heartburn, and
Peppermint
allergic reactions including flushing,
headache, and mouth sores.
Oregano might also cause an allergic
reaction in people who have an
Oregano
allergy to plants in the Lamiaceae
family.
Though it is a natural, it may still pose harm to those who are sensitive to
the aforementioned ingredients. It may cause different allergic reactions
especially to skin when directly applied. Precautionary measures must be done
before testing and using the product.
4.3 Home and Self-Evaluation to Mosquitoes

QUESTIONS: 10 OUT OF 10
Do you clean the surrounding of
Yes
your house?
Is your house prone to mosquitoes? Sometimes
Do you use any mosquito repellent
No
at home?
Have you been bitten by mosquitoes
Yes
in your home?
At what time do you usually have
Night
mosquito bites?
The participants are not completely protected from mosquito bites even
though they maintain the cleanliness of their surroundings to prevent mosquitoes
live and reproduce. There is still a chance that sometimes mosquitoes enter their
houses which still makes them susceptible to bites. Majority of them does not use
any kind of repellent to protect themselves from insects. As a result, they still get
bitten by mosquitoes especially during night time.
4.4 Organic Mosquito Repellent

The participants find organic mosquito repellent more effective and
convenient. It is effective because it can repel mosquitoes for 30 minutes to 2
hours upon application. Also, it is convenient because they can make their own in
the home without going to the market. In addition, they did not encounter any
problem while using the product like skin reactions. On the other hand, they
suggested that the smell of the repellent and its shelf life for longer usage should
be improved. Lastly, the organic mosquito repellent can help the community to
make their own repellents in an easy way. Also, it can lessen the number of
individuals harmed by mosquito diseases.
4.5 Different Repellents Comparison
Protection Side
Repellent Form Ingredients Availability Longevity
Time Effects
DEET and Dizziness,
1hr. and 2 to 3
OFF! Lotion other Market skin
30mins. years
ingredients reactions
Garlic,
1 and
Organic Peppermint,
Home/ 30mins ½
Mosquito Spray Oregano, None
Market to 2hrs mont
Repellent Dried
h
Rosemary
A DEET-containing and DEET-free repellent were compared based on its

form, ingredients, availability, protection time, side effects and longevity. As a
result, organic mosquito repellent, a DEET-free product showed more positive
results than OFF lotion.
4.6 Longevity Comparison
A B
Repellent A still contains the residues while repellent B shows a

transparent repellent without any residues. It is observed that repellent B can last
for 1 and a half month unlike repellent A which can only last for a week. The
unremoved residues can be a factor for the repellent to easily expire. For a lasting
repellent, it is better to strain out and separate solid to liquid.
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
Organic repellent is all natural that keeps human protected from mosquito
that causes diseases like dengue and malaria which poses risk to human health.
Many were engage in using commercial repellents because it is ready to apply.
However, it contains the most active ingredient which is DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-
toluamide) in mosquito repellents which is harmful to human health and
environment. The researcher concluded that ingredients like garlic, dried
rosemary, peppermint and oregano which releases essential oils called ester are
effective because it releases strong scent that deters mosquitoes over maximum
of 2 hours of protection time. The repellent was convenient to the participants
because it does not have a disturbing smell, easy to apply, and leaves no sticky
feeling. Also, the repellent can also be made at home which is easier to do and
affordable. However, the smell and shelf life of the repellent must be improved.
Even it is DEET-free and all natural, organic repellent is more effective because it
provides high repellency as well as user safety. In addition, it is safe to human
health because no side effects were observed when the product was used as well
as to environment because no synthetic chemicals were added to the repellent.
The organic repellent is beneficial for the community because it provides an
alternative solution to prevent mosquito-related diseases out of natural resources
available in our home. Lastly, this research study is new because it uses
combination of 4 ingredients instead of one since all of them are proven effective
to deter mosquitoes, it will be effective if all of them complement with each other
and create a good repelling effect.
5.2 Recommendation
Plant-based repellents are good alternatives to repellents available in
market. The researcher recommended that when making the repellent, more
ingredients must be added to have a stronger version and improve repellency.
Also, further studies must be conducted to explore and improve the smell and
shelf life of the repellent using other natural ingredients. The smell and shelf life
are both important in making organic mosquito repellent to have a more
convenient use of the product. Moreover, ways must be explored to have
maximum level of protection against mosquitoes and appropriate actions must be
taken like users should clean their bodies before applying the repellent because
untidy body can be a factor to be vulnerable to mosquitoes and wear long clothes
that can protect themselves from mosquitoes especially during at night. Lastly,
having screens at windows and main door can also effectively help them to protect
themselves from entering mosquitoes inside their home.
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A Study about the Effective Use of Eco-friendly and Organic Mosquito Repellent 1

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

Repellent is known to prevent skin from insect bites such as mosquitoes.

Keywords: repellent, mosquito, dengue, DEET, organic

An insect repellent is also known as a pesticide. According to United States

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Statement of the Problem

The study hypothesized that organic ingredients derived from nature as a

2.1.2 Related Studies

even though that is sometimes a misconception (Maia, M. F. and Moore, S.J.,

2.2 Discussion of the Relevance

2.3 Conceptual Framework

Mosquito Repellent Effective Use

1. Organic 1. Less Attraction

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

3.4 Ethical Consideration

3.5 Data Gathering Procedure

3.6 Mode of analysis

pulegone, cleaning agent around

4.2 Side Effects of Materials/ Ingredients Used

4.3 Home and Self-Evaluation to Mosquitoes

4.4 Organic Mosquito Repellent

4.5 Different Repellents Comparison

A DEET-containing and DEET-free repellent were compared based on its

4.6 Longevity Comparison

Repellent A still contains the residues while repellent B shows a

(2016, August 16). “Insect Repellents”. Retrieved from

Carpio, E. C. (2014, March 3). “Oregano Extract as Mosquito-Repellant”.

Maia, M. F. and Moore, S.J. (2011). “Plant-based insect repellents: a review of

McFarland, E. (nd). “The Hazards of Commercial Insect Repellent”. Retrieved

“The insect repellents: A silent environmental chemical toxicant to the health”.

United States Environmental Protection Agency. (nd). “What is an Insect

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