ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 11(35), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2018/v11i35/98797, September 2018 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Study, Analysis and Improving of Handover Process

in LTE System
Alireza Zolghadrasli* and Sara Hamidi
Department of Communication and Electronic Engineering, University of Shiraz, Shiraz, Iran;
zolghadr@shirazu.ac.ir, sara_hamidi68@yahoo.com

Abstract
Objectives: To ensure handover in LTE system and to improve the overall network performance, besides diminish negative
effects of handover like HO failures. Methods/Statistical Analysis: The impact of handovers on the system performance is
more serious when there is an external interference i.e. when LTE system coexists with other mobile systems operating in
the same geographical area. In this research we study the performance of a system in coexistence with other LTE network
by Monte-Carlo method with the help of SEAMCAT software. We reduce the influence of external interference to ensure
the network performance. Findings: The SINR received by the user and its data rate were studied when the users move on
the network. Then, the handover failure rate was investigated to design and optimize the network. The simulation results
indicated that to achieve a better performance in the network, it is necessary to consider a protective distance between
the systems that operate in the adjacent band. with the design of appropriate filters in the transmitter and receiver to
control and attenuate the power received from the adjacent band, the protective distance between the two networks can
be reduced leading to improved received SINR. Thus, according to the design and optimization purposes, by developing
an appropriate protective distance and controlling the received power from the interference system, the desired network
performance could be achieved. Application/Improvements: For the future research it would be great to design some
filters so the coexistence network could operate without any distance.

Keywords: External Interference, Handover, HO failure, Handover Process, LTE, SEAMCAT

1. Introduction considered to achieve the required performance as the

major issue in the mobile networks.
User mobility within cellular wireless networks is the When a user moves, he is facing different environ-
main characteristic of this type of networks. An increase ment and different levels of interference because the
in the speed of vehicles on the one hand, and the need for service cell may not be longer the appropriate cell and the
the Internet at any time and any place on the other hand user must be transferred to a new cell. For this purpose,
emphasizes the importance of user mobility in a wireless when a user connects to the service cell, the neighboring
network. Moving at high speeds on the fourth genera- cells are continuously monitored by this user. The service
tion wireless networks is a challenge and the Long-Term cell is called source cell and the future cell is called the
Evolution (LTE) technology has promised success in target cell. Handover failure can occur at any stage, but
this competition more than other technologies. To meet poor radio conditions and patchy coverage caused by fad-
this goal, it is essential to reduce system latency and lost ing and pathloss are the main reasons. The majority of
packets during calls and improve reliability during data failures are expected to occur before HO command has
transfer. As a result, handover improvement has been been successfully delivered. Without handover, users will

*Author for correspondence

 Study, Analysis and Improving of Handover Process in LTE System

not be able to experience mobility and their connection Section 3 introduces handover and the parameters used
is interrupted when exiting one cell and entering another in our simulations. The results are explained in Section 4
cell. and finally the conclusion and suggestions are given in
Since the first generation of cellular systems, many Section 5.
studies have been conducted to optimize the handover
performance. In1, a mathematical model for handover
performance has been proposed to predict handover
2. LTE Downlink Network
parameters and to improve its efficiency and reliability LTE aims to produce an uninterrupted IP-based connec-
in LTE networks. The results shows that the proposed tion between a subscriber and a Packet Data Network
model improves the handover failure rate and the rate (PDN) in a network that only supports packet-switched
of ping pong effect. In2, the handover performance has service. Mobility is supported entirely by the LTE net-
been improved by controlling intercellular interference. work. The user should not be disconnected when he uses
According to the results, the optimal handover per- the service while in moving. To achieve this goal, the
formance can be achieved by controlling intracellular radio access and the core network were changed to meet
interference. The research in3 introduced an algorithm to radio access requirements.
optimize the handover performance. In this algorithm, The developed radio access network is called LTE
The Trigger Time (TTT) and Handover Margin (HOM) while the core network is called EPC. Along with EPC,
values vary automatically. In this method, the best HOM other aspects were changed and the System Architecture
and TTT values ​​are selected to improve the network per- Evolution (SAE) was defined. In fact, the EPC is part
formance. In4, a model has been proposed to investigate of the SAE so that LTE and SAE networks together are
the impact of speed, direction of movement and propaga- known as EPS8.
tion environment on the handover performance. As shown in Figure 1, the core network contains a
In5, handover estimation has been considered as number of nodes with different functions, while only one
a method to improve the system performance. In this type of node called eNodeB is available in the access net-
research, motion estimation and future position of the work9.
user have been used for a fast and uninterrupted hando-
ver. In6, a number of methods have been used to estimate
handover. This technique employs the average displace-
ment and movement pattern which reduces the number
of handovers and ping pong effects. In7, the handover per-
formance in LTE scenario has been analyzed considering
the impact of handover parameters such as offset, TTT
and the filter coefficients to reduce the handover failure
rate by choosing the best parameters.
As seen in many areas, the base stations of different
operators are placed very close to each other. In the pres-
ent research, the impact of interference due to proximity
of two different operators on the handover performance
and its failure rate are investigated. In fact, we seek to
answer “whether the presence of two different LTE net-
works operating in adjacent frequency bands will affect Figure 1. System Architecture Evolution (SAE) and LTE
the system quality. If this is the case, what strategies can Network9.
be used to improve the quality of system, i.e. to improve
the handover process. The LTE network lacks an independent monitoring
In brief in this paper, we examine handover perfor- center and its control tasks are organized by the eNodeB.
mance when two LTE networks are located in the vicinity In fact, in the third-generation technology, the access net-
of each other and have co-channel or adjacent interfer- work includes RNC and NodeB. The NodeB is the contact
ence. Section 2 concerns the LTE downlink network. point between the radio link and the user on the one hand

