LIVED EXPEREINCES OF FRATERNITY HAZING

INITIATORS IN UNIVERSITY OF CEBU Commented [WU1]: ALL CAPS, BOLD, CENTER

PS. FONT NAME”CAMBRIA”

JUSTIN C. BIEBER, ALEXANDRA O. DADDARIO, SIZE: 11
RODRIGO R. DUTERTE, MHIA C. KHALIFA Single Space, 0pt before and after spaceing
BARACK N. OBAMA, VLADIMIR S. PUTIN 1.5 left margin, 1 inch for the rest.
HENRY R. SY, DONALD J. TRUMP
MARK S. ZUCKERBERG Commented [WU2]: ALL CAPS, BOLD, CENTER

Abstract Commented [WU3]: Align Left for Subheading

Hazing, one form of initiation rites within fraternities, steals public attention sporadically.
Despite the implementation of Republic Act No.8049 or the Anti-Hazing Law – a law that
prohibits any form of hazing in the Philippines, it is still secretly practiced by fraternities.
The continued practice of this activity prompted the researchers to discover the
phenomenology behind hazing as experienced by the hazing initiators in Palawan. This
study employed the descriptive analytic approach to give a holistic perspective of the
participants using the three main themes - (a) the fraternity characteristics, (b) the social
environment of the participants, and (c) the psyche of the participants. The researchers
looked into the two-phase trail of fraternity involvement which begins with the neophyte
phase and the membership phase.

Keywords: Filipino Fraternities, Fraternity Hazing Initiators, Hazing Tradition Paddling

Initiation, Neophyte Commented [WU4]: Variables

Introduction Commented [WU5]: Align Left for Subheading

Hazing is reported as a common word “frater” which means “brother.” It is
cause of psychological and physical harm, basically a term used to define a body of
especially in Fraternities. For educational people associated for a common purpose
institutions, the risks include student or interest (Lapham, 2013). Despite the
attrition, abusive campus climates, and long-running existence of fraternities, the
negative publicity to name a few. average man still cannot completely grasp
Stereotypes often shape perceptions that the concept, and often generalizes it as
hazing behaviors are often dismissed as organizations that revel only in hazing.
simply harmless antics and pranks. These Hazing has been a commonly occurring
views are shortsighted and may phenomenon in many fraternities all
jeopardize the health and safety of around the Philippines and is still present
students as well as hinder the overall even after the signing of the R.A. 8049, or
quality of the learning environment in the Anti-Hazing Law. Hazing-related
schools and post-secondary institutions. death incidents have been reported
Professional staff and administrators who numerous times, and one of the very
are aware of dangers inherent in hazing recent incidents involved the case of De
often report feeling discouraged and La Salle University St. Benilde student
perplexed by entrenched attitudes and Guillo Cesar Servando in 2014 reported
beliefs that support a culture where by Diola of PhilStar. There have been
hazing is normalized as part of college many previous researches on hazing, but
life. most are often based on Western cultural
Fraternities have long been context. The Evolution of Hazing and
existing worldwide since ancient Greece. Hazing as a Manifestation of Evolved
The term “frat” is derived from the Latin Psychology by Aldo Cimino are one of the
 2

