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EE65 – DESIGN OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES
(2 Marks Questions and Answers)

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Unit – I
INTRODUCTION

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1. What is Engineering Design?
Engineering design is the applications of science, technology and inventions to
produce machine to perform a specified task with minimum cost and maximum

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efficiency.

2. What are the major considerations in electrical machine design?

Cost
Durability
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Compliance with performance criteria.
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3. What are the limitations in design?

Saturation
Temperature rise
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Insulation
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Efficiency
Mechanical parts
Commutation
Power factor
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4. What is mean by high conductivity materials?

These materials are used for making all types of windings required in electical
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machines; these materials should have atleast possible resistivity.

5. Mention the properties of high conducting materials.

High possible conductivity
Least possible resistance

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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High mechanical strength
Rollability and drawability

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6. What are Ferro magnetic materials?
The relative permeability of these materials are much greater than unity.

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7. What are Para magnetic materials?
The relative permeability of these materials are slightly greater than unity.

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8. What are Dia magnetic materials?
The relative permeability of these materials are slightly lesser than unity.

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9. What are the types of magnetic materials?
Soft magnetic materials
Hard magnetic materials
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10. Mention the properties of insulating materials.
High resistivity
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High dielectric strength

High mechanical strength
Good thermal conductivity.
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11. What is mean by specific magnetic loading?

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It is defined as the average amount of flux density present in the air gap is called
specific magnetic loading.
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12. What is mean by specific electric loading?

It is defined as the total number of current carrying conductors present in the
armature surface is called specific electric loading.
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13. Mention the methods to measure the temperature of a machine.

Thermometer method
Resistance method
Embedded temperature detectors

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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14. Define conduction.
If the heat energy is transferred from one place to another place with the help of
solid medium is known as conduction.

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15. Define convection.

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If the heat energy is transferred from one place to another place with the help of
liquid medium is known as convection.

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16. Define radiation.
If the heat energy is transferred from one place to another place with the help of
air or gas medium is called radiation.

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17. How is heat produced in a rotating electrical machine?
In rotating machine various losses (Iron loss, Copper loss, Frictional loss) will
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be produced when it runs, these losses are converted into heat energy as a result of this
various parts of the machine gets heated.
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18. State any two methods of cooling turbo alternator?
Air cooling
Hydrogen cooling
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19. Distinguish between real flux density and apparent flux density.
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Real flux density = actual flux in a tooth

tooth area

Apparent flux density = total flux in a slot pitch

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tooth area

20. Define leakage factor.

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Leakage co-efficient = useful flux + leakage flux

useful flux

Leakage co-efficient = total flux

useful flux

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
Prepared by, G.Vijay Singh

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Unit – II
DC MACHINES

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1. Define Brush contact loss.
It is defined as the product of voltage drop across the brush and current in the brush.

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Brush contact loss = Brush voltage drop x Armature brush current.

2. Write the guiding factors for choice of number of armature slots of DCmachine.

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a) Slot pitch
b) Slot leading
c) Flux pulsations
d) Commutation

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3. What are the main parts of dc motor?
a) Yoke
b) Field Poles
c) Field Windings
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d) Armature Core
e) Armature Windings
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f) Commutator
g) Brushes
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4. State the relation between number of commutator segments and number of

armature coils in a dc generator.
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Number of coils, C = Number of commutator segments

5. State different losses in a dc machine.

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a) Copper loss
b) Iron loss
c) Frictional and windage loss
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d) Stray load loss

6. The armature of a dc motor has 240 coils. What is the number of commutator
segments?
Number of coils, C = Number of commutator segments
So, Number of commutator segments = 240.

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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7. Distinguish between wave winding and lap winding.

Lap winding:
a) The number of parallel path is equal to number of poles.

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b) Current through a conductor is Ia / p.

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Wave winding:
a) The number of parallel path is two.
b) Current through a conductor is Ia / 2.

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8. State any two guiding factors for selecting the number of poles in a dc machine.
a) Frequency should lies between 25 to 50Hz.
b) Current per Brush arm should not be more than 400A.

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c) Armature mmf per pole should be in the range of 5000 to 12,500 AT.
d) Choose the largest value of pole which satisfy the above 3 conditions.

