Banaras Hindu University

Faculty of Science
Department of Geography
M.Sc. Geography: 2 Years Semester Course Outline, 2013-2014
NOTE: The courses for M.Sc. and M.A. are identically the same, except code GRM/ GRA.

SEMESTER - I
Paper Code Explanation TITLE Credits
GRM101 Theory Emerging Geographical Thought 4
GRM102 Theory Physical Landscape and Hydrology 4
GRM103 Theory Advanced Geography of India 4
GRM104 Practical Physical Diagrams, Hydrology and Map Projections 2
GRM105 Practical Spatial Analysis: Locational and Network 2
GRM106 Assignment- Based Seminar I 2
TOTAL 18

SEMESTER -II
Paper Code Explanation TITLE Credits
GRM201 Theory Advanced Geomorphology 4
GRM202 Theory Geography of Resources 4
One paper of the special group to be selected from the following:
GRM203A Population Geography
GRM203B Theory Resource Planning 4
GRM203C Advanced Cartography

GRM204 Practical Statistical Methods and Data Processing 2

The corresponding practical of special group to be selected from the following:

GRM205A Practical Population Geography

GRM205B Resource Planning 2
GRM205C Advanced Cartography
GRM206M *# Theory Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (Minor Elective)*# 2
GRM207 Assignment- Based Seminar II 2
TOTAL 20

SEMESTER - III
Paper Code Explanation TITLE Credits
GRM301 Theory GIS and Its Application 4
GRM302 Theory Environmental Studies 4
One paper of the special group to be selected from the following:
 GRM303A Geography of Rural Settlements
GRM303B Theory Regional Planning 4
GRM303C Aerial Photo Interpretation.
GRM304 Practical Remote Sensing and GIS; Soil, Water and Air 2
Analysis
The corresponding practical of special group to be selected from the following:
GRM305A Geography of Rural Settlements
GRM305B Regional Planning 2
GRM305C Practical Aerial Photo Interpretation and GIS
GRM306M *# Theory Population and Development (Minor Elective) 2
GRM307 Practical Field Study and Geographical Excursion 2
GRM308 Assignment- Based Seminar III 2
TOTAL 22

SEMESTER - IV
Paper Code Explanation TITLE Credits
GRM401 Theory Interdisciplinary Research Methods and Techniques 4
One paper of the special group to be selected from the following:
GRM402A Urban Geography
GRM402B Theory Rural and Urban Planning 4
GRM402C Satellite Image Interpretation.
The corresponding practical of the special group to be selected from the following:
GRM403A Urban Geography
GRM403B Practical Rural and Urban Planning 2
GRM403C Satellite Image Interpretation
GRM404 Practical Instrumental and Socio-economic (2+2 Credits) 4
GRM405 Assignment- Based Seminar IV 2
GRM406 Practical Field Work Dissertation and Viva Voce: (2+2 Credits) 4

TOTAL 20

*# Minor Electives : GRM 206 M and GRM 306M

Department of Geography, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP 221005

M.Sc. Geography. SEMESTER – I

GRM101: Emerging Geographical Thought
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic Frame and Concepts. Man-environment interaction: New environmentalism; Concepts: space,
place, environment, time, and spatial organisation; Region and regional typology; Culture and cultural
landscape.
UNIT II
Modern Approaches. Quantitative revolution and challenges; Philosophy and geography:
Contributions of Vidal de la Blache, and Carl Sauer; Humanistic and phenomenological geography:
contributions of Yi-Fu Tuan; Literary geography: landscape as text.
UNIT III
Contemporary Trends. Qualitative paradigm; Behavioural revolution: perception and cognition,
mental maps; Marxism; Postmodernism; Poststructuralism and Postcolonialism.

UNIT IV
Indian Geography: Base and Trends. Postcolonialism and Indian geography; Gandhi’s
contribution and Indian geography; Gaia theory and links to Indian literature; Ancient Indian
geography and scientific outlook (e.g. cultural astronomy); Future of Indian geography: problems,
perspectives and prospects.

Books Recommended
Adams, P., Steven, H. and Karel, T. (eds.) (2001): Texture of Place. Exploring Humanistic
Geographies. University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.
Anderson, K., Domosh, M., Pile, S. and Thrift, N. (eds.) (2003): Handbook of Cultural
Geography. Sage Publications, London.
Barnes, T. and Gregory, D. (eds.) (1997): Readings in Human Geography: The Poetics and
Politics of Inquiry. Arnold, London.
Bunkše, E. V. (2004): Geography and the Art of Life. John Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Buttimer, A. (1971): Society and Milieu in the French Geographic Tradition. Rand McNally,
Chicago.
Daniels, P., Bradshaw, M., Shaw, D. and Sidaway, J. (2000): An Introduction to Human
Geography. Issues for the 21st Century. Prentice Hall, London.
Dear, M. J. and Flusty, S. (2002): The Spaces of Postmodernity: Readings in Human Geography.
Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Dikshit, R. D. (2004): Geographical Thought. A Critical History of Ideas. Prentice-Hall of India,
New Delhi. (in English and Hindi).
Doel, M. (1999): Poststructuralist Geographies. The Diabolical Art of Spatial Science. Edinburgh
University Press, Edinburgh
Gaile, G. and Wilmott, C. (eds.) (2003): Geography in America at the Dawn of the 21st Century.
Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
Harvey, D. (1969): Explanation in Geography. Arnold, London.
Harvey, M. E. and Holly, P.B. (2002): Themes in Geographic Thought. Rawat Publications.,
Jaipur and New Delhi.
Hubbard, P., Kitchin, R., Bartley, B. and Fuller, D. (2002): Thinking Geographically:
Space, Theory and Contemporary Human Geography. Continuum, London.
J o h n s t o n , R , G r e g o r y D , P r a t t G , W a t t s M . a n d W h a t m o r e S . (2003): The
Dictionary of Human Geography. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford. 5th edition.
Johnston, R.J. (1985): The Future of Geography, Metheun and Company Ltd., New York. (2003
edition published).
Johnston, R.J. and Sidaway, J.D. (2004): Geography and Geographers. 6th edition, Edward
Arnold, London.
Kapur, A. (ed.) (2001): Indian Geography – Voice of Concern. Concept Publishing. Company,
New Delhi.
Martin, G. (2005): All Possible Worlds. A History of Geographical Ideas. 4th edition, Oxford
University Press, New York.
Mathews, J. A. and Herbert, D. T. (eds.) (2004): Unifying Geography. Common Heritage, Shared
Future. Routledge, London.
Peet, R. (1998): Modern Geographical Thought. Blackwell Publishers Inc, Massachusetts.
Sack, R. D. (ed.) (2002): Progress. Geographical Essays. John Hopkins University Press,
Baltimore.
Sauer, C. O. (1963): Land and Life. University of California Press, Berkeley.
Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (eds.) (1990): Literature and Humanistic Geography. National
Geographical Society of India, BHU, Varanasi, Publication number 37
Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (eds.) (1992): The Roots of Indian Geography: Search and
Research. National Geographical Society of India, B.H.U., Varanasi, Publication number 39.
 Singh, Rana P.B. (ed.) (1993): Environmental Ethics. National Geographical. Society of India,
BHU, Varanasi, Publication number 40.
Singh, Rana P.B. (ed.) (1994): The Spirit and Power of Place. National Geographical Society of
India, BHU, Varanasi, Publication number 41.
Singh, Rana P. B. (2004): Cultural Landscapes and the Lifeworld. Indica Books, Varanasi.
Soja, E. (1989): Post-modern Geographies. Verso Press, London. Reprinted 1997: Rawat
Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
Taylor, G. (ed.) (1953): Geography in the Twentieth Century. Methuen and Company Ltd. and
Company, London.
Tuan, Yi-Fu (1977): Space and Place. The Perspective of Experience. Edward Arnold, London.
Singh, Ravi S (ed.) 2009. Indian Geography: Perspectives, Concerns and Issues. Jaipur/New
Delhi: Rawat Publications
Singh, Ravi S (ed.) 2009. Indian Geography in the 21st Centaury: The Young Geographers
Agenda. New Castle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - I.

GRM102: Physical Landscape and Hydrology
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases of Physical Landscape. Concept and types of physical landscape; Significance of geomorphic
processes including plate tectonics in landforms development; Geological structure and climatic
factors in the development of landforms.
UNIT II
Landforms Development. Interruption in the evolution of landforms: tectonic, climatic, and base-
level changes; Development of landforms in various areas: humid, coastal, karsts, and peri-glacial;
River terraces: concept and types; Regional geomorphology: Indo-Gangatic plain, and Rajmahal Hills.
UNIT III
Bases of Hydrology. Meaning, scope and development of Hydrology; Hydrological cycle; Man’s
influence on the hydrological cycle; Precipitation types, characteristics and measurements;
Evaporation: factors affecting evaporation from free water surface and soil; Evapotranspiration:
estimation and its control.
UNIT IV
Water and Its Disposition. Soil moisture and its zones; Infiltration; Groundwater: occurrence,
storage, recharge and discharge; Runoff: its sources and components, factors affecting runoff; River
regimes; Hydrograph: components and separation.