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 Alireza Zolghadrasli and Sara Hamidi

and the fixed part of the network or RNC on the other links on the user side are released before establishing new
hand. The RNC node is the heart of the radio section and links. In a hard handover, the connection between the user
all decisions on the radio section are made by RNC. After and the resource cell is cut and then a new connection is cre-
numerous studies, 3GPP decided to control the radio sec- ated with the destination cell. The LTE network only supports
tion in the LTE network by NodeB to remove the RNC. the hard handover. This means that there is a short interrup-
Accordingly, all radio-related functions can be imple- tion in service during the handover13. The hard handover
mented in the eNodeB to achieve a smooth more suitable was selected for the LTE network by 3GPP because it has
architecture10. a smooth IP-based architecture without any independent
In the absence of an independent control center, due control center. The use of hard handover reduces both the
to user movement in E-UTRAN was shown in Figure 2, complexity techniques and the handover delay time.
data must be buffered in the eNodeB during the hando- In soft handover, the radio link is added and discon-
ver. Data protection during handover is performed by the nected in such a way that the user always accesses at least
Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) layer11. PDCP one radio link to the UTRAN. Soft and softer handovers are
is one of the sub-layers or the data link layer. PDCP ends done in WCDMA architecture. In this architecture, there
at the eNodeB on the one hand and the user on the other is a central controller called Radio Network Controller
hand. The protocol is active in both the user and control (RNC). RNC controls the handover for each user. In this
panels. This sub-layer processes the messages of Radio architecture, each user is able to be connected to two or
Resource Control (RRC) layer on the control panel and more cells simultaneously during a call. From this point
Internet Protocol (IP) on the user panel12. of view, soft handover is more suitable than hard hando-
ver because it holds an active meeting without interrupted
conversation. However, soft handover requires signaling
and a more complex architecture like WCDMA13.

3.1 Optimization and Objective Design

In LTE networks, there are a number of predetermined
conditions for handover or threshold values to set up the
handover operation. In addition, efforts are made to opti-
mize the handover processes including reducing the total
number of these phenomena by anticipating, reducing
the number of ping pong effects and a faster and uninter-
rupted handover.
Therefore, the decision to do the handover is crucial
Figure 2. E-UTRAN Architecture9.
in the handover design process, because its success and
efficiency largely depends on the accuracy and timeliness
S1 and X2 are two interfaces in the handover process in
of decisions.
the LTE network for active users. Both interfaces are used
for different purposes in the handover process. X2 plays
3.1.1 Handover Failures
a key role in the handover process in the LTE network.
Using the interface X2, the handover request message is Call interruption due to handover should be prevented
sent to the target eNodeB by initializing it. and conversation should be continued and preserved.
The interface S1 is defined between the eNodeB and This is a decisive goal for an optimized handover design.
the gateway S-GW/MME. Handover failure ratio equals the number of failed hando-
vers ( N HOfail ) divided by the total number of handovers.
The total number of handovers is the sum of failed and
successful handovers.
3. Handover Types
N HO fail
Handovers can be classified into soft and hard ones respec- HOF =
N HO fail + N HO succ
tively known as CBB and BBC. In hard handover, all radio

Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Study, Analysis and Improving of Handover Process in LTE System