9.
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What are the advantages of having large number of poles in dc machine?
a) Weight of armature gets reduced
b) Cost of armature and field windings becomes less
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c) Overall length and diameter of machine gets reduced
d) Length of commutator gets reduced
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10. What are the disadvantages of having more number of poles in dc machine?
a) Frequency gets decrease
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b) Labors charges increase

c) Possibility of flash over between brush arm
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11. What are the advantages of large length of air-gap in dc machines?

a) Lesser Noise
b) Better cooling
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c) Reduced circulating current

d) Lesser armature reaction

12. What is the range of specific electric loading in dc machine?

The usual range of specific electric loading in dc machine is 15000 to 50000
ampere conductors/ meter.
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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13. What are the factors that influence the choice of specific electric loading?
Temperature rise, Speed of the machine, Voltage, Size of machine,
Armature reaction, Commutation

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14. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic

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loading?
Flux density in the iron parts, Frequency of flux reversal and
Size of the machine

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15. What is the range of specific magnetic loading in dc machine?
The usual range of specific magnetic loading in dc machine is 0.4 to 0.8

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16. What is back pitch?
The distance between top and bottom coil sides of a coil measured around the
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back of the armature is called the back pitch.

17. What is front pitch?

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The front pitch is the distance between two coil sides connected to the same
commutator segment.
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18. What is equalizer connection?

The equalizer connections are low resistance copper conductors employed in lap
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winding to equalize the induced emf in parallel paths. The difference in induced
emf in parallel path is due to slight unsymmetrical in flux per pole in dc machines.
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19. What are the effects of armature reaction?

The various effects of armature reaction are reduced in induced emf, increase in
iron losses, delayed commutation, sparking and ring firing.
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20. How the effects of armature reaction can be reduced?

Increasing the length of air gap at pole tips
Increasing the reluctance at pole tips
Providing compensating windings and inerpoles.
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
Prepared by, G.Vijay Singh

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UNIT – III
TRANSFORMERS

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1. Distinguish between Core and Shell type transformer.

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Core type:
There is only one magnetic path.
The core is surrounded by the windings.

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Shell type:
There are two parallel magnetic paths.

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The windings are surrounded by the core.

2. State different losses in a transformer.

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Iron loss (Eddy current & Hysteresis loss) in the primary windings
Copper loss in the primary windings
Iron loss in the secondary windings
Copper loss in the secondary windings
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3. Write the relation between Core area and weight of iron and copper for a single
phase transformer.
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Gi = C Ai
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Gc Kw Aw
Where, Ai - Core area
Gi - weight of iron
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Gc - weight of copper

4. State the merits of three phase transformer over single phase transformer.
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Merits of 3-phase transformer

Less weight
Occupies less space
Cheaper
More efficient

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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5. Define voltage regulation of a transformer.
Due to increase in load and load current, the secondary terminal voltage drop

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from no-load value (E2) to load value (V2). This decrease in the secondary terminal
voltage is expressed as a fraction of the no-load secondary terminal voltage is called

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voltage regulation of a transformer.
% Voltage regulation = E2 – V2 x 100
E2

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6. State the reasons for preferring circular coils in comparison to rectangular coils
in transformer windings.

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The excessive leakage fluxes produced during short circuit and over loads
develop high mechanical stresses on the coils. On circular coils these forces are radial
and there is no tendency for the coil to change its shape. But on rectangular coils the
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forces are perpendicular to the conductors and tend to deform the coil in circular form.
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7. Why top and bottom surfaces of the transformer tank are not considered for the
design of cooling tubes for transformer?
The top and bottom surface of the tank are not considered for the design of
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cooling tubes because we can’t fix cooling tubes in the top and bottom surface. If we
fix cooling tubes in the top and bottom surface then there will be no natural circulation
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of oil inside the tubes.

8. State the factors on which the thermal time constant of a transformer depends.
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It depends on;
Weight
Specific heat
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Specific heat dissipation

9. What is mean by window space factor of a transformer?

The window space factor is defined as the ratio of copper area in window to
total area of window. Kw = Ac / Aw

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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10. What is the range of efficiency of a transformer?
The efficiency of a commercial transformer will be in the range of 94% to 99%
among the available electrical machines the transformer ha the highest efficiency.

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11. What are the various types of transformers?
Core type and shell type transformers.

