S J P N Trust's

ECE Dept.
Hirasugar Institute of Technology, Nidasoshi. PE
Inculcating Values, Promoting Prosperity VII Sem
Approved by AICTE, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka and Affiliated to VTU Belagavi 2017-18

Department of Electronics & Communication Engg.

Course: Power Electronics (15EC73). Sem.: 7th (2017-18)

Course Coordinator:
Prof. D. M. Kumbhar
INTRODUCTION
TO POWER
ELECTRONICS
 Relation with multiple disciplines

Systems & Signal

Control theory processing
Circuit
Simulation &
theory
computing

Electric Power
machines Electronics
electronics

Power Solid state

systems physics
Electromagnetics

Power electronics is currently the most active

discipline in electric power engineering worldwide.
 Quotes
• “We now live in truly globally society, in the
highly automated industrial front with economic
competitiveness of nation, in future the two
technologies will dominate – Computer and
Power Electronics.”
• “Modern computers, communication and
electronic systems get their blood from Power
Electronics.”
• “Solid state electronics brought the first
revolution where as solid state power electronics
brought second revolution.”
 Energy scenario

• 87 % Electrical energy – coal, oil and wood,

• 6% Electrical energy – nuclear,
• 7 % Electrical energy – renewable resources.
• In India 70 % Electrical energy – thermal energy.
• Limited fuel – 200 years.
• Will civilization ends after 200 years?
• Responsibility
• Solution – efficient use, improve conversion
efficiency and use renewable energy resources.
Power conversion cycle
 Issues
• Pollution – Is it decreased?
• Bulk load – induction motors & lighting
• Motor load – constant or variable speed
Is variable voltage / frequency can be given?
• Fan speed regulator – electrical and electronic
Is size, heat and power loss reduced?
• Air conditioner – On/Off problem
voltage deep and stress on cable reduced?
• DC Power Supply and SMPS Can we eliminate TFR?
• Speed Computer How to minimize switching losses?
• Transmission line loss – Can we reduce it?
• Lighting load – Can we increase illumination with
minimum size, noise and cost.
 Outline of Subject
• Module 1- Introduction & Power
Transistors
• Module 2- Thyristors
• Module 3 - Controlled Rectifiers & AC
Voltage Controllers
• Module 4 - DC-DC Converters
• Module 5 - Pulse Width Modulated
Inverters
 Books
• "Power Electronics" - M. H. Rashid 3rd edition,
PHI/Pearson publisher 2004.
• “Power Electronics” – M. D. Singh &
Kanchandani K. B. TMH, Publisher, 2007.
• “Power Electronics, Essentials and
Applications”, L Umanand, John Wiley India Pvt.
Ltd,2009.
• "Power Electronics" Daniel W. Hart, McGraw
Hill,2010.
• "Power Electronics" V Nattarasu and R.S.
Anandamurthty, Pearson/Sanguine Pub.2006.
 Internal Reputed National
Journals
• IEEE Journal of Power Electronics
• IEEE Journal of Industrial Applications
• IEEE Journal of Industrial Electronics
• IEEE Journal of Power Delivery
 What is power electronics?

• Power Electronics – Interesting

Important
Easy to understand
• Definition
• Goal of Power Electronics
 Definition
Power electronics is the electronics
applied to conversion and control of
electric power.

Goal
Control the flow of energy from source to
load.
 What is power electronics?
• Power Electronics – G-T-D.
• Definition
Application of Power Electronics circuit for conversion of
energy is known as power electronics.
Use of electronics for large power control is known as
Power Electronics.
Application of semiconductor devices to control and
conversion of electric power is known as Power Electronics.
• Electric power is the major form of energy source used in
modern human society.
• The objective of power electronics is exactly about how to
use electric power, and how to use it effectively and
efficiently, and how to improve the quality and utilization of
electric power.
 Power electronic system

Generic structure of a power electronic system

Electronics
Power Power
(Solid state output
(static & Dynamic devices)
Devices)
Control input
Feedforward/Feedback Feedback/Feedforward
Controller
( measurements of input signals ) ( measurements of output signals )
Reference
(commanding)

Power electronics – brain and muscle.

Conversion of electric power

Electric
Power Power Power
input output
Converter

Control
input

Changeable properties in
Types of electric power
conversion

DC(Direct Current) Magnitude

Frequency, magnitude,
AC (Alternating Current)
number of phases
 Applications

•Heat control
•Light control
•Speed control
•Power supplies
•Audio and video applications
•Other
 The history
Application of
fast-switching
Invention of fully-controlled
Thyristor semiconductor
devices GTO
GTR IGBT
Mercury arc rectifier Power diode Power MOSFET Power MOSFET
Vacuum-tube rectifier Thyristor Thyristor Thyristor
Thyratron (microprocessor) (DSP)
1900 1957 mid 1970s late 1980s

Pre-history 1st phase 2nd phase 3rd phase

The thread of the power electronics history precisely follows and

matches the break-through and evolution of power electronic
devices
 Power semiconductor devices
• Diodes
• Transistors – BJT, MOSFET, IGBT, SIT.
• Thyristors – SCR, LASCR, TRIAC, GTO,
SITH, MCT.
• Silicon, Germanium.
 Power diode
• P-I-N structure.
• Symbol and characteristics.
• Types - 1. General purpose (6000V/4500A)
trr-25µs, speed-50-60Hz,
Applications – battery chargers, power supplies, m/c control.