3.1.2 Call Interruption 3.3.1 Hysteresis Limit

Call interruption ratio equals the possibility of cutting off The hysteresis limit or the handover limit is the most
the conversation before finishing it. This ratio is defined important parameter that covers the handover algorithm
between the two eNBs. If the link quality of a cell is higher
as the number of calls interrupted ( N dropped ) divided by
than that of the current cell link, handover will start with
the number of calls accepted by the network 3. a hysteresis value. This value is used to prevent ping pong
N dropped effect. However, this value could increase the failure,
CD = because sometimes it prevents necessary handovers.
N accepted
3.3.2 Time To Trigger (TTT)
3.2 Handover Measurements
When using TTT, handover starts only if trigger require-
Handover operations in the LTE network is part of the
ments have been met for a period of time. This parameter
radio resource management and is based on the user
can reduce the number of unnecessary handovers and
measurements. Handover decision is usually based
effectively prevent the ping pong handovers. However, it
on measurements of downlink channel including the
may delay the handover and increases the probability of
Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and signal-to-
handover failure.
interference plus noise ratio (SINR) which is measured at
the user level and is sent to the eNB.
4. Simulation
3.2.1 Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)
In this paper, the LTE downlink network is simulated by
The reference received signal power indicates the charac- Seamcat software. The radio network consists of 7 cells
teristic signal strength of the cell. This measurement is used with a bandwidth of 10 MHz, 51 Resource Blocks (RB)
to rank different LTE candidate cells according to their sig- and the carrier frequency of 2 GHz. A certain number
nal strength. It can also be used as a handover input for cell
of users are randomly placed within the network. A full
selection. The reference signal received power is calculated
buffer traffic network is intended with an antenna for the
based on the transmitted power P, the Path Loss (PL) and
user and two antennas for the base stations. Other simu-
Shadow Phenomenon (SF) as follows1:
lation assumptions are given in Table 1.
RSRP =P − PL − SF
Table 1. Simulation parameters

3.2.2 Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio Value Parameter

(SINR) 7 cells Cellular layout

500 m. Cell radius
SINR is used to optimize the transmitted power to
1 Frequency reuse
maintain the quality of the target service with handover
decision. Accurate estimation of SINR leads to improve 51 Number of Resource Block
efficiency of the system and attain higher service quality. 17 Number of Resource Block for one User
SINR is defined as the ratio of signal power to the sum of 2000 Mhz Carrier frequency
noise and interference powers at the receiver. 2015 Mhz Carrier frequency of interferer
0 dBi User Antena’s gain
3.3 Handover Parameters 15 dBi Base station Antena’s gain
Handover operation involves different parameters to 46 dBm BS Tx Power
improve its performance. It is of great importance to 3 dB Handover Margin
set optimal parameters. The handover procedure begins 4 dB Noise Figure
when two conditions are met: first, the RSRP of a cell 80 Khz RB Bandwidth
should be larger than the RSRP of the server cell plus the -10 dB Min SINR
hysteresis value, second: these conditions should con-
-174 dBm Noise Spectral Density
tinue at least for the period specified in the setting time3.

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 Alireza Zolghadrasli and Sara Hamidi

4.1 Wave Propagation Model obtained according to the calculated SNIR. This chart is
subject to changes based on simulation and its environ-
In this paper, the Hata model developed by 3GPP is used
ment. In this paper, the link performance is obtained
to simulate large cellular systems.
based on the downlink function.
f propagation= ( f , h1 , h2 , d , env )= L + T ( G (σ ) ) The bit rate is obtained from the following equation14:

N RB −UE
Pathloss= L + T ( G (σ ) ) Bit Ratekbps =
N total − RB
*( xbps ) SINR * BWMHz * bps _ to _ kbps _ conversion
Hz