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12. List the different types of windings used in core type transformers.
Cylindrical winding
Helical winding

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Double helical winding
Cross over winding

13. What is the range of flux density in transformer?

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For distribution transformer it lies between 1.1 to 1.35 wb/m2
For power transformer it lies between 1.25 to 1.45 wb/m2
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14. What are the factors to be considered to choose the type of winding for a core
type transformer?
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Current density
Short circuit current
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Temperature rise
Surge voltage
Impedance
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15. How the heat dissipated in a transformer?

The heat dissipated by means of conduction, convection and radiation.
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16. Why cooling tubes are provided?

Cooling tubes are provided to increase heat dissipating area of the tank.

17. Why transformer oil is used as a cooling medium?

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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When transformer oil is used as a coolant the heat dissipation by convection is
10 times more than the convection due to air.

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18. How the heat is improved by the provision of cooling tubes.
The cooling tubes will improve the circulation of oil. The circulation of oil is

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due to more effective pressure heads produced by columns of oil in tubes. The
improvement in cooling is accounted by taking the specific heat dissipation due to
convection as 35% more than that without tubes.

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19. What are the factors to be considered for selecting the cooling methods of a
transformer?

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The choice of cooling method depend on KVA rating of transformer, size,
application and the site condition where it has to be installed.
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20. List the different methods of cooling of transformers.
Air natural
Air blast
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Oil natural
Oil natural air forced
Oil natural water forced
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Oil forced
Oil forced air natural
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Oil forced air forced

Oil forced water forced.
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
Prepared by, G.Vijay Singh

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UNIT – IV

INDUCTION MOTOR

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1. State the effect of change of air gap length in a three phase Induction motor.

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Power factor
Overload capacity
Pulsation loss

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Unbalanced magnetic pull
Cooling
Noise

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2. Define unbalanced magnetic pull.
Unbalanced magnetic pull is defined as the tendency to bend the shaft at a place
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where it is already bend resulting in fouling of rotor with stator.

3. List the main parts of a slip-ring induction motor.

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Stator slots, Stator windings
Rotor core, Rotor windings
Slip rings
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Shaft
Carbon brushes
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External resistance

4. What are the functions of end rings in the rotor of a cage induction motor?
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The function of end rings is to connect all the rotor conductors and thus forms a
closed path within the rotor conductors.
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5. What are the different losses in an Induction motor?

Stator iron loss & Stator copper loss
Rotor copper loss
Friction loss
Windage loss

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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6. What is the use of circle diagram of a 3-phase cage induction motor?
Circle diagram is used to obtain the following information’s;

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Full load current

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Power factor
Maximum power output

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7. State two rules for selecting the number of rotor slots of a squirrel cage Induction
motor.
Number of rotor slots should not be equal to the stator slots but it must be either

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larger or smaller.

Difference between number of stator slots and rotor slots should not be equal to
0, P, 2P, +3P, +5P, +1, +2, +(P+1), +(P+2).
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8. Why the length of air gap in an Induction motor is kept minimum possible range?
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The length of air gap in an induction motor should be as small as possible in
order to keep down the magnetizing current and to improve the power factor.
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9. Write the expression for output equation and coefficient of induction motor.
Output equation, Q = Co D2Lns
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Output co-efficient Co = 11Kw Bav ac * 10-3

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10. How the induction motor can be designed for best power factor?
For designing a induction motor with best power factor,
The condition is ι = √ 0.18L
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11. What are the main dimensions of induction motor?

The main dimensions of induction motor are stator core internal diameter and
stator core length.

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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12. What type of connection is preferred for stator of induction motor?

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Under running condition the stator of induction motor is normally connected in
delta. But for reducing the starting current, the stator can be connected in star while

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starting and then changed to delta.

13. What are the ranges of specific magnetic loading and electric loading in

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induction motor?
Specific magnetic loading, Bav = 0.3 to 0.6 wb/m2
Specific electric loading, ac = 5000 to 45000 ac/m.

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14. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading?
Copper loss no
Temperature rise
Voltage rating
Overload capacity
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15. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic
loading?
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Power factor
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Iron loss
Overload capacity
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16. What types of slots are preferred in induction motor?

Semi enclosed slots are preferred for induction motor. It results in less air gap
contraction factor giving a small value of magnetizing currents, low tooth pulsation
loss and much noise less operation.
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17. What is full pitch and short pitch winding?

When the coil span is equal to pole pitch, the winding is called full pitched
winding. When the coil span is less than the pole pitch the winding is called short
pitched winding.

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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18. What is skewing?
Skewing is twisting either the stator or rotor core. The motor noise, vibrations,

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cogging and synchronous cusps can be reduced or entirely eliminated by skewing.

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19. What is crawling?
Crawling is a phenomenon in which the induction motor runs at a speed lesser
than sub synchronous speed.

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20. What is clogging?
Clogging is a phenomenon in which the induction motor refuses to start.

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5s
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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UNIT – V

SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

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1. Name the two types of synchronous machines.
Salient pole machine
Cylindrical pole machines.

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2. What is the use of damper winding?
Synchronous alternator: it is provided to suppress the negative sequence field

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and to damp the oscillations when the machine starts hunting.
Synchronous motor: it is used to provide starting torque and to develop
damping power when the machine starts hunting.
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3. How is cylindrical pole different from salient pole in a synchronous machine?
Salient pole type has its rotor poles projecting out from the rotor core, this type
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of rotor are used for low speed generator and synchronous motor.
Cylindrical pole type has a smooth solid steel cylinder type rotor, having
number of slots to accommodate the field coils. The poles are not projecting outside
and the surface of the rotor is smooth. These types of rotor are used for high speed
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alternators.
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4. What are the constructional differences between salient pole type alternator and
cylindrical rotor type alternator?
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In Salient pole alternator the rotor poles are projecting out from the rotor core.
In Cylindrical rotor type alternator the rotor surface is smooth and the poles are
not projecting out of the rotor core.
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5. Define run away speed of a synchronous machine.

The run-away speed is defined as the speed which the prime mover would have,
if it is suddenly unloaded when working at its rated load.

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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6. Define SCR.
The Short Circuit Ratio of a machine is defined as the ratio of field current
required to produce rated voltage on open circuit to field current required to circulate

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rated current at short circuit.

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7. What are the effects of SCR on machine performance?
Voltage regulation

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Stability
Parallel operation
Short circuit current
Self excitation

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8. What is the use of damper winding in synchronous alternator and motor?
Synchronous alternator:
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It is provided to suppress the negative sequence field and to damp the
oscillations when the machine starts hunting.
Synchronous motor:
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It is used to provide starting torque and to develop damping power when the
machine starts hunting.
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9. How does damper winding improve the performance of a synchronous machine?

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Damper winding provides good starting torque and also it develops good
damping power to the machine, thus improves the performance of the synchronous
machine.
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10. State the factors that must be considered in choosing air gap length in the case of
a synchronous generator.
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Armature mmf
No load field mmf
Short circuit ratio
Flux density
Pole pitch
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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11. What are the advantages of large air gap in synchronous machine?
Better cooling
Lower tooth pulsation loss

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Lower noise level
Small unbalanced magnetic pull

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12. What are the disadvantages of large air gap in synchronous machine?

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Small value of inherent regulation
Higher value of stability limit
Higher synchronizing power

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13. What are the limiting factors for the diameter of synchronous machine?
The selection of diameter D depends on;
i) types of poles used
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For rectangular pole L/ ι = 1 to 5
For round pole L/ ι = 0.6 to 0.7
ii) Peripheral speed
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14. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific magnetic loading?
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Iron loss
Voltage rating
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Stability
Parallel operation
15. What are the factors to be considered for the choice of specific electric loading?
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Copper loss
Temperature rise
Voltage rating
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Synchronous reactance

16. What are the two types of pole used in salient pole machine?
Cylindrical or round pole
Rectangular pole

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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
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17. Mention the two peripheral speeds based on the machine construction.
Bolted on pole construction – 50 m/s
Dove tail or T- head construction – 80 m/s

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18. Name the various factors to be considered for selecting the armature slots.
Balanced winding
Cost

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Leakage reactance
Flux density in iron

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19. What are the ranges of specific loading used for water cooled generators?
Bav = 0.54 to 0.62 wb/m2
ac = 180000 to 200000 a/m
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20. What are the limiting factors for the diameter of synchronous machines?
For cylindrical rotor machines the peripheral speed is 175 m/sec
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For salient pole machine the peripheral speed is 80 m/sec.
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5s
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Department of EEE – Design of Electrical Machines (2 Marks)
Prepared by, G.Vijay Singh

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