Books Recommended

Bernhard, H. and James, M. A. (1944): Climatology. McGraw Hill Company, New York.
Chorley, R. J. (1995): Atmosphere, Weather and Climate.Methuen and Company Ltd. and
Company Ltd., London.
Chow, V. T., (ed.) (1954): Handbook of Applied Hydrology: A Compendium of Water Resources
Technology. McGraw Hill, New York.
Critchfield, H. J. (2003): General Climatology. Prentice-Hall of India, New Delhi.
Rai, V.K.(1993): Water Resource Planning and Development, Deep and Deep Publication, New
Delhi
Bilas, R. (1988): Rural Water Resource Utilization and Planning. Concept Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
Reddy, J. P. (1988): A Textbook of Hydrology. Laxmi Publication., New Delhi. 4th edition.
Singh, M. B. (1999): Climatology and Hydrology. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi. (In Hindi).
Singh, M. B. (2002): Physical Geography. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi. (In Hindi).
Singh, S., (1998): Geomorphology. Prayag Pustak Bhavan, Allahabad.
 Sparks, B.W., (1986): Geomorphology. Longman, London.
Thornbury, W.D., (2005): Principles of Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Trewartha, G. T. (1980): An Introduction to Climatology. McGraw Hill Student edition, New
York.
Ward, R.C. and Robinson, M. (2000): Principles of Hydrology. McGraw Hill, New York.
Weisberg, J. S. (1974): Meteorology. Houghton Miffin Company, Boston.
Wooldridge, S.W. and Morgan, R.S. (1959): The Physical Basis of Geography- An Outline of
Geomorphology. Longmans Green, London.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - I.

GRM103: Advanced Geography of India
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Introduction. Making of India through geological times, structure and relief; Drainage systems and
watersheds; Physiographic divisions; Climate characteristics: mechanism of the Indian Monsoon;
Forests: types, distribution and utilisation.
UNIT II
Population Characteristics. Population growth: trends and pattern; Population: distribution and
density; Ageing of population; Sex and literacy differentials; Ethnic groups; Trends of urbanisation;
National population policy - 2000.
UNIT III
Agricultural Scene. Agricultural characteristics and trends; Land holdings, land tenure, land
consolidation and land reforms; Infrastructure: irrigation, power, fertiliser, HYV seeds and farm
technology; Green, white, blue and yellow revolutions.
UNIT IV
Industrial Resource Base. Regional distribution and development potentials of mineral and power
resources; New industrial policy: Globalisation and liberalisation; Industrial complexes and industrial
regions; Transport development: rail and road; Geographical regions; Detailed study of the Middle
Ganga plain and Karnataka plateau region.

Books Recommended.
Chapman, G. and Baker, K.M. (eds.) (1992): The Changing Geography of Asia. Routledge,
London.
Farmer, B.H. (1983): Introduction to South Asia. Methuen and Company Ltd. and Company Ltd.,
London.
Ganguly, S. nd Neil, DeVotta (eds.) (2003): Understanding Contemporary India. Lynne Reinner
Publishers., Boulder and London.
Gole, P. N. (2001): Nature Conservation and Sustainable Development in India. Rawat
publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
Johnson, B. L. C. (ed.) (2001): Geographical Dictionary of India. Vision Books, New Delhi.
Johnson, B.L.C. (1983): Development in South Asia. Penguin Books, Harmonsworth.
Khullar, D. R. (2006): India. A Comprehensive Geography. Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
Krishnan, M. S. (1968): Geology of India and Burma. 4th edition. Higgin Bothams Private. Ltd.,
Madras.
Nag, P. and Gupta S. S. (1992): Geography of India. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
Sharma, T. C. (2003): India: Economic and Commercial Geography. Vikas Publication., New
Delhi.
Singh, J. (2003): India: A Comprehensive and Systematic Geography. Gyanodaya Prakashan,
Gorakhpur.
Singh, R. L. (ed.) (1971): India. A Regional Geography. National Geographical Society of India,
Varanasi.
Spate, O.H.K., Learmonth, A.T.A. and Farmer, B. H. (1979): India and Pakistan.Methuen and
 Company Ltd. and Company Ltd., London.
Subbarao, B. (1959): The Personality of India. University of Baroda Press, Baroda.
Sukhwal, B.L. (1987): India. Economic Resource Base and Contemporary Political Patterns.
Sterling Publication, New Delhi.
Tirtha, R. (2002): Geography of India. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Tiwari, R. C. (2007): Geography of India, Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad
Wadia, D. N. (1959): Geology of India. MacMillan and Company, London and Madras. Student
edition.
Ahmed, Waquar, Amitabh Kundra and Richard Peet (eds.) 2010. India’s New Economic Policy:
A Cractical Analysis, Jaipur/ Dew Delhi: Rawat Publications

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - I.

GRM104: Practical: Physical Diagrams, Hydrology and Map Projections

Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Physical Diagrams and Hydrology. Advanced exercises on geological maps: folded and faulted
structures, unconformable rock series; Hypsographic and clinographic curves; Drainage basin
analysis; Drawing of climatological water balance graph and determination of the components;
Calculation of climatic indices: rainfall-runoff relationship; Hydro-graphs: components and
separation; Unit hydrograph.
2. Map Projections. Determination of azimuth, retro-azimuth and great circle distances on the earth:
Determination of percentage of error in scale and area on selected projections.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - I.

GRM105: Practical: Spatial Analysis: Locational and Network

Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Locational Analysis. Absolute and relative location: spacing, indices of randomness, deviation and
nature of dispersion; Nodes-population clusters: the size continuum, size and shape; Hierarchies:
functional hierarchy of settlements and ordering; Interaction: movement and distance models;
Service area and territory – serial polygons, interactions zones; Case of agricultural and industrial
location.
2. Network Analysis. Topologic structures: branching, circuit and barrier networks; Geometric
structures: Networks shape and density, pattern and order; Flow and network efficiency; Location
of network routes and boundaries; Pattern of spatial evolution and network transformation.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - I.

GRM106: Assignment Based Seminar
Credits: 2

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II

GRM201: Advanced Geomorphology
 Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Concepts. A critique on fundamental concepts of geomorphology; Concept of time: cyclic, graded
and steady state; Concept of morphogenetic region; Concept of dynamic equilibrium; Recent trends in
geomorphology.
UNIT II
Drainage Basin and Related Aspects. Drainage basin as a geomorphic unit: morphometric laws;
Denudation and morpho-chronology and dating of landscapes; Soil erosion and its measurement.
UNIT III
Theories and Techniques. Theories of hill-slope evolution; Erosion surfaces; Geomorphic mapping
techniques; Systems in geomorphology; Models in geomorphology.
UNIT IV
Application in Various Fields. Geomorphic hazards and mitigation measures; Geomorphology and
economic deposits; Geomorphology in engineering construction; Geomorphology in groundwater
studies; Soils and geomorphology.

Books Recommended
1. Ahmed, E. (1985): Geomorphology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
2. Bloom.A. L. (1998/ 2001): Geomorphology. 3rd edition. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
3. Chorley, R.J., Schumm S A and Sugden D E. (1984): Geomorphology. Methuen and
Company Ltd., London.
4. Dayal, P. (1994): A Text Book of Geomorphology. Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi.
5. Fairbridge, R.W. (ed.) (1968): Encyclopaedia of Geomorphology, Reinhold Book
Corporation., New York
6. Gregory, K.J. and Walling, D.E. (1973): Drainage Basin Form and Process. Edward Arnold,
London.
7. Jog, S. R. (ed.) (1995): Indian Geomorphology (2 vols.). Rawat Publications, Jaipur
8. Kale, V. and Gupta, A. (2001): Introduction to Geomorphology. Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
9. King, C.A.M. (1966): Techniques in Geomorphology. Edward Arnold, London.
10. Pethick, J. (1984): An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. Arnold, London. Indian
reprint 2000.
11. Sharma, P. R. (ed.), (1993): Applied Geomorphology in Tropics. Rishi Publications,
Varanasi.
12. Singh, S. (2004): Geomorphology. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
13. Sparks, B.W. (1986): Geomorphology. Longmans, London.
14. Thornbury, W.D. (2005): Principles of Geomorphology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
15. Wooldridge, S.W. and Morgan, R.S. (1959): The Physical Basis of Geography- An Outline of
Geomorphology. Longman, London.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM202: Geography of Resources
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Introduction and Bases. Concept and scope of Resource Geography; World resources: distribution
and pattern; Non-conventional sources of energy; Human resources; Resource base and its dynamism
as related to stages of cultural, technological and economic development.
UNIT II
Resource Use. The limits to growth and critique; Resource scarcity hypothesis; World energy crisis;
Resource conservation and management; Watershed management; Sustainable development;
Resources, development and international politics.
UNIT III
Theories of Resource Use. Theories of agricultural location; Theories of industrial location: Weber,
and Lösch; Trade blocs.
UNIT IV
Regional Perspectives. Resource regionalisation; World economic development; Concept of
developed and developing nations; Concepts of North-South and First, Second, Third and Fourth
Worlds.