2. High speed (6000V/1100A)

trr-0.1 to 5µs, (50ns) high speed in GHz,
Applications – choppers, inverters,
Higher voltage drop.
3.Schottky (100V/30A)
trr- 5µs, high speed in GHz
Low voltage drop –o.5 to 1.5V.
Power semiconductor devices
Thyristors
Thyristors Characteristics
 Thyristors
• Commutation circuit
• Line commutation
• Turn off time
• Holding current
• Latching current
 Types of Thyristors
• Line commutated Thyristors
• Forced commutated Thyristors
• Gate Turn Off Thyristors (GTO)
• Reverse Conducting Thyristors (RCT)
• Static Induction Thyristors (SITH)
• Gate Assisted Turn Off Thyristors (GATT)
• MOS Controlled Thyristors (MCT)
• Emitter Controlled Thyristors (ECT)
• Integrated Gate Commutated Thyristors (IGCT)
• MOS Turn Off Thyristors (MTO)
• Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier (LASCR)
 Thyristors types

Natural /Line RCTs GATT (Gate LASCR (Light TRIAC

commutated (Reverse Assisted Turn Activated
Thyristor Conduction off Thyristor) SCR )
Thyristor)
General High speed High speed HVDC System Low power
purpose switching switching applications
Ex. Traction Ex. Traction AC, heat,
light, motor
control,
washing m/c
6000V 4000V 1200V 6000V 1200V
4500A 2000A R 800A 400A 1500A 300A
100-400µs 22-100µs 10-50µs 200-400µs 200-400µs
0.48 - 0.72mΩ 2.1mΩ 2.2mΩ 53mΩ 3.6mΩ
 Thyristors
GTO (Gate MTO ETO( IGCT MCT (Moss
turn off (Moss Emitter ( Integrated gate controlled
thyristor) turn off turn off commuted thyristor)
thyristor) thyristor) thyristor)
Medium power High High power Medium power Medium
application- power application converter power
UPS, Electric application converter
car, motor
control
6000V 10kv 6kv 4500V 1400 – 4500V
6000A 4000A 4000A 250A 65 – 250A
50 – 110µs 80 - 110µs 80 - 110µs 80 - 110µs 50 - 110µs
1.07mΩ 10.2mΩ 0.5mΩ 0.8mΩ 10mΩ
Thyristors
Power Transistors
Power Transistors
• Symbol & VI Characteristics of commonly
used semiconductor devices

• Control Characteristics of semiconductor

devices
 Types of Power Electronic
Circuits
• AC-DC Converters- a) Uncontrolled Rectifiers
b) Controlled Rectifiers
• AC-AC Converters- a) AC voltage controllers
(ACVC)
b) Cycloconverters
• DC-DC Converters
• DC-AC Converters
• Static switches
 AC-DC Converters -
Uncontrolled Rectifiers
AC-DC Converters –
Controlled Rectifiers
 dv/dt and di/dt protection
• Voltage surge
• Current surge
• Over current
• Over voltage
 dv/dt and di/dt protection
• Snubber for dv/dt • Snubber for dv/dt
protection protection
• with diode
dv/dt and di/dt protection
Gate Firing / Triggering Circuits
Requirements of triggering circuit
• Ensure triggering
• Prevent false triggering
• Provide isolation
• Power loss – low
• Should not sink current
• Sufficient pulse width
• Voltage / current applied within limit
R Firing circuit
R Firing circuit
RC Firing circuit
R C Triggering
R C Triggering
Synchronized UJT Triggering
Synchronized UJT Triggering
Synchronized UJT Triggering
Microprocessor based training
 Thyristor Turn Off Methods
• Natural commutation
• Forced commutation
• Class A – self commutation by resonating
load
• Class B – self commutation by LC circuit
• Class C – complimentary commutation
• Class D – auxillary commutation (Impulse)
• Class E – external pulse commutation
• Class F – line commutation
Class A – self commutation
Class A – self commutation
Class B – self commutation
Class C – complimentary
commutation
Class C – complimentary
commutation
Class D – Auxiliary commutation
Class D – Auxiliary commutation
Class D – Auxiliary commutation
Class E – External pulse
commutation
Class F – AC Line commutation