CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

Negative effects of social media

Many technologies innovations of the late 20th Century promised

breakthrough in the methods of effectiveness of teaching for the 21 st Century.

Some of the most promising innovations included access to the internet and

programmed instruction such as instruction delivered in a graded sequence of

steps, usually by means of a computer or other devices.

The revolution in computers and communication technology holds out

hope that all students will connect with more information and more people

than ever before and that learning might become more individualized.

Innovation in these fields suggest that certain barriers to learning, such as

short attention spans or faulty memories might one day be recorded by means

other than the traditional reliance on sheer effort alone.

Most of the students entering college have already had years of

exposure to computers and other digital technologies. Elementary and high

school students use computers to write papers, create presentations,

communicate with each other, conduct research and entertain themselves.

Cellphones, digital cameras, and iPods are standard equipment for teens.

Students understand the basics of computers and technologies, and how to

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use them for day-to-day activities. But as it is, technology like two sides of a

coin, bring with it both negative and positive sides.

Spending more time in virtual communities and virtual space has it’s

benefits and cost. The benefits have been emphasized throughout this book.

There are a number of psychological and physical health concerns that can

arise due to the amount of time people spend in contact with computers and

other devices, and in virtual space. It should be noted that the health

problems created by the use of technology pale in comparison to the health

solutions that technology provides.

Working and living with computers and digital technologies can lead to

potential physical health problems. As people increasingly use computers at

work and at home, more people are suffering from computer-related health

problems. Insurance claims relating to repetitive motion disorder, which can

be caused by working with computer keyboards and other equipment, have

increased greatly in recent years. Repetitive stress injury (RSI) is an injury

such as tendinitis and tennis elbow, caused by a repetitive motion. The most

common RSI for computer user is carpal tunnel syndrome. Carpal tunnel

syndrome (CTS) is the aggravation of the pathway for nerves that travel

through the wrist (the carpal tunnel), typically caused by long hours at the

computer keyboard with wrists cocked and fingers typing. CTS can cause

wrist pain, a feeling of tingling and numbness, and difficulty in grasping and

holding objects. CTS can be difficult to correct use of a wrist brace is typically

prescribed, and sometimes surgery is needed. Some owners of smart phones

who type a lot with their thumbs develop RSI in their thumbs, making in

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painful to type the injury is common enough to have its own name:

BlackBerry Thumb,”

Working long hours staring at a computer screen without proper light

can cause a variety of vision problems. In some cases, your eyes get tired,

itch, or even burn. In more severe cases, double or blurred vision can result,

making it unpleasant to work and reducing your efficiency. In addition to

problems with wrists and eyes, you can get a sore back, sore arms, and

headaches from long hours working with computer systems without adequate

breaks.

In addition to physical health concerns, the use of computer systems

can cause a variety of mental health issues and related problems. The use of

Internet can be addictive. Some people spend most of their time connected to

the Internet staring at the computer screen. When this behavior become

compulsive, it can interfere with normal daily activities, including work,

relationships, and other activities. Often, Internet addiction means that a

person is isolated and doesn’t interact with other people, unless they are also

online. Internet addiction may exist if people are online for long periods of

time, cannot control their online usage, jeopardize their career of family life

from excessive Internet usage, and lie to family, friends, and coworkers about

excessive Internet usage. Scientists studying Internet

addiction categorize several different types: pornography, gambling,

multiplayer online gaming, e-shopping, and social networking addictions.

The abundance of free pornography on the Web has caused some

individuals to become addicted. It has been estimated that 12 percent of

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Internet content is pornography. Viewing and sharing pornography in large

quantities can alter an individual’s perception of what is socially acceptable

and normal. Also, in efforts to supply increasing outlandish pornography,

some have crossed the line into unhealthy and illegal practices. Many

individuals from a variety of backgrounds have sought professional help in

dealing with Internet-based pornography and sexual addictions.

Compulsive gambling is a problem for some people using the Internet.

Compulsive gamblers find using the Internet the Internet much easier than

driving to a gambling casino. Although Internet gambling is illegal in the

United States, it is not illegal in other countries. As a result, Web sites have

surfaced in foreign countries that permit gambling on the Internet and have

combined to build a $12 billion market, one of the largest business on the

Internet. In 2006, President Bush signed the Unlawful Internet Gambling

Enforcement Act, which makes it illegal for U.S citizens to gamble on the

Internet no matter where the online casino is located. This bill, however, has

had little impact since it is difficult for law enforcement to know which online

transactions are gambling related. Some internet users become addicted to

massively multiplayer online role-playing games (MMORPGs). Some gamers

find the virtual words. Others are addicted to online shopping and online

social networks. While these activities are not unhealthy in reasonable

quantity, spending more time online than offline can become problematic.

For some people, working with computers can cause occupational

stress or information overload. Feelings of job insecurity, loss of control,

incompetence, and demotion or just a few of the fears people might

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experience. These fears could become a serious problem for some

employees. Some experts believe this fear might cause threatened workers to

sabotage computer system and equipment. If a manager determines that an

employee has this type of fear, training and counseling can often help the

employee and avoid potential problems.

Participating in online social networks also increases the likelihood of

being victimized online, or, cyber-bullied (Mesch, 2009). Cyber-bullying is the

use of communication technology, such as SNSs, to harm or “bully” others

(Mesch, 2009). Forms of cyber bullying include harassing emails, web pages,

hateful instant messages, text messages, and cruel posts on social

networking sites. The result of being a victim of cyber bullying can be

embarrassment, feelings of belittlement, low self-esteem, and even suicide.