Books Recommended

1. Burton, I. and Kates, R.W. (1978): Readings in Resource Management and Conservation.
McGraw Hills, New York
2. Clark, G. L., Feldman, M.P. and Gertler, M.S. (eds.) (2000): The Oxford Handbook of
Economic Geography. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
3. Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, R.H. and Holdren, J.P. (1998): Ecoscience: Population, Resources and
Development. 2nd edition. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
4. Sheppard E. and Treror I. B. (ed.) (2003): A Companion to Economic Geography, Blackwell
Publication, U.K. and USA.
5. McCarty, H.M. and James B.L. (1976): A Preface to Economic Geography. Prentice Hall,
New Jersey.
6. Mitra, A. (2000): Resource Studies; Shridhar Publishers., Kolkata.
7. Ramesh, A. (ed.) (1984): Resource Geography. Heritage Publishers, New Delhi.
8. Singh, J. (2000): Sansadhan Bhoogol, Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur
9. Singh, K.N. and Singh, J. (2003): Arthik Bhoogol Ke Mool Tatva, Gyanodaya Prakashan,
Gorakhpur.
10. Todaro M.P. and Smith S.C. (2004): Economic Development, Pearson Education, (Singapore)
Private Ltd. Singapore

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER -II

GRM203A: Population Geography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases: Concepts, scope and methodology of population geography; Data sources; Population
dynamics: fertility, mortality and migration; Concepts of ageing: young, stationary and stable
population.
UNIT II
Theories: Theories of Population Growth: Malthus, Marx, Optimum and Demographic
transition; Migration theories: Ravenstien and Everetts Lee.
UNIT III
Population Resource: Problems of under, over, declining and zero population; Population
resource regions of the world; Concept of human development.
UNIT IV
Case of India: Characteristics of population: age-sex structure, rural-urban, literacy, work
force and occupational structure; National population policy.

Books Recommended
Bhende, A. A. and Kanetkar T. (2003): Principles of Population Studies, Himalaya Publishing
House, Mumbai.
Bose, A. (ed.) (2001): Population in India’s Development, 1947-2000. Vikas Publications, New
Delhi.
Champion, T. (ed.) (1993): Population Matters. Paul Chapman, London.
Chandna, R. C. (2006): Geography of Population. Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
 Clark, J. I. (1972): Population Geography. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Dube, K.K. and Singh, M.B. (1994): Jansankhya Bhoogol, Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New
Delhi.
Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1996): Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. 6th ed.
W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
Garnier, B.J. (1993): Geography of Population. 3rd edition. Longman, London.
Jones, H. R. (2000): Population Geography. 3rd edition. Paul Chapman, London.
Pathak, L. P. (ed.) (1998): Population Studies. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Peters, G. L. and Larkin, R.P. (1983): Population Geography. Problems, Concepts and Prospects.
Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, IA.
Poston, D. L. and Michael, M. (2005): Handbook of Population, Springer Heidelberg, Germany.
Ross, John A. (ed.) (1982): International Encyclopaedia of Population. Free Press, New York.
Singh, K.N. and Singh, D.N. (eds.) (1992): Population Growth, Environment and Development.
EDSC, Varanasi.
Srinivasan, K, and Vlassoff, M. (2001): Population Development Nexus in India: Challenges for
the New Millennium. Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi.
Trewartha, G.T. (1985): A Geography of Population. World Patterns. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Woods, R. (1979): Population Analysis in Geography. Longman, London.
Zelinsky, W., Kosinski, L. A. and Prothero M. R. (eds.) (1970): Geography and a Crowding
World. Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.
Zelinsky, W. (1966): A Prologue to Population Geography. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs,
New Jersey.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM203B: Resource Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Basic Framework. Meaning, purpose and scope of resource planning; Methods and techniques of
resource appraisal; Concepts and approaches of sustainable development; Human resource
development.
UNIT II
Resource Conservation. Principles of resource conservation; Resource management; Conservation
and planning of resources: land, water, forest, and minerals (with special reference to India).
UNIT III
Indian Perspective. Resource utilisation and development; Impact of resource utilisation on
environment; Environmental planning and policy in India; Resource potentials and resource regions;
Agriculture regions; Population resource regions.
UNIT IV
Case Study of India. Resource planning units and development strategies: Damodar Valley and
National Capital Region(NCR).

Books Recommended
Adam, M.G.(2000a): Kumasi Natural Resources Management, Final Technical Report, Natural
Resources Institute, University of Greenwich-UK
Adams, W. M. (1990): Green Development: Environment and Sustainability in the Third World.
Routledge and Chapman Hall, London.
Alam, S. Manzoor and Kidwai, Atiya Habeeb (eds.) (1987): Regional Imperatives in Utilization and
Management of Resources: India and the U.S.S.R. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
Burton, I. and Kates, R.W. (1978): Readings in Resource Management and Conservation. McGraw
Hills, New York.
Corbridge, S., (ed.) (1995): Development Studies: A Reader. Arnold, London.
Ehrlich, P.R., Ehrlich, R.H. and Holdren, J.P. (1998): Ecoscience: Population, Resources and
Development. 2nd ed. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
Frayer, D.W., (1965): World Economic Development. McGraw Hill, New York.
Freeman, T.W. (1972): Geography and Planning. Freeman and Company, New York.
Gupta, P., and Sdasyuk, G. (1968): Economic Regionalization of India: Problems and Prospects.
Census of India, New Delhi
Holechek, J. L., Cole, R., Fisher, J., and Valdez, R. (2000): Natural Resources: Ecology,
Economics and Policy. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey..
Mitchell, B. (1979): Geography and Resource Analysis. Longman, London
Mitchell, B. (1997): Geography and Environmental Management. Longman, Harlow and London.
Mitra, A. (1999): Resource Studies; Shridhar Publications., Calcutta.
Prasad, H. et al.(eds.) (2005): Sustainable Management of Water Resources, Tara Book Agency,
Varanasi
Preston, P. W. (1996): Development Theory: An Introduction. Blackwell Publications, Oxford.
Rao, P. K. (2001): Sustainable Development: Economics and Policy. Blackwell Publications.,
Oxford.
Raza, M. (ed.) (1989): Renewable Resources for Regional Development: The Indian and the Soviet
Experience. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Rees, J. (1985): Natural Resources: Allocation, Economics and Policy.Methuen and Company Ltd.,
London.
Reid, S. (2000): Global Environmental Outlook. Earthscan, London.
Reid, S. (1995): Sustainable Development. Earthscan, London.
Simon, D. and Närman, A. (eds.) (1999): Development Theory and Practice. Longman.
Simon, D. (ed.) (2005): Fifty Key Thinkers on Development. Routledge, London.
Singh, M. B. et. al. (eds.) (2005): Sustainable Management of Natural Resources. Tara Book
Agency, Varanasi.
Sundaram, K.V., (1983): Geography of Under Development. Concept Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
Sundaram, K.V.; Mani, M. and Jha, M.M. (eds.) (2004): Natural Resource Management and
Livelihood Security. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Thakur, B., (ed.) (2003): Perspectives in Resource Management in Developing Countries. Vol. I:
Resource Management: Theory and Techniques, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Trivedi, P.R., Singh, U.K., Sudershan, K., Tuteja, T.K. (1994): International Encyclopedia of Ecology
and Environment. Vol. 5: National Resource Conservation, Indian Institute of Ecology and
Environment, New Delhi.
UNDP (2001-04): UNDEP Human Development Report. Oxford University Press.
Valdiya, K. S. (1987): Environmental Geology: Indian Context. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing
Company. Ltd., New Delhi
30.World Bank (2001-05): World Development Report. Oxford University Press, NewYork.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM203C: Advanced Cartography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Measuring the Earth. Properties of sphere; The Earth: its shape and size; Coordinate reference
system on the sphere; Celestial coordinates: Equatorial system, Horizon system; Geographical co-
ordinates and grid system; UTM grids.
UNIT II
Survey. Curvature of the earth and its effect on survey and levelling; Geographical Positioning
System (GPS); Trigonometrical surveying; Calculation of height by Levelling.
UNIT III
Map Projections. Choice and classification of map projections; Derivations of formulae for
construction of: Conical equal area with One and Two standard parallels (Lambert's and Alber’s);
International Map projection.
UNIT IV
Science of Cartography. History and development of Cartography; Science of cartography and
communication theory; Sources of cartographic data; Cartographic techniques and methods in
preparation of diagrams and maps; Thematic mapping; soil and vegetation maps, Environmental maps
and Population maps (rural and urban); Atlas Mapping; Pre- and -post census mapping; Automation
and computer cartography.
Books Recommended
Bailey, T. and Gatrell, A. C. (1995): Interactive Spatial Data Analysis. Longman , Harlow.
Dorling, D. and Fairborn, D. (1997): Mapping. Ways of Representing the World. Longman, Harlow.
Fraser Taylor, D.R. (1980): The Computer in Contemporary Cartography. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Fraser Taylor, D.R. (ed.) (1983): Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Griffith, D. A. and Amehein (1997): Multivariate Statistical Analysis for Geographers. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Griffith, D. A. and Amehein (1997): Statistical Analysis for Geographers. Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey.
Kanetkar, T.P. and Kulkarni, S.V. (1967): Surveying and Levelling, Part II, A.V.G. Prakashan,
Poona.
Keates, J.S. (1973): Cartographic Design and Production, Longman Group Ltd.
Mailing, D.H. (1973): Co-ordinate Systems and Map Projections. George Philip and Sons Ltd.
Monkhouse, F.J. and Wilkinson, H. R (1962): Maps and Diagrams,Methuen and Company Ltd. and
Company Ltd., London.
Nag, P. (ed.) (1984): Census Mapping Survey, Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Nair, N. B. (1996): Encyclopaedia of Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing. Rawat Publications.,
Jaipur and New Delhi.
Raisz, E. (1962): Principles of Cartography. McGraw Hill Books Company, Inc., New York.
Misra, R.P. and Ramesh, A. (1999): Fundamentals of Cartography. Concept Publishing Company,
New Delhi.
Rhind, B. and Adams, T. (ed.) (1983): Computers in Cartography. British Cartographic Society,
London.
Rice Oxley, M.K. and Shearer, W.V. (1929): Astronomy for Surveyors.Methuen and Company Ltd.
and Company, London.
Robinson, A. H. H., Sale R., Morrison J. and Muehrcke, P. C (1984): Elements of Cartography. 6th
edition John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Shaw, G. and Wheeler, D. (1994): Statistical Techniques in Geographical Analysis. Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
1. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (1993): Elements of Practical Geography. Kalyani Publishers,
Ludhiana and New Delhi. (English and Hindi editions).
Strahler, A.N. (1971): The Earth Sciences. Harper and Row Publishers; New York.
Thrower, N. (1996): Maps and Civilisation. Cartography, Culture and Society. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago.
Unwin, D. (1982): Introductory Spatial Analysis.Methuen and Company Ltd., London.
Walford, N. (1995): Geographical Data Analysis. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM204: Practical: Statistical Methods and Data Processing
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Statistical Methods. The normal frequency distribution curve and its characteristics; Curve fitting;
 Sampling procedures: random, stratified random, systematic and cluster; Test of significance:
Chi-square test, Student’s t-test, F-test, Analysis of variance; Analysis of time series.
2. Data Processing. Collection of data: methods, sources and types; Classification and tabulation of
data; Computer languages; Excel and SPSS
M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.
GRM 205A: Practical: Population Geography
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Population growth of India and the world using arithmetic and semi-log scales; Population
distribution map of India using dot and sphere/circle, cubes, combined; Density map of India by
Choropleth; Age-sex structure of rural-urban population of India by Superimposed pyramid;
Literacy Level by Compound pyramid; Occupational structure of India by Divided rectangle;
Fertility, mortality and natural growth of population by Polygraph.
2. Population potential map by Isopleth; Scatter diagram; Life table calculation; Computation of HDI
for India; Migration by Flow diagram; Centrographic analysis of population growth;
Measurement of population concentration by cumulative curve..

