Basic GIS Operations: Review of Data Formats in GIS

5/8/2019
Basic GIS Operations
Review of data formats in GIS

• Raster Data
Consists of a matrix of cells (pixels) organized into rows and columns (or a
grid) where each cell contains a value representing information, such as
temperature.
Rasters are digital aerial photographs, imagery from satellites, digital pictures,
or even scanned maps
• Vector Data
Points (x,y) coordinates
Lines (x1, y1 to x2, y2)
Polygons- area or surface
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Define Geo-processing
• GIS operation used to manipulate spatial data
• Sole purpose is to automate GIS tasks (mundane and redundant
operations)
• Geoprocessing allows for definition, management, and analysis of

information used to form decisions
What is geoprocessing used for?

• Data processing/ data automation: Creation, Preparation, Conversion,
Management
• Data analysis/ spatial modeling: Suitability, Sensitivity, Capacity, Risk
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Supported data types

• Geo-processing tools work with many data types
Important geo-processing tools:
• Project
• Clipping/ masking
• Intersecting
• Buffering
• Attribute table
operation
• Data manipulations
• Calculations
• Import/ export
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Accessing geoprocessing tools

• Geoprocessing is carried out using tools stored in ArcToolbox
A dockable window available in ArcMap, ArcCatalog, ArcGlobe, or ArcScene
• Tools run processes
ArcToolbox
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Inside of ArcToolbox
• Toolbox: Container for
toolsets and tools
• Toolset: Logical container
of tools and other toolsets
(i.e. folder)
• Tool: Single georocessing
operation (includes
dialogs, models, and
scripts)
The geoprocessing framework: four ways to

tools
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Important geo-processing tools

• Project (Data Management)
Project spatial data from one coordinate system to another.
This allows you to specify that data’s coordinate system without having to
modify the input.
• Definition of Project (Data Management)
Permanently overwrites the coordinate system information (map projection
and datum) stored with a dataset.

• Clip (Analysis)
Extracts input features that overlay the clip features
Use this tool to cut out a piece of one feature class using one or more of the
features in another feature class as a cookie cutter
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• Clip (Data Management)
Creates a spatial subset of a raster, including a raster dataset, mosaic dataset,
or image service layer.
This tool allows you to extract a portion of a raster dataset based on a
template extent.

• Extract by Mask (Spatial Analyst)
Extracts the cells of a raster that correspond to the areas defined by a mask.
Raster to raster data format.
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• Intersect (Analysis)
Compute a geometric intersection of the input features. Features or portions
of features which overlap in all layers and/ or features classes will be written
to the output feature class.

• Buffer (Analysis)
Creates buffer polygons around input features to a specified distance.
Need same coordinate system.
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• Attribute table
A database or tabular file containing information about a set of geographic
features, usually arranged so that each row represents a feature and each
column represents one feature attribute.

• Raster Calculator (Spatial Analyst)
Builds and executes a single Map Algebra expression using Python syntax in a
calculator-like interface.
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• Math Toolsets (Spatial Analyst)
The Math toolset contains tools that perform mathematical operations on
rasters
• Times (Spatial Analyst)
Multiplies the values of two rasters on a cell-by-cell basis
• Divide (Spatial Analyst)

Divides the values of two rasters on a cell-by-cell basis
What is ArcGIS Spatial Analyst?

• Integrated raster and vector spatial analysis tools
• Extension product that adds functionality to all ArcGIS aplications
• Key Features
More than 300 functions and operators
Analysis on all raster format
On-the-fly projections
Great developer tools
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Sample Analysis Tools

• Density Mapping
• Neighborhood and Block Statistics
• Zonal Overlay
• Surface Analysis
• Hydrological and Groundwater Analysis
• Reclassification
Density Mapping
• Count occurrences of a phenomena within an area and distribute it
through the area.
• Use points or lines as input
Population per KM squared
Road density per Mi squared
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Neighborhood and Block Statistics

• Calculates a statistic for a neighbourhood
Majority, Maximum, Mean, Median, Minimum, Minority, Range, Sum,
Standard Deviation, Variety
• Used for filtering, data smooting, and data aggregation
Zonal Overlay
• A zone is al the areas/ cells with the same value.
• Calculate a statistics within the zones for each cell in a raster.
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Zonal Overlay Examples
Surface Analysis
• Hillshade
• Slope
• Viewshed
• Cut/ Fill
• Curvature
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Reclassification
• Reclassify individual values or ranges of values
• Load and save reclass tables
Hydrologic Analysis
• Create watersheds and stream networks form DEMs
Flow Direction
Flow Accumulation
Watershed Delineation
Flow Length
Sink Filling
Stream Ordering
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Other Analysis that uses GIS
What is the best place for…..?

• Suitability Analysis
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Where is the best place to build a wind farm

in the North Sea Area?
Finding quantity by area

• Summarizing by area
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What’s the distribution?

• Density analysis
Identifying Clusters
• Hotspot Analysis
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Finding percentage area

• Tabulate intersection
Interpolation to Area
• Natural Neighbor and IDW
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Interpolation to area
• Empirical Bayes Kriging
References
• Lacanlale and Arraza (2015). Basic Geo-processing Operations GIS and
SedNet Training
• Beale et.al. (ND). Applying Spatial Analysis Techiques to Make Better
Decisions.
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Take Home Quiz No.3: To be submitted on

Monday, May 13, 2019 through email in pdf
format.
• 1. If you were asked to do task of proposing a GIS-based project, what
particular project you will be doing? (Give the title)
• 2. Why you think this project will work? Is it essential to your
community?
• 3. What specific GIS tools you will be using? draw an input-process -
output diagram where you can incorporate the process of your
project.
• 4. What will be your final map/output? Search for sample map and
paste it on your answer sheet, and explain.
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5/8/2019

Basic GIS Operations

Review of data formats in GIS

• Geoprocessing allows for definition, management, and analysis of

What is geoprocessing used for?

Supported data types

Important geo-processing tools:

Accessing geoprocessing tools

The geoprocessing framework: four ways to

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

Important geo-processing tools

• Divide (Spatial Analyst)

What is ArcGIS Spatial Analyst?

Sample Analysis Tools

Neighborhood and Block Statistics

Zonal Overlay Examples

Other Analysis that uses GIS

What is the best place for…..?

Where is the best place to build a wind farm

Finding quantity by area

What’s the distribution?

Finding percentage area

Take Home Quiz No.3: To be submitted on

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