Because the Internet allows students to remain anonymous on websites or

create false profiles, cyber-bullying has become a serious issue (Mesch,

2009).

Research has also shown that an adolescent is more likely to harass

or harm another student if they are not together face-to-face, which also can

make a social networking site a perfect place for trouble to manifest (Mesch,

2009). However, there is no current legislation that protects students from this

type of harassment, even though there are laws for more traditional types of

bullying (Geach & Haralambous, 2009).

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Acedemic Performance

The definition of academic performance extends to achievement

outside the classroom. Some of the brightest students don’t earn straight, but

are extremely well-rounded, succeeding at everything from music to athletics.

The ability to master a diverse set of skills illustrates intelligence, curiosity and

persistence, qualities attractive to universities and employers. Some colleges

will admit and even award scholarships to students who earned average

grades but display a pattern of achievement by consistently learning new

skills. Many businesses also see this a selling point, thinking these candidates

are eager to learn and will be easy to train (Williams, 2018)

The academic performance of students heavily depends upon the

parental involvement in their academic activities to attain the higher level of

quality in academic success. The students are quite emotional especially

females. They are the stress in everything at school level. A lot of factor that

influence in their study like present pressure, teachers attitude towards their

study, home strictness, future and job tensions (Hussain et al., 2012)

Life inside and outside of the classroom often overlap. Homework

assignment and study time compete with extracurricular activities, weekend

and leisure activities, hobbies and chores. Students may feel that they do not

have enough time to keep up with demands of school and life.

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RELATED STUDIES

Negative effects of Social Media

Today’s college students (which consist of Generation Y or also named

Millennial) are exposed to all types of technologies in many aspects of their

lives (Browning, Gerlich, & Westermann, 2011). On a daily basis they use

desktop computers, laptops, E-readers, tablets, and cell phones to actively

engage in social networking, text messaging, blogging, content sharing, online

learning, and much more (Cassidy, Griffin, Manolovitz, Shen, & Turney,

2011). Online social networks (OSNs) have permeated all generations of

Internet users, becoming a prominent communications tool, particularly in the

student community. Thus, academic institutions and faculty are increasingly

using social networking sites, such as Facebook and LinkedIn, to connect with

current and potential students and to deliver instructional content. (Paul,

Baker, Cochran, 2012) On the contrary, some authors and researches

disagree with the previous statement, such as Lenhart, et al., 2010;

Tiryakioglu & Erzurum, 2010; Chen & Bryer, 2010 says that despite the

popularity of social media for personal use only a low percentage of students

and faculty use them for academic practice. Online social networking (OSN)

sites, such as Facebook, Twitter and Myspace, are used on a regular basis by

many millions of people. The majority of this online networking community is

made up of college students. In fact, a recent survey of 3000 students from

across the US revealed that 90% of college students use Facebook and 37%

use Twitter (Dahlstrom, de Boor, Grunwald,& Vockley, 2011). Reynol Junco

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(2012) in his article named too much face and not enough books: The

relationship between multiple indices of Facebook use and academic

performance. Found that that time spent on Facebook and checking

Facebook were negatively related to overall GPA, and time spent on

Facebook is slightly negatively related to time spent studying. In addition, the

ability of time spent on Facebook to significantly predict overall GPA shows

that there may be negative academic effects for students who use Facebook

in certain ways. In addition, Paul, Baker, Cochran, in 2012 wrote an article

named effect of online social networking on student academic performance.

The researcher’s results revealed a statistically significant negative

relationship between time spent by students on OSN and their academic

performance. Time spent on OSN is shown to negatively impact academic

performance. As time spent on social networking sites increases, the

academic performance of the students is seen to deteriorate. This ties in well

with the findings presented in Kirschner and Karpinski (2010), which reveal

that over-involvement or obsession with social networking by students can

have negative impacts on academic performance (Kirschner & Karpinski,

2010). Moreover, Rosen, Carrier, and Cheever 2013 wrote an article named

Facebook and texting made me do it: Mediainduced task-switching while

studying. They believe that this area is a technologically rich world, where

multitasking is the norm and is more prominent among youth and college

students. In their research they found out that students manage to do their

work and also interact with the virtual environment effectively. Facebook has

nearly one billion users worldwide (Smith, 2012) with more than 90% of teens

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(Common Sense Media, 2012) and college students (Junco, 2011) actively

engaged. However, as results the authors found that corroborating the work

on the impact of social media on academic performance, participants who

accessed Facebook one or more times during the study period had lower

grade point averages. Furthermore, Junco (2011) discovered that sharing

links and checking up with friends on Facebook more often predicted higher

college grades; making status updates more often predicted lower grades;

and that overall GPA dropped 12 points for every 93 min above the average

of 106 min per day spent on Facebook.

Social networking sites (SNSs) such as Facebook, Twitter, etc. (Which

are the most commonly known SNSs in the Philippines.) may cause conflicts
and arguments especially cyber bullying which is definitely an illegal motion
by insulting a person through the use of social media. It may be from sending
illegal text or foul gestures, or even a photo or a video that is offensive to the
victim.

Social Media also affects your academic performance and overall

health, sometimes social media becomes a total distraction to your studies,
forgetting about your tasks (such as homework, research) and read your
friend’s status and then to the other. When it comes to Overall health,
students don’t mind about their hunger and personal hygiene when they are
playing such as virtual worlds.

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Academic Performance

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Academic Performance

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