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM205B: Practical: Resource Planning
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
Population Resource region – a case study; Computation of human development Index: a
case study; Demographic transition model: a case study; Agricultural productivity;
Agricultural efficiency and Delineation of crop combination regions: National Capital
Region: A resource appraisal planning unit; Relationship between energy, human resource
and economic development.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM205C: Practical: Advanced Cartography
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Survey and Map Projections. Calculation of height by levelling and Theodolite; Contour
planning; Construction of map projections (mathematical method): Conical equal area with one
and two standard parallels (Lambert’s and Alber’s), International and Gnomonic Equatorial.
2. Cartographic Methods. Computer aided cartography; Designing and preparation of a map on
various scales; Representation of statistical data by various cartographic methods; Preparation of
one general purpose map and one special purpose map.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - II.

GRM206M: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing (Elective Minor)
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamentals. Remote sensing: definition and scope; Electro-magnetic radiation: characteristics,
interaction with matter, Remote sensing regions and bands; Spectral signature; Types of remote
sensing.
UNIT II
Aerial Photographs. Aerial photos: types, scale, resolution; Geometric properties of aerial photos;
Stereoscopy; Stereoscopic parallax; Relief displacement.
UNIT III
Satellite Imagery. General orbital characteristics of remote sensing satellites; General characteristics
of remote sensing sensors; Characteristics of MSS, HRV, LISS; Characteristics of raw remote sensing
data.
UNIT IV
Interpretation and Application. Elements of image interpretation; Image processing techniques:
Visual and digital; Remote sensing data: pre-processing operations, enhancements and classifications;
Remote sensing in resource mapping and environmental monitoring.
Books Recommended
Campbell, J. B. (2002): Introduction to Remote Sensing. 5th edition. Taylor and Francis, London.
Cracknell, A and Hayes, L. (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book, Taylor and Francis, London.
Curran, P.J. (1985): Principles of Remote Sensing, Longman, London.
Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science,
Bangalore.
Floyd, F. and Sabins, Jr. (1986): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation, W.H. Freeman,
New York.
Guham, P. K. (2003): Remote Sensing for Beginners. Affiliated East-West Press Private Ltd.,
New Delhi.
Hallert, B. (1960): Photogrammetry, McGraw Hill Book Company Inc., New York
Harry, C.A. (ed.) (1978): Digital Image Processing, IEEE Computer Society, California
Hord, R.M. (1982): Digital Image Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Academic Press, New
York.
Leuder, D.R. (1959): Aerial Photographic Interpretation: Principles and Application. McGraw
Hill, New York.
Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th edition.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Nag, P. (ed.) 1992: Thematic Cartography and Remote Sensing, Concept Publishing. Company,
New Delhi.
Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing, Vols. 1 and 2, American Society of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology, John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Silver, M. and Balmori, D. (eds.) (2003): Mapping in an Age of Digital Media. Wiley-Academy,
New York and Chichester.
Spurr, R. (1960): Photogrammetry and Photo Interpretation, The Roland Press Company, London.
Survey of India, (1973): Photogrammetry, Survey of India, Dehradun.
Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.), (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach.
McGraw Hill, New York.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER II

GRM207: Assignment Based Seminar
Credits: 2
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - III
GRM301: GIS and Its Application
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Definition and Evolution of GIS; Components of GIS; Issues in GIS: user, technology, data and
application; Recent trends in GIS; Mobile GIS
UNIT II
Geographical data: types and characteristics; Spherical and plane coordinate systems in GIS;
Implications of earth’s shape and datum in geo-referencing,
UNIT III
Digital representation of geographic data: Data structure, spatial data model, raster and vector models;
GIS data standards: concepts and components; Digital Elevation Model (DEM): characteristics and
applications.
UNIT IV
Integration of Remote sensing and GIS; GIS project design and planning methodologies; GIS data
base management systems; GIS information products; Applications of GIS.

Books Recommended
Bonham, Carter G.F. (1995): Information Systems for Geoscientists – Modelling with GIS.
Pergamon, Oxford.
Burrough, P.A. and McDonnell, R. (1998): Principles of Geographic Information Systems.
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Chang, K.T. (2003): Introduction to Geographic Information Systems. Tata McGraw Hill
Publications Company, New Delhi.
Chauniyal, D. D. (2004): Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. (in Hindi).
Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
Demers, M. N. (2000): Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems. John Wiley and Sons,
Singapore.
ESRI (1993): Understanding GIS. Redlands, USA
Fraser Taylor, D.R. (1991): Geographic Information Systems. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
George, J. (2003): Fundamentals of Remote Sensing. Universities Press Private Ltd, Hyderabad.
Girard, M. C. and Girard, C. M. (2003): Processing of Remote Sensing Data. Oxford and IBH,
New Delhi.
Glen, E. M. and Harold, C. S. (1993): GIS Data Conversion Handbook. Fort Collins, Colorado,
GIS Word Inc.
Goodchild, M.F.; Park, B. O. and Steyaert, L. T. (eds.) (1993): Environmental Modelling with
GIS. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Guptill, S.C., and Morrison, J.L. (1995): Elements of Spatial Data Quality. Elsevier/ Pergamon,
Oxford.
Heywood, I. (2003): An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems. 2nd edition, Pearson
Publishing Company, Singapore.
Korte, G. M. (2002): The GIS Book. On Word Press: Thomson Learning, New York and
Singapore.
Lo, C.P. and Yeung, A. K. W. (2002): Concepts and Techniques of Geographic Information
Systems. Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi.
Longley, P. and Batty, M. (eds.) (1996): Spatial Analysis: Modelling in a GIS
Environment. GeoInformation International, Cambridge.
Longley, P., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D. and Rhind, D. (1999): Geographic Information
Systems. Principles, Techniques, Management, Applications. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Maguirre, D. J.; Michael F. G. and David W. R. (1999): Geographical Information Systems:
Principles and Application. Geo Information International, Vol.2, Longman Publication.,
New York.
Martin, D. (1996): Geographic Information Systems: Socioeconomic Implications. Routledge,
London.
Michael F. G. and Karan K. K. (ed.) (1990): Introduction to GIS. NCGIA, Santa Barbara,
California.
Ralston, B. A. (2002): Developing GIS Solutions with Map Objects and Visual Basic. OnWord
Press: Thompson Learning, New York and Singapore.
 Reddy, M. A. (2001): Textbook of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems. B. S.
Publications., Hyderabad.
Ripple, W. J. (ed.) (1989): Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems: A Compendium.
ASPRS/ ACSM, Falls Church.
Siddiqui, M.A. (2005): Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, Sharda Pustak
Bhawan, Allahabad.
Star, J. and Estes, J. (1990): Geographic Information Systems – An Introduction. Prentice-Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
Worboys, M. F. (1995): GIS: A Computing Perspective. Taylor and Francis, London.
27. Bhatta,B. (2010), Remote Sensing and GIS, Oxford University Press, New Delhi

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - III

GRM302: Environmental Studies
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases. Meaning and scope of environmental geography; Approaches to study of environment; Types
of environment, Environment and society, Environment and development, Environmental perception
and cognitive maps.
UNIT II
Biogeography and Ecosystem. Definition, scope and significance of biogeography; Basic ecological
principles; Geo-biochemical cycles: carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and phosphorus cycles; Biome and
biomass; World distribution of plants and animals; Biodiversity: depletion and conservation.
UNIT III
Hazards and Changes. Environmental hazards; Natural hazards: landslides, soil erosion, droughts
and floods, earthquakes; Man-made hazards: technological hazards, global climatic changes, global
warming, green house effects, ozone depletion, sedimentation in rivers and reservoirs.

UNIT IV
Pollution and Management. Environmental pollution: pollutants, sources and types of pollution;
Water, soil, air, and noise pollution; Solid waste disposal; Environmental pollution and health;
Environmental education; Environmental impact analysis; Environmental monitoring and standards;
Environmental policy and legislation; Environmental management.

Books Recommended
Anjuneyulu, Y. (2002): Environmental Impact Assessment Methodologies. B. S. Publications,
Hyderabad.
Anjuneyulu, Y. (2004): Introduction to Environmental Science. B. S. Publications, Hyderabad.
Athavale, R. N. (2003): Water Harvesting and Sustainable Supply in India. Rawat Publications.,
Jaipur.
Bilas, R. (1988): Rural Water Resource Utilization and Planning. Concept Publishing.
Company, New Delhi.
Blaikie, P., Cannon, T. and Davis, I. (eds.) (2004): At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples
Vulnerability and Disasters. Routledge, London.
Clarke, J. I., Curson, P., Kayastha S. L. and Nag P. (eds.) (1991): Population and Disaster. Basil
Blackwell, USA
Gautam, A. (2007): Environmental Geography, Sharda Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad
Huggett, R. J. (1998): Fundamental of Biogeography. Routledge, London.
Kayastha, S.L. and Kumra V.K. (1986): Environmental Studies. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
Khoshoo, T. N. (1981): Environmental Concerns and Strategies. Ashish Publishing House, New
Delhi
Kumra, V.K. (1982): Kanpur City. A Study in Environmental Pollution. Tara Book Agency,
Varanasi.
 Mathur, H. S. (2003): Essentials of Biogeography. Pointer Publication, Jaipur.
Nag, P., Kumra, V.K. and Singh, J. (1990): Geography and Environmental Issues at Local,
Regional and National Levels. (in 3 vols.), Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Odum, E.P. (1975): Ecology. Rowman and Littlefield, Lanham USA.
Rajagopalan, R. (2005): Environmental Studies: From Crisis to Cure, Oxford University Press,
New Delhi.
Reddy, M. A. (2004): Geoinformatics for Environmental Management. B. S. Publishers.,
Hyderabad.
Saxena, K.K. (2004): Environmental Studies. University Book House Private Ltd., Jaipur
Saxena, H. M. (1999): Environmental Geography. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Saxena, H. M. (2000): Environmental Management. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Singh, A.K., Kumra, V.K. and Singh, J. (1986): Forest Resource, Economy and Environment.
Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
Singh, D.N., Singh, J. and Raju, K.N.P. (eds.) (2003): Water Crisis and Sustainable
Management, Tara Book Agency, Varanasi
Singh, J. (2001): Paryavaran Evam Samvikas. Gyanodaya Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
Singh, O., Nag P., Kumra V.K. and Singh J. (eds.) (1993): Frontier in Environmental
Geography. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Singh, O., Kumra V.K. and Singh J. (1988): India’s Urban Environment. Pollution, Perception
and Management. Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.
Singh, R. B. (ed.) (1990): Environmental Geography. Heritage Publication, New Delhi.
Singh, R. B. (ed.) (1995): Studies in Environment and Development. Rakesh Prakashan,
Varanasi.
Singh, Rana P.B. (ed.) (1993): Environmental Ethics: Discourses and Cultural Traditions.
National Geographical Society of India, BHU, Varanasi.
Singh, S. (2006): Environmental Geography. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
Singh, S. (2007): Paryavaran Bhugol. Prayag Pustak Bhawan, Allahabad.
Singh, S. N. (1993): Elements of Environmental Geography and Ecology in Hindi), Tara Book
Agency, Varanasi
Wrigley, N. (1985): Categorical Data Analysis for Geographers and Environmental Scientists.
Longman, London.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - III

GRM303A: Geography of Rural Settlements
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases, Evolution and Models. Nature, scope, definition and significance of Rural Settlement
Geography; Human settlement as a system; Concepts and characteristics of rural settlements; Theories
and models of settlement diffusion: Eric Bylund (Sweden), Gunnar Olsson (Sweden), David
Grossman (Nigeria), John Hudson (USA), Contributions of Banaras School.
UNIT II
Spatiality and Histogenesis. Evolution and growth of rural settlements and their causes: Old and
New Worlds; Siting and location of rural settlements; Distribution, spacing, and nature of dispersion;
Types and patterns; Morphology of village: examples from Germany, Japan, Israel, African countries;
Rural-service centres: nature, hierarchy, service area, and interaction.
UNIT III
Rural Dwellings. Traditional and folk rural house types: origin, evolution and characteristics;
Typology based on building materials, plans, uses and architectural style; House types and their
characteristics in different geographical environments: Monsoon Asia and Arid zone.
UNIT IV
Indian Village. Evolution and multiplicity; Regional morphological characteristics; Morphological
interaction models: religio-ritual, secular-economic, and sacred-economic interlocking system;
Transformation and planning of Indian village: models and plans.

Books Recommended
Daniel, P. (2002): Geography of Settlement. Rawat Publications., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Eidt, R. C., Singh, K. N. and Singh, Rana, P.B., (eds.) (1977): Man, Culture and Settlement.
Kalyani Publishers., New Delhi.
Ghosh, S. (1999): A Geography of Settlements. Orient Longman, Kolkata.
Hudson, F. S. (1976): A Geography of Settlements. MacDonald and Evans, New York.
Mitra, A. (1960): Report on House Types and Village Settlement Patterns in India. Publication
Division, Govt. of India, New Delhi.
Mosley, M.J. (2005): Rural Development: Principles and Practice. Sage Publication, London.
Oliver, P. (1987): Dwellings. The House across the World. University of Texas Press, Austin.
Rapoport, A. (1969): House, Form and Culture. Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
Rykwert, J. (ed.) (2004): Settlements. University of Pennsylvania Press, University Park, USA.
Singh, R.L. (eds.) (1973): Rural Settlements in Monsoon Asia, National Geographical Society of
India, Varanasi.
Singh, R. L., Singh, K.N. and Singh, Rana P.B., (eds.) (1975): Readings in Rural Settlement
Geography, National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi.
Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (eds.) (1978): Transformation of Rural Habitat in Indian
Perspective, National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 19.
Singh, R.L. and Singh, Rana P.B., (eds.) (1979): Place of Small Towns in India. National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi,
Singh, R.L., Singh, K.N and Singh Rana P.B., (eds.) (1976): Geographic Dimensions of Rural
Settlements. National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi,
Singh, Rana P.B. (1977): Clan Settlements in the Saran Plain, National Geographical Society of
India, Varanasi,
Singh, Rana P.B. and Singh, R.B. (1981): Changing Frontiers of Indian Village Ecology. National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 27.
Singh, R.Y. (2005): Geography of Settlements. Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
Singh, S.B. (1977): Rural Settlement Geography. U.B.B.P., Publications, Gorakhpur.
Tiwari, R. C. (2000): Settlement Geography; in Hindi. Prayag Pustak Bhawan Allahabad.
Wanmali, S. (1983): Service Centres in Rural India. B.R. Publications Corporation, New Delhi.
Wood, M. (2005): Rural Geography: Processes, Responses and Experiences of Rural
Restructuring. Sage Publication, London.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM303B: Regional Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamentals. Concept, nature and scope of Regional Planning; Different approaches to regional
planning; Planning regions: concept and types; Planning regions of India; Regional policies in India.
UNIT II
Conceptual Outlook. Regional planning and national development; Economic development and
regional development; Regional economic complexes; Inter-regional and intra-regional functional
interactions; Regional disparities in India.
UNIT III
Approaches. Approaches to integrated regional planning at different levels: local, regional and
national; Multi-level planning in India: State, District and Block level planning; Planning for tribal,
agricultural, industrial and urban (metropolitan) regions.
UNIT IV
Development Perspective. Service and market centres planning; Growth centre and regional
development with reference to India and France; Decentralised planning: themes and issues; Regional
planning: Development strategies in the 21st century.

Books Recommended
Chandna, R. C. (2000): Regional Planning: A Comprehensive Text. Kalyani Publishers., New
Delhi.
Chaudhuri, J. R. (2001): An Introduction to Development and Regional Planning with special
reference to India. Orient Longman, Hyderabad.
Cowen, M.P. and Shenton, R.W. (1996): Doctrines of Development. Routledge, London.
Doyle, T. and McEachern, D. (1998): Environment and Politics. Routledge, London.
Friedmann, J. (1992): Empowerment: The Politics of Alternative Development. Blackwell,
Cambridge MA and Oxford.
Friedmann, J. and Alonso, W. (ed.) (1973): Regional Development and Planning. The MIT Press,
Mass.
Hettne, B.; Inotai, A. and Sunkel, O. (eds.) (1999 – 2000): Studies in the New Regionalism. Vol.
I-V. Macmillan Press, London.
Isard, W. (1960): Methods of Regional Analysis. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
Kuklinski, A. R. (1972): Growth Poles and Growth Centres in Regional Planning. Mouton and
Co., Paris.
Kuklinski, A.R. (ed.) (1975): Regional Development and Planning: International Perspective,
Sijthoff-Leydor.
Leys, C. (1996): The Rise and Fall of Development Theory. Indian University Press,
Bloomington, and James Curry, Oxford.
Mahapatra, A.C. and Pathak, C. R. (eds.) (2003): Economic liberalisation and Regional
Disparities in India. Special Focus on the North Eastern Region. Star Publishing House,
Shillong.
Kane, M. and William M.K.T.(2007): Concept Mapping for Planning and Evaluation, Sage
Publications, London.
Misra, R. P. (ed.) (1992): Regional Planning: Concepts, Techniques, Policies and Case Studies.
2nd edition. Concept Publishing Company., New Delhi.
Misra, R.P. and Natraj, V.K. (1978): Regional Planning and National Development. Vikas, New
Delhi.
Misra, R.P., Sundaram, K. V. Pradasa Rao, V. L. S. (1976): Regional Development Planning in
India. Vikas Publishers, New Delhi.
Moseley, M.J., (1974): Growth Centres in Spatial Planning. Pergamon Press, Oxford.
Närman, A. and Karunanayake, K. (eds.) (2002): Towards a New Regional and Local
Development Research Agenda. Dept. of Geography, Göteborg University (Sweden), series
B, No100 and Centre for Development Studies, University of Kelaniya (Sri Lanka), No. 1.
Norgaard, R. B. (1994): Development Betrayed. The End of Progress and a Coevolutionary
Revisioning of the Future. Routledge, London.
Pathak, C. R. (2003): Spatial Structure and Processes of Development in India. Regional Science
Association., Kolkata.
Sanyal, B. M. (2001): Decentralised Planning: Themes and Issues. Concept Publishing. Company,
New Delhi.
Sharma, P. V., Rao, V. L., and Pathak, C. R. (eds.) (2000): Sustainable Regional Development
(with special reference to Andhra Pradesh). Regional Science. Assocation, Kolkata and
School of Economics, Andhra University, Vishakapatnam.
Sen, A. (1999): Development as Freedom. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Sen, A. and Dreze, J. (eds.) (1996): Indian Development: Selected Regional Perspectives. Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Smith, D. and Närman, A. (eds.) (1999): Development Theory and Practice: Current Perspectives
on Development and Development Co-operation. Longman, London.
Stöhr, W. B. and Taylor, D.F.R. (eds.) (1981): Development from Above and Below? The
Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
Sundaram, K. V. (1997): Decentralized Multilevel Planning: Principles and Practice (Asian and
African Experiences). Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
 Sundaram, K. V. (2004): The Trodden Path: Essays on Regional and Micro Level Planning.
Anaunya Publications., New Delhi.
Toye, J. (1987): Dilemmas of Development. Reflections on the Counterrevolution in
Development Theory and Policy. Basil Blackwell, Oxford.
Verhelst, T. (1990): No Life Without Roots – Culture and Development. Zed Books, London.
World Bank (2000): Attacking Poverty. World Development Report 2000-01. The World Bank
and Oxford University Press, New York; see website:
www.worldbank.org/poverty/wdrpoverty/
World Bank (2000): Entering the 21st Century. World Development Report. The World Bank and
Oxford University Press, New York and Oxford.
Yugandhar, B. N. and Mukherjee, A. (eds.) (1991): Readings in De-centralised Planning (with
special reference to District Planning), 2 vols. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM303C: Aerial Photo Interpretation
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Relief displacement; Stereoscopic parallax; Parallax equation and its approximation; Digital
photogrammetry and orthophotos.
UNIT II
Qualitative information, philosophy and sequence in air photo interpretation; Elements of air photo
pattern : landforms, drainage, erosion details, gray-tones, vegetation; Elements of image
interpretation.

UNIT III
Interpretation keys and their types; Aerial mosaics; Multi-spectral aerial photographs; Ground control
for mapping from aerial photos; Rectification methods in aerial photos.
UNIT IV
Aerial photo interpretation in general resource evaluation; Geomorphic studies and mapping. Land
use/Land cover mapping; Hydro-geomorphic mapping; Environmental monitoring and mapping.

Books Recommended
1. Cracknell, A. and Ladson, H (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book. Taylor and Francis,
London.
2. Curran, P.J. (1988): Principles of Remote Sensing. ELBS Longman, Essex, U.K.
3. Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science,
Bangalore.
4. Floyd, F. S. Jr. (1997): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H. Freeman, New
York.
5. Hallert, B. (1960): Photogrammetry. McGraw Hill Book Company. Inc. New York
6. Leuder, D.R. (1959): Aerial Photographic Interpretation: Principles and Application, McGraw
Hill, New York.
7. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. 4th ed.
John Wiley and Sons, New York.
8. Rampal, K.K. (1999): Handbook of Aerial Photography and Interpretation. Concept
Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
9. Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing. Vols. 1 and 2, American Society of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
10. Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
 11. Spurr, R. (1960): Photogrammetry and Photo Interpretation. The Roland Press Company,
London.
12. Survey of India, (1973): Photogrammetry. Survey of India, Dehradun.
13. Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.) (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach.
McGraw- Hill, New York.
14. Wolf P.R. and Dewitt, B. A. (2000): Elements of Photogrammetry with Applications in GIS.
McGraw-Hill, New York.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - III

GRM304: Practical: Remote Sensing and GIS; Soil, Water and Air
Analysis
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
Stereoscopic test; Interpretation of stereograms and stereopairs; Mapping for land use/ land cover;
Determination of photoscale; Border information on Landsat/ IRS Images; Visual interpretation of
satellite images (Landsat/ IRS); Scanning, digitisation and editing; Base map preparation.
Soil analysis: texture and structure; Water analysis: physical and chemical characteristics; Air
analysis: estimation of SPM.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM305A: Practical: Geography of Rural Settlements
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Spatial Systems. Size classification of rural settlements by scatter diagrams; Rural settlement
distribution and types in India; Density function and pattern analysis of distribution of
settlements: randomness and spacing indices, Testing Christaller’s theory; Theoretical models of
rural settlements and testing of different models.
2. Studies from India. Typological classification of rural settlements from maps; Rural service
centres: indices, hierarchy, classification and ordering; Mapping the morphology of Indian
villages; Planning of Indian villages: models, plans and case studies.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM305B: Practical: Regional Planning
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
Regional planning of a given area: District planning; Service centre planning: Micro level planning;
Central place hierarchy and growth centre in regional development; Delineation of city region/
Umland: a case study; Identification and demarcation of axial growth: a case study.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM305C: Practical: Aerial Photo Interpretation and GIS
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
Identification of objects and features; Determination of height of objects from single photographs;
Preparation of thematic maps on lithology and structure, Land use/ Land cover, Forest types, soil and
soil erosion, Hydrogeomorphic mapping.
GIS: Geo-referencing; creation of PGDB, creation of shape files; on-screen digitization of polygons,
points and lines and adding attributes

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER - III

GRM306M: Population and Development (Elective Minor)
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Conceptual Frame. Population as resource; Population and development: a debate; Population and
ecosystem; Demographic transition.
UNIT II
Historical Background and Characteristics. History of human population; Relationship between
population, food and energy; Debate on The Limits to Growth; Population characteristics: developed
and developing countries (case study of India).
UNIT III
Problems and Policies. Optimum population; Family welfare and planning; Population policies in
developed and developing countries (case study of India).
UNIT IV
Population - Development Conflict. Concepts of rich and poor worlds and their global perspectives;
Neo-Malthusian theory; Future perspectives: Growth scenario and relationship with development.
Books Recommended
Champion, T. (ed.) (1993): Population Matters. Paul Chapman, London.
Ehrlich, P.R. and Ehrlich, A.H. (1996): Ecoscience: Population, Resources, Environment. 6th
edition, W.H. Freeman and Company, San Francisco.
Firor, J. and Jacobsen, J. E. (2003): The Crowded Greenhouse: Population, Climatic Change and
Creating a Sustainable World. Universities Press (India) Private. Ltd., Hyderabad.
Haggett, P. (2001): Geography, A Modern Synthesis. 5th edition, Harper and Row, New York.
Hammett, C. (eds.) (1996): Social Geography: A Reader. Arnold, London.
Meadow, D.H., Meadows D.L., Randers J., and Behrens W.W. III.(1973): The Limits to Growth.
I Report of the Club of Rome. The New American Library, New York.
Meadows, D.H., Meadows, D.L. and Randers, J. (1992): Beyond the Limits. Confronting Global
Collapse, Envisioning a Sustainable Future. (A sequel to The Limits to Growth). Chelsa
Green Publishers, Post Mills VT, USA.
Mesarovic, M. and Pester, E. (1974): Mankind at the Turning Point. II Report of the Club of
Rome. The New American Library, New York.
Middleton, N. and O’Keefe, P. (2001): Redefining Sustainable Development. Pluto Press,
London.
Ross, J. A. (ed.) (1982): International Encyclopaedia of Population. Free Press, New York.
Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1991): Perspectives on the Third World Development. Rishi Publications.,
Varanasi.
Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1994): Regional Policies and Development in the Third World. Rishi
Publications, Varanasi.
Simon, J. L. (1977): The Economics of Population Growth. Princeton University. Press,
Princeton.
Thakur, B. (ed.) (2004): Population, Resources and Development. Vol. II, Perspectives in
Resource Management in Developing Countries. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
 Tinbergen, J. (1976): RIO. Reshaping the International Order. III Report of the Club of Rome.
The New American Library, New York.
U.N.C.E.D. (1987): Our Common Future. UNCED The Centre for Our Common Future, Geneva.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM307: Field Study and Geographical Excursion
Credits: 2
Duration: 2-3 weeks; Area, India: South / Northwest / North

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – III

GRM308: Assignment Based Seminar
Credits: 2

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER -IV
GRM401: Interdisciplinary Research Methods and Techniques
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Introduction to research in Geography: Concept and significance of research in geography;
Philosophy and methods; Naturalism and anti-naturalism; realism and idealism.
UNIT II
Scientific Research; Inductive and deductive approaches; Research design; Formulation of
research problem; Development and testing of hypothesis; Techniques of data collection; Sampling
and field survey.
UNIT III
Qualitative research: Qualitative research design; Case study; Ethnography; Phenomenology and
participatory research.
UNIT IV
Data Analysis, interpretation and report writing: Data classification and tabulation; Data analysis
and interpretation; Writing thesis, project report and research paper.

Books Recommended
Ahuja, R. (2001): Research Methods, Rawat Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2005): Research Methodology, Excel Books, New Delhi
Blackburn, J. and Holland, J. (eds.) (1998): Who Changes? Institutionalising Participation in
Development. IT Publications, London.
Blaxter, L.; Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (1996): How to Research. Open University Press,
Buckingham.
Crang, Mike 1999. Cultural Geography. Routledge, London.
Daniels, P., Bradshaw, M., et al. (2000): Human Geography: Issues for the 21st Century.
Prentice Hall, London, and Pearson Publishers., Singapore. Indian reprint, 2003.
Denzin, N. K. and Lincoln, Y.S., (eds.) (2000): Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand
Oaks CA. Sage Publications.
Dikshit, R. D. (2003): The Art and Science of Geography: Integrated Readings. Prentice-Hall
of India, New Delhi.
Dorling, D. and Simpson, L. (eds.) (1999): Statistics in Society. Edward Arnold, London.
Fisher, P. and Unwin, D., (eds.) (2002): Virtual Reality in Geography. Taylor and Francis,
London.
Flowerdew, R. and Martin, D. (eds.) (1997): Methods in Human Geography. A Guide for
 Students Doing a Research Project. Longman, Harlow.
Hay, I. (ed.) (2000): Qualitative Research Methods in Human Geography. Oxford University
Press, New York.
Henn, M., Mark W., and Nick F. (2006): A Short Introduction to Social Research, Vistaar
Publications, New Delhi
Eyles J. and Smith D. M. (1988): Qualitative Methods in Human Geography, Polity Press,
Dales Brewering Cambridge.
Kitchin, R. and Tate, N., (2001): Conducting Research into Human Geography. Theory,
Methodology and Practice. Prentice-Hall, London.
Kitchin, R. and Fuller, D., (2003): The Academic’s Guide to Publishing, Vistaar
Publications, New Delhi
Limb, M. (2001): Qualitative Methodologies for Geographers. Issue and Debates. Edward
Arnold, London.
Lofland, J. and Lofland, L.H. (1995): Analysing Social Setting. A Guide to Qualitative
Observation and Analysis. Wadsworth, Belmont, CA.
Longley, P., Goodchild, M.F., Maguire, D. and Rhind, D. (1999): Geographic Information
Systems. Principles, Techniques, Management, Applications. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
Maso, I., Atkinson, P.A. Delamont, S. and Verhoeven, J.C. (eds.) (1995): Openness in
Research. The Tension between Self and Other. Van Gorcum, Assen, Netherlands.
Mikkelsen, B. (2005): Methods for Development Work and Research: A New Guide for
Practitioners. Sage Publications, London.
Mukherjee, N. (1993): Participatory Rural Appraisal: Methodology and Application. Concept
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
Mukherjee, N. (2002): Participatory Learning and Action: with 100 Field Methods. Concept
Publishing Company, New Delhi.
O’ Leary, Z. (2005): The Essential Guide in Doing Research, Vistaar Publications, New Delhi
Pacione, M., (ed.) (1999): Applied Geography: Principle and Practice. Routledge, London.
Parsons, T. and Knight, P. G., (1995): How to Do Your Dissertation in Geography and
Related Disciplines. Chapman and Hall, London.
Patrick M. and Chapman S. (1990): Research Methods(Third Edition), Routledge, London
Peet, R. and Thrift, N. (ed.) (1989/ 2002): New Models in Geography (2 vols.). Rawat
Publishers., Jaipur and New Delhi.
Rachel, P. et al. (2001): Introducing Social Geographies. Arnold Hodder Group, London, and
Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Robson, C. (1993): Real World Research. A Resource for Social Scientists and Practitioners-
Researchers. Blackwell Publishers, Oxford.
Rogers, A. and Viles, H. A. (2003): The Student’s Companion to Geography. Blackwell
Publishers, Oxford. Indian reprint available.
Sheskin, Ira, M. (1987): Survey Research for Geographers, Scientific Publishers, Jodhpur.
Silverman, D. (1993): Interpreting Qualitative Data. Methods for Analysing Talk, Text and
Interaction. Sage Publications, London.
Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P.B. (1993): Elements of Practical Geography. Kalyani
Publishers, Ludhiana and New Delhi. (English and Hindi editions).
Singh, Rana P.B. and Singh, R. B. (1981): Changing Frontiers of Indian Village Ecology.
National Geographical Society of India, BHU, Varanasi, Publication number 27.
Turkle, S. (1996): Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of Internet. Weidenfeld and
Nicolson, London.
Wolcott, H. (1995): The Art of Fieldwork. AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek, CA.
Wright, D.B. (1997): Understanding Statistics. An Introduction for the Social Sciences. Sage
Publications, London.
Sharma, P.R., Yadava, R.S. ans Sharma, V.N., (2011), Interdisciplinary Research
Methods: Concepts and Studies, R.K. Books Publishers, New Delhi.
 M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV
GRM402A: Urban Geography
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Bases. Meaning, scope and recent trends in urban geography; Urban population: characteristics,
processes and trends of urbanisation; Methodology in urban studies; Origin and evolution of urban
settlements; Distribution of urban centres.
UNIT II
Characteristics. Characteristics of cities in different historical periods (both industrial and pre-
industrial); Functions and functional classification of towns; Urban transportation; Contributions of
Banaras School.
UNIT III
Spatiality and Models. Size and spacing of cities: Rank-size rule; Law of the primate city; Urban
hierarchies; Central Place Theory (Christaller and Lösch); Urban land use and functional morphology:
functional areas and Peri-urban areas; Theories of urban structure (Burgess, Hoyt, Harris and Ullman,
Mann, White).
UNIT IV
Issues and Planning. Urban problems: environmental, poverty, slums, transportation, housing, crime;
Planned cities: Chandigarh and Jaipur; National Urban Policy and Urban land use planning, Master
Plans: A case study of Varanasi.

Books Recommended
1. Bridge, B. and Watson, S. (eds.) (2000): A Companion to the City. Blackwell, Oxford.
2. Carter, H. (1995): The Study of Urban Geography. 4th ed. Reprinted in 2002 by Rawat
Publications, Jaipur and New Delhi.
3. Dubey, K.K. (1976): Use and Misuse of Land in KAVAL Towns. National Geographical Society
of India, Varanasi.
4. Dubey, K.K. and Singh, A.K. (1983): Urban Environment in India. Deep and Deep, New Delhi.
5. Dutt, A. Allen, K, Noble, G., Venugopal G. and Subbiah S. (eds.) (2003): Challenges to Asian
Urbanisation in the 21st Century. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht and London.
6. Hall, P. (1992): Urban and Regional Planning. Routledge, London.
7. Hall, T. (2001): Urban Geography. 2nd edition. Routledge, London.
8. Haughton, G and Hunter, C. (1994): Sustainable Cities. Jessica Kingsley, London.
9. Jacquemin, A. (1999): Urban Development and New Towns in the Third World – A Lesson from
the New Bombay Experience. Ashgate, Aldershot, UK.
10. Johnson, J.H. (1981): Urban Geography, Pergaman Press, Oxford.
11. Mayer, H. and Cohn, C. F. (1959): Readings in Urban Geography, University. of Chicago Press,
Chicago.
12. Paddison, R. (ed.) (2001): Handbook of Urban Studies. Sage, London.
13. Pacione, M. (2005): Urban Geography: A Global Perspective, Routledge, London and New York.
14. Ramachandran, R., (1991): Urbanisation and Urban Systems in India. Oxford University Press,
Delhi.
15. Rao, B. P. and Sharma, N. (2007): Nagariya Bhoogol, Vasundhara Prakashan, Gorakhpur.
16. Singh. H. H. (1972): Kanpur: A Study in Urban Geography, Indrasini Publications, Varanasi
17. Singh, K. and Stainberg, F. (eds.) (1998): Urban India in Crisis. New Age International, New
Delhi.
18. Singh, O. P. (1987): Nagariya Bhoogol, Tara Book Agency, Varanasi
19. Singh, R.L. (1955): Banaras. A Study in Urban Geography. Nand Kishore and Brothers, Banaras.
20. Singh, R.L. and Singh, Rana P.B., (eds.) (1979): Place of Small Towns in India. National
Geographical Society of India, Varanasi,
21. Singh, Rana P.B. and Rana, P.S. (2002): Banaras Region. Indica Books , Varanasi.
22. Singh, S. B. (ed.) (1996): New Perspectives in Urban Geography. M.D. Publications, New Delhi
23. Singh, T.D. (1985): Spatial Pattern of Population in the Cities of U.P. Tara Book Agency,
Varanasi
24. Stanley, B., Jack, W. and Donald, Z. (eds.) (2003): Cities of the World. Rowman and Littlefield,
New York and Oxford.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM402B: Rural and Urban Planning
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
(A) Rural Planning
UNIT I
Meaning, concept and scope of rural development and planning; rural development: Approaches,
policies and paradigms; Basic infrastructures for rural development; People’s participation in rural
planning and rural industrialisation.
UNIT II
Rural Land use: Concepts, principles and classification; Rural land use systems and changes; Carrying
capacity of land; Agricultural efficiency.

Urban Planning
UNIT III
Meaning, concept and scope of urban planning; Urban planning: methods and techniques; Urban land
use: models and planning; Urban renewal and re-development of towns; Urban transportation
planning.
UNIT IV
Optimum city-size; New and Satellite towns; City planning in India: principles and approaches; Urban
planning: case studies of Chandigarh and Varanasi.

Books Recommended
1. Bhat, L.S. (1976): Micro Level Planning in India, K.B. Pub. New Delhi.
2. Bhat, L.S. (1988): Strategy for Integrated Area Development. Case Study of North Kanara
District (Karnataka). Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
3. Chambers, R. (1997): Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. Intermediate Technology
Publications, London.
4. Chisholm, M. (1962): Rural Settlement and Land Use. Hutchinson, London.
5. Desai, A. R. (1990): Rural Development, Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
6. Desai, V. and Potter, R. (eds.) (2002): The Arnold Companion of Development Studies. Arnold,
London.
7. Found, W.C. (1982): Theoretical Approach to Rural Land Use Pattern.Methuen and Company
Ltd., London.
8. Hall, P. (1992): Urban and Regional Planning. Routledge, London.
9. Jr. Chapin S. F., Kaiser, E. J. Godschalk, D. R. (1995): Rural and Urban Land-use Planning,
University of Illinois Press Urbanq and Chicago
10. Krishnamurthy, J. (2000): Rural Development. Problems and Prospects. Rawat Publications,
Jaipur.
11. Learmonth, A.T.A. (1962): Sample Villages in Mysore. Liverpool Univ. Press.
12. Lejonhud, K. (2003): Indian Villages in Transformation. A Longitudinal Study of Three Villages
in Uttar Pradesh. Karlstad University Studies, Karlstad.
13. Long, C. (2001): Participation of the Poor in Development Initiatives: Taking Their Rightful
Place. Earthscan, London.
14. Misra, R. P. and Achyutha, R. N. (1998): Micro-Level Rural Planning: Principles, Methods and
Case Studies. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.
15. Misra, R. P. and Misra, K. (eds.) (1998): Million Cities of India, Sustainable Development
Foundation, New Delhi.
16. Racine, J. (ed.) (1990): Calcutta 1981: The City, its Crisis, and the Debate on Urban Planning and
Development. Concept Publishing Company, New Delhi.
17. Sachdev, V. and Tillotson, G. (2002): Building Jaipur: The Making of an Indian City. Reaktion
Books, London.
18. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1991): Perspectives on the Third World Development. Rishi Publications,
Varanasi.
19. Sharma, P. R. (ed.) (1994): Regional Policies and Development in the Third World. Rishi
Publications, Varanasi.
20. Singh, B. N. (1988): Integrated Rural Area Development and Planning. Anupama Publications.,
Delhi.
21. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (eds.) (1980): Rural Habitat Transformation in World
Frontiers. National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 30.
22. Singh, R. L. and Singh, Rana P. B. (eds.) (1984): Environmental Appraisal and Rural Habitat
Transformation. National Geographical Society of India, Varanasi, Pub. 32.
23. Sundaram, K.V. (1977): Urban and Regional Planning in India. Vikas, New Delhi.
24. UNAPDI (1986): Local Level Planning and Rural Development: Alternative Strategies. (United
Nations Asian and Pacific Development Institute, Bangkok). Concept Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
25. UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) (2004): Human Development Report 2004.
UNDP and Oxford University Press, New York, available at website:
www.undp.org/hdro/HDR2004/html
26. Yugandhar, B. N. and Mukherjee, N. (eds.) (1991): Studies in Village India: Issues in Rural
Development. Concept Publishing. Company, New Delhi.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM402C: Satellite Image Interpretation
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
UNIT I
Fundamentals. Spectral characteristics of common natural objects; Atmospheric effects on remote
sensing data; Spectral signatures and spectral response patterns; Resolutions of remote sensing data.
UNIT II
Sensors and Platforms. Indian Remote Sensing Satellites and sensors; Microwave remote sensing-
-SLAR and geometric characteristics of SLAR imagery.
UNIT III
Image Processing (IP) Techniques. Visual (VIP) and Digital (DIP); Image rectification/pre-
processing operations; Image enhancement (contrast enhancement, spatial filtering and band ratioing);
Image classification: supervised and unsupervised.
UNIT IV
Applications. Satellite image interpretation in terrain and resource mapping and evaluation;
Lithology and structure; Land use/ land cover and space use mapping; Forest types; Environmental
monitoring; Remote sensing and GIS.

Books Recommended:
1. Campell, J. B. (2003): Introduction to Remote Sensing. 4th ed. Taylor and Francis, London.
2. Cracknell, A. and Ladson, H (1990): Remote Sensing Year Book. Taylor and Francis, London.
3. Curran, P.J. (1985): Principles of Remote Sensing. Longman, London.
4. Deekshatulu, B.L. and Rajan, Y.S. (ed.) (1984): Remote Sensing. Indian Academy of Science,
Bangalore.
5. Floyd, F. and Sabins, Jr. (1986): Remote Sensing: Principles and Interpretation. W.H. Freeman,
New York.
 6. Gautam, N.C. and Raghavswamy, V. (2004): Land Use/ Land Cover and Management
Practices in India. B.S. Publications., Hyderabad.
7. Harry, C.A. (ed.) (1987): Digital Image Processing. IEEE Computer Society, California.
8. Hord, R.M. (1982): Digital Image Processing of Remotely Sensed Data. Academic Press, New
York.
9. Jensen, J.R. (1986): Introductory Digital Image Processing: A Remote Sensing Perspective,
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
10. Jensen, J.R. (2004): Remote Sensing of the Environment: An Earth Resource Perspective.
Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Indian reprint available.
11. Lillesand, T.M. and Kiefer, R.W. (2000): Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation. John Wiley
and Sons, New York.
12. Nag, P. (ed.) (2000): Thematic Cartography and Remote Sensing. Concept Publishing.
Company, New Delhi.
13. Nag, P. and Kudrat, M (1998): Digital Image Processing, Concept Publishing Company, New
Delhi.
14. Rampal, K.K. (1999): Handbook of Aerial Photography and Interpretation. Concept Publishing.
Company, New Delhi.
15. Reeves, R.G. (ed.) (1983): Manual of Remote Sensing, Vols. 1 and 2. American Society of
Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Falls Church, Virginia.
16. Renz, A.N. (ed.) (1999): Remote Sensing for the Earth Sciences: Manual of Remote Sensing.
American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, and John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
17. Siegel, B.S. and Gillespie, R. (1985): Remote Sensing in Geology. John Wiley and Sons, New
York.
18.Swain, P.H. and Davis, S.M. (ed.) (1978): Remote Sensing: The Quantitative Approach.
McGraw Hill, New York.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM403A: Practical: Urban Geography
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Global Perspective. Theoretical models of urban growth, infrastructure, community zone
based study of maps; Functional interpretation of urban morphology and town plan through the ages;
Functional classification of towns based on occupational data, population size and centrality.
2. Indian Perspective. Structural and growth analysis of Indian cities and conurbations;
Determination of urban hierarchy in Indian region; Determination of population density gradient in
urban areas; Application of rank-size rule in a selected area of India; Urban survey and mapping of
functional areas of cities.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM403B: Practical: Rural and Urban Planning
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
1. Rural Planning. Rural land use maps (India and UK); International colour scheme and its
applicability in Indian context; Intensive rural land use survey and application of locational theories;
Land capability: its determination and mapping; Sample field mapping and planning of land use in
given rural areas.
2. Urban Planning. Preparation of urban land use maps from topo-sheets; Diagrammatic
representation of internal structure of urban centres based on traditional theories; Examination of
Master Plans of towns from different areas; Planning a new town (considering urban land use),
neighbourhood and community centre plan; Preparation of redevelopment and development sketch
plan.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM403C: Practical: Satellite Image Interpretation
Credits: 2
Number of Lectures: 52
Preparation of keys from satellite images; Preparation of thematic maps on lithology and structure,
geomorphology, land use/land cover, soils and soil erosion, forest types, hydro-geomorphologic
mapping and ground water potential zones.
Digital Image Processing (DIP): Image enhancements; Georeferencing; Mosaic preparation;
Image classification: supervised and unsupervised.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM404: Field Survey: Instrumental and Socio-economic
Credits: 4
Number of Lectures: 52
A. Instrumental. Surveying with the help of Theodolite and levelling by Dumpy Level; Solution of
advanced survey problems; Use of GPS and Total Stations.
B. Socio-Economic. Making questionnaire format; Conducting village and household survey and
report writing.

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM405: Assignment Based Seminar
Credits: 2

M.Sc. Geography SEMESTER – IV

GRM406: Dissertation (Thematic as per Specialization Group)
Credits: 4