where, NRB-UE is the number of resource blocks of the

In equation (5), f is the carrier frequency (MHz), h1
user and N total-RB is the total number of resource blocks.
is the transmitter antenna height (m), h2 is the receiver
antenna height (m), d is the distance between the trans-  X bps 
mitter and receiver (km) and env is a parameter related   is obtained from the diagram according to the
 HZ 
to the environment. In equation (6), the path loss is equal
SINR value.
to the wave propagation model (the developed Hata
model) plus the shadow phenomenon (T (G (σ))) with
a log-normal distribution and a standard deviation of σ.
4.3 Network Layouts
The Standard Deviation (SD) may have different values Figure 4 shows the network layout. The network consists
based on the distance, d. Here, according to the 3GPP of 7 base stations where a base station is in the center and
documentation, the shadow phenomenon is considered other stations are considered or located completely sym-
with a log-normal distribution and a standard deviation metrically around the central station. It is also assumed
of 10 dB14. that the area covered by each station is hexagonal where
the reference station is in the center of the hexagonal.
Each base station has three sectors and each sector is able
to send data simultaneously to 3 users. For this purpose,
a large number of users shown by red dots are randomly
distributed throughout the network. Then, according to
the propagation environment, the hysteresis and path
loss, 9 users per station and 63 users on the entire net-
work are connected to the base station. In the simulator,
the system producing external interference consists of
one base station shown by a pink dot. Using a computer
program, the shape of the network and the user distribu-
tion in sectors will be as follows:
Here, we assume that the base station of the other LTE
network which is considered as the interferer network has
Figure 3. Throughput vs SNIR. the same parameters as the initial LTE one. Like the origi-
nal LTE network, the bandwidth of this LTE interferer
4.2 Link Performance Model network is 10 MHz with a cell radius of 500 m and a max-
imum transmitting power of 46 dBm. We consider the
The modem output can be approximated by the attenu-
wave propagation model as the developed Hata model.
ated Shannon Band. The Shannon Band is the maximum
The base station producing the external interference is
theoretical output bit rate of an AWGN channel. The
located in a different position.
downlink is modeled based on the channel estimates
for the urban environment and the channel with deep
4.4 Simulation Results
feeding and a speed of 10 km per hour. Figure 3 shows
the channel output (bps/HZ) versus SNR for E UTRAN As mentioned previously, the handover is implemented
coexistence studies15. Using this diagram, the system within the LTE network in the vicinity of another opera-
throughput or the system spectral efficiency (bps/Hz) is tor. The SINR received by the user through its receptors as

Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Study, Analysis and Improving of Handover Process in LTE System

well as the data rate of user are examined. Then, the hando- the SINR received by the users significantly increases by
ver failure rate is investigated with the aim of designing approximately 25 dB. In other words, with an increase
and optimizing the network under consideration. In all in the distance between the two base stations, the SINR
the simulations in this section, the users are located ran- received by the users is significantly improved.
domly. In each run, the users are randomly generated. In
other programs, new users will be randomly generated in
each run. We consider two scenarios for simulations. In
the first scenario, the base station of the desired network
and the interference network are assumed to have one
sector. In the second scenario, the LTE network consists
of three sectors while the interference network has only
one sector.

Figure 5. Users SINR (first scenario).

Figure 6 shows the received data rate in the case where

the base station has only one sector (first scenario). As
can be seen, with increasing the distance from 100 m to
500 m, the received data rate increases up to 2500 Kbps.
With increasing the distance between the two stations up
to 1000 m when the interference station’s coverage area
Figure 4. Network layout. has common borders with base station’s coverage area, the
data rate increases up to about 4800 Kbps. With increas-
Figure 5 shows the SINR received by the users in the ing the distance between the external interference station
reference cell versus the distance between the base station and the boundaries of the cell so that the area covered
of the interference network and the reference base station by them do not overlap with each other, for example at a
for the first scenario. As mentioned, in this case, the base distance of 3000 m, the data rate increases up to approx-
station has one sector. It is also assumed that the other sta- imately 7800 Kbps. In other words, with an increase in
tions on the network affect the reference station and this the distance between the two base stations, the data rate
station also receives intercellular interferences. According received by the users (like SINR) is significantly improved.
to the simulatin results, with 2 meters increase between Figure 7 shows the handover failure rate versus the
the stations, the SINR received by the user increases. distance between the base station of the interference net-
When the distance between the two stations increases work and the reference base station for the first scenario.
from 100 m to 500 m, the SINR received increases by Simulations were performed for different values ​​of the
about 7 dB. By increasing the distance to 1,000 m when interference signal power. According to the simulation
the interference station’s coverage area has common bor- results, the lowest handover failure rate requires a large
ders with our original base station’s coverage area, the protective distance. Considering the interference power
SINR received increases by about 13.6 dB. According to of 46 dBm, when the distance between the two stations is
simulation results, with increasing the distance between 100 m, the handover failure rate is about 43% which is a
the external interferer station and the boundaries of the high failure rate for a practical network. By reducing the
original cell so that the area covered by them do not over- interference power to 40 dBm, the handover failure rate
lap with each other, for example at a distance of 3000 m, reaches 30% within 100 m. considering an interference

6 Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Alireza Zolghadrasli and Sara Hamidi

power of 35 dBm, the failure rate decreases by 10 per- received by the adjacent band, the handover failure rate
cent and reaches 20 percent which is still high. To obtain can be improved. The simulation results were obtained
a failure rate of less than 1 percent requires a protective using a propagation pattern in such a way that the ratio
distance larger than 3 km for an interference power of 46 of power required for the propagated pattern in the adja-
dBm and more than 1 km for an interference power of cent band is attenuated by 20 dB using a receptor with
35 dBm. Thus, by reducing the interference power and ACS = 33 dB. ACS is a parameter which indicates the
increasing the protective distance according to design receiver filter attenuation on a channel frequency allo-
goals, an acceptable failure rate or successful handover cated to the receiver filter attenuation on the adjacent
can be achieved. channel frequency15. The results of the simulation show
that considering a propagation pattern for the transmitter
and using receivers with the ability to reduce the interfer-
ence power in the adjacent band, it is possible to achieve
a lower handover failure rate at protective distances less
than 700 m.