examples of western researches. These College and universities in the

become less reliable as an application to locality of Cebu are resided by various
Filipino culture due to cultural fraternity organizations which continue
differences; thus, research in such context to recruit entrants from senior high
would be required to close the said gaps school and college freshmen who could
in knowledge. Additionally, the become part of their brotherhood. The
phenomenology of fraternity initiators study will not provide the names of the
has not been duly explored as much as fraternal groups since the research topic
that of fraternity neophytes, making it a deals with the hazing initiators. In the
frontier for new research. University of Cebu for instance, it is
Hazing in the form of paddling has governed by several fraternities not
been considered as controversial activity disclosing their information due to the
done by fraternities in the Philippines and sensitivity of the topic and to protect
is questioned for the danger it poses. human subjects.
Youth patronage still continues despite Thus, epistemological and
the implementation of R.A. 8049 – an act ontological awareness towards the causes
criminalizing hazing activity of any of fraternity initiators in lieu to paddling
organization. Philippine research study and other initiation rites will not only
suggests that hazing can serve as a best explain the reasons of its occurrence but
“mechanism practice” in order to also other indicators that would help us
ascertain the worthiest individuals who widen our perspectives to such.
can be counted and accepted as members
of their organization” (Gener, 2014). Social Identity Theory (SIT; Tajfel,
Hazing is the abuse of new or prospective 1978; Tajfel & Turner, 1979) begins with
members (Cimino, 2013). the premise that individuals define their
The researchers looked into the own identities with regard to social
chronological development of fraternity groups and that such identifications work
membership which starts from being an to protect and bolster self-identity. The
applicant who has undergone fledging, creation of group identities involves both
initiation until being a bona fide fraternity the categorization of one’s “in-group”
member who subjects neophytes to with regard to an “out-group” and the
hazing. Using the researcher’s pre- tendency to view one’s own group with a
conceived themes, they identified the positive bias vis-a-vis the out-group. The
causes and influences or the triggering result is an identification with a collective,
factors which induce aggression towards depersonalized identity based on group
neophytes once the applicants survive the membership and imbued with positive
fledging program and the paddling aspects.
initiation. The three themes are: (1) The macro theories do not
organization characteristic (experience), represent three principled and well-
(2) social environment, and (3) internal established theories, but rather a way to
processes (psyche) of participants as order a diverse set of claims and
their membership status progresses. speculations regarding hazing's origins
Generally, reports based on and persistence (see review in Cimino,
hazing experiences of fraternity 2011). In actuality, there is little direct
neophytes during initiation, regardless of scientific evidence for any theory of
the awareness of the law protecting hazing. And although calling the ideas
individuals against hazing, the said ritual “macro theories” suggests testability,
can never be revoked as it has become a most claims made about hazing are not
fraternity’s tradition. formulated in a way that is easily testable.
 3

Erich Fromm’s basic thesis is that selection of members with high levels of
modern-day people have been torn away intrinsic valuation (Cimino, 2011).
from their prehistoric union with nature Prospective members are
and also with one another, yet they have punished harshly if they fail to carry out
the power of reasoning, foresight, and the assigned labor that is part of their
imagination. This combination of lack of induction. Punishment is manifested
animal instincts and presence of rational through hazing ordeals, which become a
thought makes humans the freaks of the temporary set of powerful, negative
universe. Self-awareness contributes to incentives for doing anything that existing
feelings of loneliness, isolation, and group members find the slightest bit
homelessness. To escape from these objectionable. (Cimino, 2013).
feelings, people strive to become reunited Hazing is characterized as an
with nature and with their fellow human anomaly in the light of Aldo Cimino’s
beings. Macro-Theory (2013). He came up with
Automatic Accrual Theory for explaining
The objectives of the present study hazing phenomenon. He suggested the
investigate the hazing initiators’ “newcomer” concept that prompts a set of
experiences on social environment, and adaptive responses in members toward
their psyche who have gone through new coalition members; among them
hazing as neophytes and as initiators. being anti-exploitation responses to
It is the perceived qualities of a prevent their group from being exploited
fraternity which is responsible in molding by said “newcomers”. Two instances are
its group dynamics and traditions that given: newcomers might join a coalition
directly influence the behaviors of its and (1) contribute nothing, accruing
members and determines the formation automatic benefits until successfully
of its group setting and forms of hazing. excluded, or (2) increase free riding
Aggression to shape better members behaviors around the time of group entry,
Initiations may include activities but reduce or cease this strategy as their
perceived to be fun and rewarding, tenure increases.
physically and emotionally demanding, A high-cost induction will
embarrassing, socially deviant, degrading, presumably discourage those who desire
painful, and sometimes dangerous or only short-term association (and, thus,
brutal. The activities designed for short-term benefits). This would be
newcomers typically adhere to highly explained further through the
prescribed protocols defined by group Commitment Macro-Theory. According to
traditions (Keating et al., 2005). In the the theory, another function of hazing is
Philippines, secretive group like the KKK to show dominance, as initiators demand
imposed strict rules and guidelines for the applicants’ submission while being
accepting new members. The subject to hazing, possibly leaving lasting
organization adapted details of its impressions on the newcomers (Cimino,
initiation rites from the American 2011).
fraternity Freemason Lodge. It may be If hazing was a straightforward
reflected on many fraternities in the dominance display, one might expect
country that is also secretive in nature to them to say something akin to, “when I
impose strict policies such as series of haze you, you should never forget it.” To
test of loyalty in accepting new members. be clear, “alpha” members often attempt
Hazing practices are undeniably entwined to be scary and intimidating to
to fraternal organization. This, with the prospective members, all the while trying
evolutionary approach, allows the to exercise hazing in ways that delineates
it from everyday life. While Alpha men are
 4

pulled together to form one group, hazer- Another factor why youth are
hazee relationships in other groups motivated to join fraternity is due to the
appear to contain implicit mutual need of belongingness every person
knowledge that their interactions do not seeks, as it brings security and sense of
reflect the normal social order That is, it being. According to Erich Fromm’s theory
is understood that hazers can order of Humanistic Psychoanalysis Personality,
hazees around, make ridiculous demands humans are rational beings who act to
and inflict high costs, but at a certain fulfill their unique human needs to
point, they must cease doing so. develop their personality. Those are to
The idea that hazers are seeking search for relatedness, rootedness,
to establish or reaffirm a dominant transcendence, and sense of identity that
position with respect to hazees is very makes their frame of orientation as they
common. Consider a few examples: Group try to create connections to the world by
members haze newcomers to “make them assimilation of things and by socialization
understand how superior [they feel]”, to others and relate it to their selves. With
Athletic hazing “allows veterans to have freedom vested on them, they chose to act
their dominant position”, “consolidated in either productive or nonproductive
argues that hazing in male adolescent orientation in solving human dilemmas
initiations is used to suppress”, “open and (Jess Feist, 2009). A person who desires
violent revolt”, Veterans of a hazing to integrate his personality to fulfill the
discussion group is to “maintain their missing aspect of his existence joins a
power”, athletic hazers“ celebrating their chosen group to identify with people they
power over rookies” (Cimino, 2011). would look up to. Joining a fraternity, they
are given a chance to develop the sense of
It is the atmosphere within the being connected to others and are
organization wherein group dynamics, motivated to transcend in the
initiator-applicant interaction, and other organization and may accept the
phenomena take place. consequence of joining the said fraternity,
Hazing occurs because it is including the hazing he’ll experience in
defined by students as necessary and order to be a bona fide fraternity
desirable part of entry into an member.
organization. The idea of “sense of In the occurring process of the
belongingness” and “feeling accepted” “in-group out-group”, bias people
amongst one’s peers may triumph over consider themselves as ingroup labeled as
any fears that new fledges may initially “us” and the outgroup people labeled as
face. While some may see the initiation “them” (McLeod, 2015). Applicants must
process as harmful and negative, others pass all the prerequisite requirements
may be pushing aside this fear in order to from being an “outgroup” to being an
actually raise their self-esteem and “ingroup” of fraternity and as the one who
confidence amongst their peers (Mercuro interacts with other fraternity members
et al., 2014). and also given a chance to initiate hazing
The implications of maltreatment among neophytes. At some point of their
effects for human attachments to groups membership, phenomenal events develop
are important. Individuals who undergo such as de-individuation as one of the
mental and physical duress can become characteristic of group dynamics, it is a
dependent on and even attached to those psychological state characterized by
inflicting the treatment, especially when a lowered self-evaluation and decreased
clear power differential is present and concerns to evaluation of others. It was
alternative social options are unavailable proposed by Zimbardo as a result of his
(Keating et al., 2005). Stanford Prison Experiment. According to
 5

his theory, the said psychological state is effect describes the diffusion of
aroused when an individual joins crowds responsibility which contributes to the
and large groups. This social phenomenon continued practice of this harsh initiation.
diminishes awareness of one’s’ own If hazing initiation stays acceptable within
individuality for each of them when trying the group, fraternity members tend to
to identify with majority of the group take their hands off and let the hazing
which consists of people who are practice continue.
perceived as faceless and anonymous It is the psychological, cognitive,
(Jarvis & Russell, 2009). Being exposed to emotional, and personality aspect of an
this kind of environment, fraternities individual that contributes to the
which consist majorly of members with subject’s behaviors throughout the
high valuation to hazing practices can membership process.
uplift others behaviors such as innate According to Henri Tajfel’s theory
aggression of individuals who are new of Social Identity, the group to which a
members of the fraternity and gradually person belongs, brings pride and self-
can become accustomed with it. More esteem to the person. As a person follows
specifically speaking, new fraternity a sequence of social identity formation
members learn to conform to the group which starts at social categorization
and may desire to be the new followed by social identification and
organization’s initiator who hazes their finally social comparison, along the
new applicants, choose to be a bystander, process, discrimination takes place as a
or do what the majority of fraternity common result (McLeod, 2015). From this
member does. aspect, at any rate, hazing can occur from
For those who choose to do the course of discrimination. A male who
hazing initiation, it is the environment agrees to undergo training was
that establishes powerful impetus for the susceptible to be subjected as “them” as
hazing initiators’ actions by influencing they are still in the process of being a
their personality and molding their genuine fraternity member. At this state,
behavioral patterns that lead them to any form of hazing may arise aside from
become initiators. Albert Bandura’s Social physical hazing and hazing may be not in
learning theory suggests that a person the form of initiation but depends on the
learns by observing others, including fraternity member desire to do so which
aggression, within an environment, even most likely to happen during the
as early as in childhood. He also suggests fledgeship between the interaction of a
that a child can learn by just observing fraternity member figure as “ingroup”
role models with whom they identify. and applicant figure as “outgroup” run
Through vicariously learning the into.
consequences of aggressive behavior to Within the community, males and
those who use it, they assess a behavior female are distinctly perceived. Males are
whether or not such behaviors are worth commonly understood to be aggressive
adapting. Reinforced behaviors are most and physically stronger so being
likely to be repeated by a child in the perceived manly is taken as a
future with similar situations; children compliment. According to Bem (1981), as
who are rewarded for performing violent cited in a book section authored by
behavior will, therefore, come to (Eagly, 2009), a person adjusts his
considerably value it as they grow up behavior to fit in with the gender norms
(Jarvis & Russell, 2009). Environment and is enforced to fulfill the expectations
also determines a state of evaluation for on his gender category bound for their
the course of action or practices of a culture. This physiological triggering
person within the group. The Bystander factor can influence a bona fide fraternity
 6

member to engage in physical hazing to dissonance experienced by the

express his aggression. This may be participants. There is no way to "prove"
responsible for the fraternity initiators’ that the individual maintains two
harsh treatment to neophytes which contradictory cognitions at the same time,
every applicant might experience as they and that in order to diminish the
view the act as proving one’s manliness. dissonance, participants have to justify
Forms of self-justification. the situation in order to resolve this
The attraction of hazing probably conflict.
extends beyond the dictates of tradition, A person can learn a behavior by
forging bonds through shared, secretive the reinforcement present in the
experiences. (The) rituals are thought to environment; it may be a positive or a
strengthen the group by proving the negative one (Mcleod, 2015). The new
devotion of newcomers but also by member who belongs to the fraternity is
helping to create a sense of loyalty given reinforcement in order for him to
(Mercuro, et al., 2014). It is the reason learn a new behavior by conditioning him
many victims continue to support an like cognitively associating hazing activity
abuser after the relationship is over. It’s with either a reward or punishment. Also,
also the reason they continue to see “the the notion of revenge supported by
good side” of an abusive individual and psychodynamic perspective for a defense
appear sympathetic to someone who has mechanism of displacement of anxieties
mentally and sometimes physically can be a triggering factor that motivates
abused them which can occur to a newly them to do hazing activity.
initiate applicant that becomes a member. Overall, these major themes
The greater number of fraternity would help us understand the factors that
members belonging to a majority group explains the reasons of fraternity hazing
and their actions can affect the perception initiators in doing paddling for initiation
of a new member – perception about rites. Personal and psychosocial
himself and about what the organization characteristics can be pre-determined
does. According to social psychologist through further contextualization of
Leon Festinger’s theory of Cognitive various concepts that result to such.
Dissonance Theory as cited by (Lim, The objectives of the present
2014), humans as rational beings are study investigate the hazing initiators’
sensitive to inconsistencies between experiences on social environment, and
actions and beliefs. Recognition of this their psyche who have gone through
inconsistency will cause dissonance, and hazing as neophytes and as initiators.
will motivate an individual to resolve the
dissonance. Dissonance will be resolved Materials and Methods Commented [WU6]: Align Left for Subheading
in one of three basic ways; it is (1)
changing one’s belief or (2) action or (3) The researchers employed a
perception of an action. phenomenological research design which
Although according to the Effort focused on the perspective of college
Justification theory of Aronson and Mills fraternity members who performed
as cited by (Lim, 2014), it was argued that hazing initiation to candidates/applicants
cognitive dissonance led to self- aspiring to be members of the fraternity.
justification for liking the group for which The term 'phenomenology' refers to a set
new members were subjected to because of philosophical doctrines loosley sharing:
of the commitment they have in the (a) assumptions as to what the world is
fraternity. Some have criticized this like (metaphysical) and how it canbe
however, because it is not possible to known(epistemological), and more
actually measure the amount of importantly, (b) strategies for the
 7

descriptive management of the mental known and sets out to find people who
entities relating to such a world. They all can and are willing to provide the
strive to capture experiential essences information by virtue of knowledge or
which are but higher forms of knowledge experience (Bernard, 2002). It is typically
(coveted 'epistemological' building used in qualitative research to identify
bricks) with which the phenomenologist and select the information-rich cases for
expects to reconstruct reality on a firmer the most proper utilization of available
footing. As against what is usually resources (Patton, 2002).
believed in clinical circles,
phenomenologists have never been This study utilized structured
interested in the obtainment of tame, and interview questionnaires which was
(let alone) theory-neutral descriptions composed of specific set of questions in
(Berrios, 1989). eliciting responses of the participants
(Avilla, 2016). The interview content was
The study was conducted in the composed of three (3) parts: profile of the
University of Cebu – Main Campus located participants; hazing initiators’
at Sanciangko St., Cebu City. The experiences on social environment; and
institution was founded in 1964 by Atty. the psyche of the initiators who gone
Augusto W. Go. It offers programs in through hazing. The major parts contain
preschool, grade school, junior & senior one (1) question in which probing
high school, undergraduate degrees, and questions were facilitated to allow
post-graduate degrees. Its vision is to interviewees explicate responses. Audio
“democratize quality education; be the recorder application from smartphones
visionary and industry leader, and give was used to ensure in getting authentic
hope and transform lives” so as its responses. Observation of non-verbal
mission is to offer affordable and quality cues during the interview and notetaking
education responsive to the demands of were also reinforced in order to promote
local and international communities. It triangulation of data for the purpose of
promotes the core values “ICARE” which ensuring validity and reliability of the
stands for Innovation, Camaraderie, responses.
Alignment, Respect, and Excellence.
In collecting the qualitative data, a
The participants were composed transmittal letter was secured signed by
of ten (10) college male fraternity the research adviser and the senior high
initiators coming from various groups in school principal prior to the conduct of
the University of Cebu – Main Campus the interview. Scheduled time of
who qualify with the criterion whose availability were set and a distraction-
experience in doing the initiation rites of free environment was prepared to make
paddling even at least once would be sure that the participants could focus in
suitable enough to provide the the interview proper. As the interview
information needed for this study. The proceeds, data triangulation revolving the
participants were selected with the use of personal interviews, actual observation,
purposive sampling. This sampling and document analysis was established.
technique, also called judgment sampling, Upon consolidation of the
is the deliberate choice of a participant answered interviews, content analysis
due to the qualities the participant method was used as described by
possesses. It is a nonrandom technique Kleiman (2004) cited by Tracy (2012)
that does not need underlying theories or that the collected write-ups, transcripts
a set number of participants. Simply put, and notes were read and examined. The
the researcher decides what needs to be data were reviewed comprehensively and
 8

sections identified to have similar focus Kaning among pagpaddle sa mga

were integrated to make compact, mangapilay maoy pamaagi namu nga
efficient summaries of its content. Tallied ipakita ang kakusog sa ilang kagusto og
data were categorized using a coding disiplina sa kada tagsa…uhmm…Pinaagi
table. The process consisted of examining, ani, mukusog sad among pagkahiusa
categorizing, tabulating and recombining bahin sa pagkamagkaigsoonon
of amassed information before (Participant 3, Line 67).
progressing to deeper exposition.
Findings, including descriptions of Tungod sa akong frat
essential meanings, were elaborated and nakahimangno ko og kahimtang nga naay
related to the collected data to justify the mga tawu nga musuporta nimu og dili ka
interpretations presented. pasagdan sa tanang kalisud sa kinabuhi
(Participant 5, Line 95)

Results Naay mga panahon nga ang uban Commented [WU7]: Align Left Subheading
sa amu kay dili magkahiusa tungod nga
This chapter presents the results naay uban dili mucooperate sa among
and discussion of findings out from the mga kabrad unya maoy makaamong sa
analyzed qualitative data using content uban kay nagkatagkatag ang grupo
analysis method. It provides an overview (Participant 2, Line 76).
of the participants’ profile, experiences of
the hazing initiators on social Ganahan namo ipakita sa mga
environment, and the psyche of the bag-ong mangapil sa among frat nga
initiators. kamiy mga dugay na nga miyembro
Based on the hazing initiators’ ang dapat respetarun hangtod mudugay
experiences on social environment, they sila, mao ra gihapun
commonly encounter attachment lang panlantaw namu (Participant
formation inside the fraternity (100%), 2, Line 61).
they search for personality integration
(80%), and circumstances that they face Discussion Commented [WU8]: Align Left for Subheading
at present (70%).
In terms of the psyche of the As for support on the major
initiators who have gone through hazing themes, it was explained by Mercuro et al.
as neophytes and initiators, both resulted (2014) that fraternity members feel a
to identity formation (100%). sense of attachment of being part of the
brotherhood. In fact, the longer they
Based on the formulated become part of the fraternity, the
categories derived from sub-categories stronger attachment that they will have.
out from the participants’ statements, the Keating et al. (2005) further explained
major themes appear that revolving the that these behaviors occur upon entry of
hazing initiators’ experiences on social neophyte fraternity members. In terms of
environment, attachment formation search for personality integration, a
(100%), search for personal integration member feels a sense of belongingness
(80%), and circumstances that happen which helps him/her boost self-esteem
with in the fraternity (70%) are the most when being part of the group (Jess Feist,
common encounters when being part of 2009). Lastly, issues that happen with in
the hazing initiators. the fraternity such as internal
miscommunication and divisions of some
members who belong in the same
fraternity are common and is categorized
 9

as outgroup members who sometimes do norms and is influenced to fulfill the

not abide rules and policies which result expectations on gender representation
to disagreement and conflicts. McLeod bound in their culture.
(2015) explicated that these
circumstances were addressed through and its interconnection to
internal agreements making outgroup theoretical concepts, it appeared that
members become ingroup to establish Tajifel’s theory of social identity, Cimino’s
solidarity with in the brotherhood. Macro-Theory, and Fromm’s Humanistic
Based on the psyche of the Psychoanalysis Personality Theory
initiators who have gone through the explain the experiences of hazing
experience of paddling during initiation initiators in lieu to hazing practices in a
rites, the very reason of doing the act is form of paddling.
because of identity formation (100%).
In accordance theory of social In a nutshell, findings revealed
identity by Tajifel as stated by McLeod that the lived experiences of the hazing
(2015), being part of the group which a initiators in the University of Cebu – Main
person belongs enhances pride and self- Campus showed significance on how do
esteem of an individual. This follows the participants portray their attitude
social comparison, along the process, towards hazing. Their experiences on
discrimination takes place as a common social environment were influenced by
result. Furthermore, it also explained the their personal, psychological, and social
involvement of the gender in the connections when being part of the group.
community wherein males are perceived Moreover, it highlights that their identity
as commonly aggressive and physically formation shows relevance on gender-
stronger. Bem (1981) added that a person related norms categorized as culturally
adjusts his behavior to fit in with gender influenced individuals.

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