Figure 6. Throughput for scenario one.

Figure 8. Handover Failure Rate (first scenario).

Figure 9 shows the SINR received by the users in the

reference cell versus the distance between the base sta-
tion of the interference network and the reference base
station for the second scenario. In this case, the base sta-
tion has three sectors. According to simulation results,
with increasing the distance between the stations, the
SINR received by the users increases. When the distance
between the two stations increases from 100 m to 500 m,
Figure 7. Handover failure rate (first scenario). the SINR received increases by about 2 dB. By increas-
ing the distance to 1000 m when the interference station’s
According to above discussion, reducing the base coverage area has common borders with base station’s
station power of the interference network for a certain coverage area, the SINR received increases about 3.4 dB.
protective distance improves the handover failure rate. As simulation results show, with increasing the distance
Consequently, as shown in Figure 8, by designing a prop- between the external interference station and the bound-
agation pattern for the transmitter so that the radiation aries of the cell so that the area covered by them do not
power in adjacent band is properly attenuated as well as overlap with each other, for example at a distance of 3000
by using appropriate receptors to attenuate the power m, the SINR received by the users increases up to approx-

Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7
 Study, Analysis and Improving of Handover Process in LTE System

imately 5.2 dB. In other words, with an increase in the do not overlap with each other, for example at a distance
distance between the two base stations, the SINR received of 3Km, the data rate increases up to 1800 Kbps. In the
by the users is significantly improved. Comparing Figures other words, with an increase in the distance between the
9 and 5, the received SINR range is significantly reduced two base stations, the data rate received by the users (like
to 70 dB. Given that the cell has three sectors and due to SINR) is significantly improved.
the inter-system interference, SINR reduction is justified. Figure 11 shows the handover failure rate versus
the distance between the base station and the external
interference station for a base station with 3 sectors.
Simulations were performed for different values ​​of the
interference signal power. Considering an interference
power of 46 dBm, when the distance between two stations
is 100 m, the failure rate is 26 percent. With reducing the
interference power to 40 dBm, the handover failure rate
reaches to 18% when the distance of two stations is 100 m.
Considering an interference power of 35 dBm, the hando-
ver failure rate will be 12 percent. To achieve a failure rate
of less than 1 percent requires a protective distance more
than 2 km for an interference power of 46 dBm, more than
1 km for an interference power of 40 dBm and more than
700 m for an interference power of 35 dBm. Although
the range of the received SINR (Figure 9) decreases due
Figure 9. Users SINR (second scenario). to reduced intracellular interference as compared with
Figure 5. The handover failure rate is improved about 17
percent due to the increased number of reference cell base
stations (compare Figures 11 with 7).

Figure 10. Throughput (second scenario).

Figure 10 shows the received data rate in the second Figure 11. Handover failure rate (second scenario).
scenario. As can be seen, with increasing the distance
from 100 m to 500 m, the received data rate increases up As shown in Figure 12, by designing a propagation
to 850 Kbps. With increasing the distance to 1000 meters pattern on the transmitter side so that the radiation power
when the interference station’s coverage area has com- in the adjacent band is properly attenuated as well as by
mon borders with base station’s coverage area, the data using receptors to attenuate the power received by the
rate increases to about 1300 Kbps. With increasing the adjacent band, the handover failure rate can be improved.
distance between the external interference station and the The simulation results were obtained using the propaga-
boundaries of the cell so that the area covered by them tion pattern in such a way that the power propagated in

8 Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Alireza Zolghadrasli and Sara Hamidi

the adjacent band is attenuated by 15 dB using a recep- distance and controlling the received power from the
tor with ACS = 33 dB. The results of the simulation show interference system, the desired network performance
that considering a propagation pattern for the transmitter could be achieved.
and using receivers with the ability to reduce the interfer-
ence power in the adjacent band, it is possible to achieve
a lower handover failure rate at protective distances less
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10 Vol 11 (35) | September 2018 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology