Swine Diagnostic Manual

FIFTH EDITION
SWINE DISE ASE

DIAGNOSTIC MANUAL
A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SWINE DISEASE DIAGNOSIS

As the nation’s largest manufacturer of Custom Made Vaccines, Newport Laboratories is a highly focused,
technology–based company dedicated to providing timely, science–based solutions to food animal disease
problems. Our products and services are delivered and supported by a dedicated and experienced sales staff
and Veterinary Service team.
Copyright Newport Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved.
Table of Contents
Helpful Tools
Swine Diagnostic Submission Guide 4
Tissue Submission Guidelines 6
Dx-REPORTS - Diagnostic Reporting Software 8
Major Pig Organs 9
Nursery Pig Necropsy Instructions 10
Grower/Finisher Pig Necropsy Instructions 12
Respiratory Diseases
Glässer’s Disease - Haemophilus parasuis 14
Mycoplasma Pneumonia – Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae 15
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis - Pasteurella multocida 16
PRRSV – Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome 17
IAV-S - Influenza A Virus in Swine 18
Swine Pleuropneumonia - APP 19
Gastrointestinal Diseases
Clostridial Enterocolitis - C. perfringens & C. difficile 20
Coccidiosis 21
E. coli - Intestinal Colibacillosis and Edema Disease 22
Gastric Ulcers 23
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome – HBS 24
Ileitis - Lawsonia intracellularis 25
PEDV - Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus 26
TGEV - Transmissible Gastroenteritis 27
Rotavirus Enteritis 28
Salmonellosis: Enteritis and Septicemia 29
Swine Dysentery - Brachyspira hyodysenteriae 30
Multisystemic Diseases
Erysipelas 31
Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus 32
Polyserositis & Polyarthritis (Mycoplasma hyorhinis) 33
Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCVAD) - PCV2 34
Strep - Streptococcus suis 35
Miscellaneous Diseases
Mulberry Heart Disease 36
Polyarthritis - Mycoplasma hyosynoviae 37
Reproductive Diseases
Leptospirosis 38
Parvo 38
PRRSV 38
www.newportlabs.com | 800-220-2522 3 |
Swine Diagnostic Submission Guide
Sample
Disease Suspected Specimen Laboratory Procedure
Preparation
Culture-sensitivity,
Actinobacillus Refrigerate
Lung Serotyping (via PCR)
pleuropneumoniae
10% Formalin Histopathology
Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity
Arthritis Joint Fluid, Joint Swab, Synovium
Anaerobic Culture-sensitivity,
Refrigerate
Clostridium perfringens Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon Toxin PCR
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Fecal Culture, A/B Toxin ELISA,
Clostridium difficile Refrigerate
Swabs, Colon Content A/B Toxin PCR
Escherichia coli (E. coli) Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity, PCR, Toxin PCR
Colibacillosis Brain with Brainstem, Fecal Swabs,
Edema Disease Colon Content
Enteritis Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Refrigerate Anaerobic culture/typing,
(non-specific) Fecal Swabs, Colon Content TGEV PCR, Rotavirus qPCR
Heart, Lymph Node, Liver, Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity

Erysipelas
Spleen, Synovium, Joint Fluid 10% Formalin Histopathology
Haemophilus parasuis Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity, qPCR

Lung, Pleural Fluid, Heart, Pericardial Fluid,
(Glasser's disease-
Pericardium, Synovium, Joint Fluid Histopathology,
polyserositis) 10% Formalin
Whole Genome Sequencing
Hemagglutinating Brain with Brainstem, Mid-Cervical Refrigerate Virus isolation, qPCR
Encephalomyelitis Virus Spinal Cord, Thoracolumbar Junction
(HEV) Spinal Cord, Lung, Tonsil 10% Formalin Histopathology
Gross lesions and culture
Hemorrhagic Bowel Refrigerate
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon to rule out mimic infections
Syndrome (HBS)
Ileitis Refrigerate PCR

(Lawsonia Ileum, Spiral Colon, Cecum, Feces
intracellularis) 10% Formalin Histopathology
Lung, Pericardial Fluid, Refrigerate Culture to rule out septicemia

Mulberry Heart Disease
Heart, Left and Right Ventricles 10% Formalin Histopathology
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Lung with Pleura, Pericardium, Culture,
(Polyarthritis and Refrigerate
Pericardial Fluid, Synovium, Joint Fluid Mycoplasma Multiplex PCR
Polyserositis)
Mycoplasma
hyosynoviae Synovium, Joint Fluid Refrigerate Mycoplasma Multiplex PCR, Culture
(Polyarthritis)
Refrigerate Culture, Mycoplasma Multiplex PCR

Mycoplasma Lung
Pneumonia (M. 10% Formalin Histopathology, PCR
hyopneumoniae)
Serum Refrigerate Serology
| 4 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Swine Diagnostic Submission Guide
Sample
Disease Suspected Specimen Laboratory Procedure
Preparation
Pasteurella Pneumonia 10% Formalin
and Rhinitis Lung, Turbinates If Investigating Rhinitis
Serogrouping PCR
(P. multocida) Refrigerate
Porcine Circovirus Refrigerate Virus isolation, qPCR

Lung, Spleen, Liver, Lymph Nodes,
Disease (PCV2, PMWS,
Kidney, Ileum, Pancreas, Serum 10% Formalin Histopathology
PDNS)
Porcine Epidemic Refrigerate Histopathology, qPCR, VI
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Colon
Diarrhea
Content or Feces, Fecal Swabs, Serum 10% Formalin IHC
(PEDV)
Refrigerate/
Virus isolation, qPCR
Lung frozen
Porcine Reproductive & 10% Formalin Histopathology, IHC
Respiratory Syndrome
(PRRS) Serology, PCR,
Serum Refrigerate
Virus isolation, Sequencing
Blood Swab, Semen Refrigerate PCR
Reproductive Diseases/
Fetus, Mummies, Stillborns, Culture-sensitivity,
Abortions (Parvo, Refrigerate
Weakborns, Serum IgG, PCR, etc.
Lepto, PRRS, etc)
PCR, Virus isolation

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Colon Refrigerate
Rotavirus Enteritis Sequencing
Content or Feces, Fecal Swabs
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Liver,

Lung, Spleen, Mesenteric Lymph Node, Refrigerate
Sequencing to determine Serovar
Salmonella Colon Content or Feces, Fecal Swabs
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum,
Colon, Liver, Lung
Brain Including Cerebellum and Brain Stem, Refrigerate
Streptococcus suis Whole Genome Sequencing
Lung, Liver, Spleen, Synovium
Swine Dysentery
(Brachyspira Feces, Cecum, Spiral Colon 10% Formalin Histopathology
hyodysenteriae)
Trachea, Lung, Nasal Swabs Virus isolation, qPCR,

Refrigerate
(in Viral Transport Media) Sequencing, HT-SN™
IAV-S Lung 10% Formalin Histopathology, (IHC)
Serum Refrigerate Serology (HI/ELISA)
Refrigerate Histopathology, qPCR, VI

Transmissible Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Colon
Gastroenteritis (TGEV) Content or Feces, Fecal Swabs, Serum
10% Formalin IHC
Gastric Ulcers Stomach Refrigerate Gross lesions
For bacterial culture, we recommend swabs with transport media to prevent desiccation. For virus isolation, swabs
should be placed into viral transport media; see tissue submission guidelines on next page or call the lab for information.
FREE Diagnostic Submission Kits.
Tissue Submission Guidelines
Whenever possible, animals selected for laboratory analysis should be free from antibiotic therapy and in an early or
acute disease stage. Selected tissues should be collected as aseptically as possible. Ideally, two or three humanely
euthanized pigs in the early stages of disease that are displaying typical clinical signs and immediately necropsied
will yield the most reliable diagnostic data. A meaningful history of the disease outbreak and a tentative diagnosis,
based upon clinical evaluation and necropsy findings, should be included. Laboratory test results are directly affected
by animal selection, necropsy technique, specimen selection, specimen handling, adequate preservation, and speed
of shipment to the laboratory. Contact Newport Laboratories if you have any questions regarding sample collection
or the diagnostic process.
Preparation & Collection of Tissues/Samples

Tissues-Fresh Nasal Swabs-Viral Suspect
Aseptically collect approximately 2x4 inch samples Prepare nostrils and sample as in bacterial suspect. For
and place in a plastic bag. Sample visible lesions with viral swabs use Universal Viral Transport Kit (Becton
adjacent normal tissue. Double bag in Whirl-pak® bags. Dickinson #220528) or equivalent.
Do not mix swabs, intestines, or brains with other
tissues in one single bag. Transport tissues with 2-3 cold Use of the incorrect swab and media may jeopardize the
packs in an insulated container. It is important that the ability to detect or culture the offending pathogen. For
tissue samples arrive at the laboratory before the cold bacterial isolation, avoid using Mycoplasma or viral media
packs expire. which contain antimicrobials and may inhibit growth
of the desired pathogen. Avoid using bacterial culture
Collect sections of small and large intestine. The media to isolate viruses or Mycoplasma organisms.
selected, clearly identified samples should be double
bagged and sealed in Whirl-pak bags to prevent Identify all swabs with the following:
spillage. Do not cut the loops of intestines open. • Farm ID, including site and building
The intestine, approximately 2 inches long, should be where appropriate
refrigerated and cooled thoroughly prior to shipping. • Animal identification number
Avoid shipping whole pigs or over weekends. • Source of the swabbed material such as oral
fluid, joint exudate, pericardial fluid, peritoneal
Swabs fluid, tracheal wash, urine, blood
Aerobic Culture
Commercial swabs with Stuart’s or Amies transport Histopathology
media is recommended to prevent desiccation. Preparation of Tissue for Fixation
Multiple sites or types of lesions, to include both
Anaerobic Culture normal and diseased tissue and a sample at the line of
Port-A Cult® (BBL) or other anaerobic transport system. demarcation, should be taken. The sections should
(The Port-A Cult® tube can be used for anaerobic, be no more than 1 inch thick. The small size of the
facultative, and aerobic bacteria.) For abscesses or tissue results in rapid and complete penetration of
exudates use a capped syringe with needle removed or the fixative.
a tube with a snug cap.
Selected tissues should be cut with a sharp knife or
Nasal Swabs-Bacterial Suspect scalpel since the squeezing action of scissors crushes
Clean the external nares and internal nostrils with a moist and tears tissue. Autolysis or freezing will make samples
towel to remove common contaminants. (Use swabs unsuitable for histopathological evaluation. Place
with transport media such as Amies or Stuart’s). Insert formalin and tissues in double Whirl-paks. Identify bags
swab into the pre-cleaned nasal cavity and rotate. Upon if multiple animals are submitted. Do not use narrow
successful sample collection, the swab is inserted into mouth bottles to submit fixed tissues.
the accompanying sterile plastic sheath. The ampule
located at the end of the sheath is gently crushed,
releasing transport medium.
For any materials submitted to Newport Laboratories for analysis, Newport Laboratories solely owns the work developed or derived from the materials submitted as unique work product and an
invention by Newport Laboratories. All written materials and other works which may be subject to copyright, and all patentable and unpatentable inventions, ideas, improvements, or discoveries
conceived or made by Newport Laboratories arising out of the developments shall be the sole and entire property of Newport Laboratories. Any and all intellectual property rights related to the vaccine
and the development of the vaccine belong solely to Newport Laboratories.

Tissue Submission Guidelines
Volume of Fixative • Clearly specify the test(s) requested on the

The selected tissues should be fixed in 10% neutral submission form.
buffered formalin. Use 10 times the volume of the tissues • When sending paired sera, identify the acute
being fixed to assure good perfusion of the sample samples from the convalescent samples on the tube
and to maintain the tissue architecture. After 24 hours and on the request form.
fixation, excess formalin can be poured off, and a smaller
formalin volume can then be used for shipping. Diagnostic submission forms can be downloaded
from our website: www.newportlabs.com, or by calling
Formula to make 10% Neutral Buffered Formalin Newport Customer Service at 800-220-2522.
37-40% formaldehyde 100 mL
Distilled water 900 mL Packing Specimens
Sodium phosphate, monobasic monohydrate 4.0 g To avoid leaking in transit, double bag ALL samples.
Sodium phosphate, dibasic anhydrous 6.5 g Whirl-pak bags or equivalent are recommended. Wrap
sample bags and 2-4 ice packs in absorbent paper
Tissue Selection for Histopathology (e.g. newspaper). Place the package into a styrofoam
Check the recommended samples in the guideline table container. Completed submission forms should be
on page 4 and 5. If the cause of death is unknown or inserted in a separate bag in case of leakage and clearly
the clinical syndrome is vague, then submit samples attached to the matching specimens. This is especially
exhibiting gross lesions and sections from all of the important if your container contains specimens from
following: lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen, various levels multiple clients or sites. Avoid mixing intestinal samples
of the gastrointestinal tract, mesenteric lymph nodes, with other tissues. If you need more information about
and brain. shipping specimens to Newport’s Diagnostic Laboratory,
please call us at 800-220-2522.
If hollow organs (gut or uterus) retain significant amounts
of content, then they should be gently flushed with 10% Mailing
formalin without disturbing the mucosal lining before Newport Laboratories provides free diagnostic kits for
placing in the formalin bag. Be sure to take proper sample submission. Call us at 800-220-2522 to request
precautions when handling formalin. submission form(s) or shipper containers. Submission
forms are also available online at www.newportlabs.com.
I.D. & Handling of Blood Samples: Samples should be submitted by the fastest means
Collection of Blood Samples possible to avoid deterioration of specimens. Next day or
• Collect in sterile tubes. Serum separator tubes work overnight delivery is preferred. The most reliable mailing
well. Follow the manufacturer’s directions. Based services that we have found are listed below:
on the number of tests requested, 1 mL – 3 mL of
nonhemolyzed serum is required. • United Parcel Service (UPS)
• Fill vacutainer tubes 3/4 full and allow to stand at • Fed Ex
room temperature for an hour to permit a solid clot • Spee-Dee
to form and retract. • U.S. Parcel Post (only as a final option)
• Pipette the serum into sterile tubes with snap
caps (3 mL plastic tubes with snap caps, Falcon Laboratory Hours
#2054, are recommended). Make sure caps are The Newport Diagnostic Laboratory is open for service
securely closed. from 8:00 A.M. to 5:00 P.M. (CST) Monday through
• Use permanent markers and underline the I.D. Friday, with the exception of holidays.
numbers (e.g. 16 vs. 91).
• Do not freeze whole blood or samples with the
clot remaining.
• Contaminated or toxic samples cannot be used in Diagnostic Shipping Address
virus isolation tests.
Newport Laboratories
I.D. Samples on Submission Forms 1524 Prairie Drive
• Using one form per client and site, identify Worthington, MN 56187
the tubes on the submission request form by
different barns, or age groups as logical for the
diagnostic investigation.
Diagnostic Reporting & Management Software
The Dx-REPORTS is a secure site which allows veterinarians to view diagnostic testing results
where they want and when they want. This system allows veterinarians to easily organize
and distribute diagnostic results. Livestock producers receive pertinent information from their
veterinarian in a precise and understandable format.
Dx-REPORTS provides numerous features and benefits:

• Password protected site maintains confidentiality of all diagnostics information
• Complies with producer’s and attending veterinarian’s privacy requirements
• Accessible from any computer location at any time
• Easy to navigate interface
• Applications for all food animals and cervidae
• Ease of collecting, distributing and banking individual pork production site data
• Data analysis to identify disease trends within groups and between groups
• Left margin icons and header action button provide data management menu options
• Real-time database allows you to see results and status of submissions
Call Newport Laboratories at 800-220-2522

for more information about Dx-REPORTS capabilities.
Online Web Portal

Newport Laboratories, Inc.
1520 Prairie Drive
Worthington, MN 56187
Phone: (507) 372-7779 Fax: (507) 372-2565
Report Date:
Final Report
Date Received: 01/01/2013 Case Coordinator: Brent Wassman, Accession No: 0000001
Collection Date: 01/01/2013 Molecular Diagnostic Supervisor
Company Name Phone:

Address Fax:
City, ST, ZIP Email:
Associated Parties:
T
Vet Practice:
POR
Veterinarian:
RE
Producer:
PLE
System User:
SAM
Reference Data:
Site:
Animal Information:
Qty: 2
Porcine
Lab Findings
Specimen Test Name NA EU
Blood swab pool - Porcine
Pool -1 PRRSV Multiplex RT PCR - Applied Biosystems (PCR - Negative Negative
(00000, Blood swab-72), (00001, Blood swab-73), M.PRRSVPCR) - 1/1/2013 3:56 PM >=37 Ct >=37 Ct
(00002, Blood swab-74)
01/01/13 BLW
01/01/13 BLW
01/01/13 BLW
01/01/13 BLW
01/01/13 BLW
Molecular This service is performed persuant to an agreement with Roche Moleculare

PRRSV Multiplex RT PCR - Applied Systems, Inc.
Biosystems(PCR):
1/1/2013
Brent Wassman Date
Page 1 of 1 - Final (1/1/2013) Accession No:

Major Pig Organs
Lung
Liver
Heart
Cecum
Small Intestine
Spiral Colon
Stomach
Head
Spleen
Head Head
Kidney Urinary Bladder
Nursery Pig - Necropsy Instructions
Important: Start with a sharp knife. Cut through the axilla to partially separate the front limb
from the rib cage. Repeat for other side.
After cutting through the axillae, the pig will lie upright Hook the knife under the cranial sternum. Cut through
on its back. the cartilage of all the ribs on both sides.
Continue this cut to remove the skin with sternum, and Most organs are now visible.
the ventral abdominal wall (belly) of the pig.

Nursery Pig - Necropsy Instructions
Cut between the ribs below the collar bone. Spread and crack the ribs open.
Organs are easily examined. Brain Swabs: Cut through the skin and muscle behind
the ears at the base of the skull.
Flex the nose toward the floor and the ears down to Place a swab on the exposed spinal cord toward the
open the space between the top vertebra and the skull. brain. This is an excellent way to test for strep.
This will allow room to cut between them.
Grower/Finisher - Necropsy Instructions
With the pig on its side, hold the lower front limb down Use the knife to cut through the axilla (armpit) to
with your foot while pulling up on the upper front limb. separate the leg from the rib cage.
Hip Socket
The upper hind limb is cut and laid back likewise. As you push the hind limb back, up and over the hip by
cutting muscle in the area, the hip socket will become
exposed, cut through socket and continue pushing the
limb straight back over hip.
Cut between the skin and body wall, beginning at the Continue the cut along the ventral midline toward
pelvis, along the midline all the way to the neck. the neck.

Grower/Finisher - Necropsy Instructions
Following the cut just made, dissect the skin away from Continuation of previous step. Note that abdominal wall
the body wall, reflecting it over the back. and back muscles are being exposed, but abdomen is
not open.
Carefully open the abdomen wall without cutting into Puncture the diaphragm near caudal sternum. Cut
intestines or urinary bladder; beginning near the pelvic through cartilage of the sternum all the way to neck.
floor working toward the head along midline. Reflect
abdominal wall over the back.
Cut muscles between ribs in pairs; break ribs by Organs are now exposed for examination.
pushing one or two at once over the back.
Glässer’s Disease
Haemophilus parasuis
Lame pig Polyserositis - fibrin-covered lungs
Fibrin on heart Polyserositis - fibrin-covered abdominal organs
Clinical Signs & History

• Sudden death.
Tissues to Submit
• A temperature of 104º-107ºF develops, and there is anorexia,
• Synovium
depression, and occasionally mild rhinitis and dyspnea with coughing.
• Joint Fluid
• Some pigs become lame with painful, warm, swollen, joints.
• Meninges
• Chronic arthritis and occasionally meningitis and convulsions
• Lung with Pleura
may develop.
• Exudate
HPS
• Heart with Pericardium Stage of Production

• Nursery
Diagnostic Tests
• Grow-Finish
• Culture-sensitivity
• Quantitative PCR Diagnosis
• Histopathology • Based on history, clinical signs, and necropsy. Confirmed by culture
• Whole Genome of the organism from joint fluids, involved tissues, or CSF.
Sequencing • Polyserositis, polyarthritis and meningitis.

Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae
Mycoplasma Pneumonia
Normal Lung Purple tan consolidated lung without pleuritis.
Purple tan consolidated lung without pleuritis. Note cranioventral Purple tan consolidated lung without pleuritis. Note cranioventral
involvement. involvement.

• Coughing is the most common sign and is most obvious when pigs
are roused.
• Sporadically, individual pigs or groups develop severe pneumonia. Tissues to Submit
• Often accompanied with secondary Pasteurella multocida or other • Lung
bacterial infections. • Serum
Stage of Production
MYCO
Diagnostic Tests
• Nursery • Mycoplasma
• Grow-Finish Multiplex PCR
• Mycoplasma culture
Diagnosis • Quantitative PCR
• Affected lung tissue is gray or purple, most commonly in the apical • Histopathology
and cardiac lobes (cranioventral). • Serology
• Lesions are clearly demarcated from normal lung.
• The associated lymph nodes may be enlarged.
Pneumonic Pasteurellosis
Pasteurella multocida
Normal Lung Mycoplasma Lung
Mycoplasma and Pasteurella Lung

• Respiratory: Cough, rapid breathing (thumping).
PASTEURELLA
Stage of Production
Tissues to Submit • Nursery
• Lung • Grow-Finish
Diagnostic Tests Diagnosis
• Culture • Diagnosis is based on necropsy findings and culture of P. multocida
• Serogrouping PCR from the lesions.
• Exudative bronchopneumonia, sometimes with pericarditis and pleuritis.

PRRSV
Porcine Reproductive & Respiratory Syndrome
Normal lung Lungs stay upright due to diffuse interstitial pneumonia; slightly
rubbery but not consolidated
Lungs stay upright due to diffuse interstitial Ventral view of PRRSV infected lung
pneumonia.

• Respiratory: cough, rapid breathing (thumping), unthrifty pigs. Tissues to Submit
• Reproductive: late-term abortions after 90 days gestation with fresh • Lung
and autolyzed piglets, stillborns, weak live piglets. • Serum
• Semen
PRRSV
Stage of Production
• Gestation Diagnostic Tests
• Farrowing • Virus Isolation
• Nursery • Quantitative PCR
• Grow-Finish • Sequencing
• Histopathology
Diagnosis • IHC
• Characteristic lesions and organism identification. • Serology
• Diagnosis is based on herd history and Virus Isolation (VI) or
viral antigen testing (PCR or IHC).
IAV-S Pneumonia
Influenza A Virus - Swine
Normal lung: pink, collapses uniformly, soft upon palpation Dorsal view of IAV-S Pneumonia: lungs stay upright due to diffuse
interstitial pneumonia with patchy red lobules of consolidation;
palpates rubbery compared to normal.
IAV-S Pneumonia: diffuse interstitial pneumonia as described

above with cranioventral consolidation related to secondary
bacterial bronchopneumonia (arrow).

Tissues to Submit • Respiratory: Rapid spread of severe cough throughout the barn, rapid
• Lung breathing (thumping), depression, fever to 108ºF, anorexia, dyspnea,
• Nasal Swabs weakness, prostration and a mucous discharge from the eyes and nose.
• Serum • Outbreak is characterized by sudden onset and rapid spread through the
• Trachea entire herd, often within 1-3 days.
Stage of Production
SIV
Diagnostic Tests
• Virus Isolation • Farrowing
• Quantitative PCR • Nursery
• Sequencing • Grow-Finish
• Histopathology
• Serology (HI, ELISA)
Diagnosis
• In uncomplicated infections, lesions are usually confined to the lungs.
• HT-SN™
• Necrotizing bronchiolitis becomes proliferative in chronic cases; IAV-S is
confirmed by IHC or PCR or VI.
• The airways contain a copious mucopurulent exudate, and the bronchial
and mediastinal lymph nodes are edematous and enlarged.

Swine Pleuropneumonia - APP
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae
Small APP lesion
Large APP lesion
Normal Lung Hemorrhagic necrotic lung lesions, with pleuritis involving dorsal lung
at small lesion. Extensive lobar consolidation in larger lesion.
Cross section of APP lung showing distinct demarcated areas of

multilobular necrotizing and hemorrhagic pneumonia with pleuritis.

• Respiratory distress is severe; there is thumping and occasionally open-
mouth breathing with a blood-stained frothy nasal and oral discharge,
fever, anorexia, and reluctance to move.
Stage of Production
• Grow-Finish
Tissues to Submit
Diagnosis • Lung
• An explosive disease onset is suggestive. • Serum
• The pneumonia is usually bilateral, but often unevenly distributed with
APP
unique dorsal and caudal lung lobe involvement. Diagnostic Tests

• The characteristic lesion is a severe fibrinonecrotic and hemorrhagic • Culture
pneumonia with accompanying fibrinous pleuritis. • Histopathology
• In acute cases, the lesions are sharply delineated, dark consolidated • Serotyping PCR
regions that ooze bloody fluid from the cut surface. The involved pleura
and interlobular septa are thick with exudate.
• The trachea may contain blood-stained froth. Bloody nasal/oral
discharge is common.
• In chronic cases, the lesions are more organized and adhesions between
the lung and rib cage become fibrous.
Clostridial GI Diseases
C. perfringens & C. difficile
Intestinal distension - C. perfringens Type A Dark red intestine, gas bubbles visible beneath the serosa. Lumen will be
filled with bloody necrotic content. C. perfringens Type C

• Diarrhea is the most common sign in enteric
clostridial infections.
• Sudden onset of hemorrhagic diarrhea followed
by collapse and death is characteristic in
piglets 1-3 days old as a result of Clostridium
perfringens Type C.
• Clostridium perfringens Type A and Clostridium
difficile most frequently cause diarrhea without
Mesocolonic edema - C. difficile
hemorrhage in pigs 3-15 days of age.
Stage of Production
• Farrowing
• Nursery
Diagnosis
• Necropsy is usually sufficient to establish the diagnosis of C. perfringens
Tissues to Submit Type C in the peracute hemorrhagic form and in the acute form with
• Small Intestine jejunal emphysema. Histologic observation of villous necrosis with
CLOSTRIDIUM
• Large Intestine mucosal colonization by numerous large gram-positive rods is adequate

• Colon for confirmation.
• Colon Content • Isolation and identification of the organism is necessary to diagnose
• Fecal Swabs C. perfringens Type A and C. difficile.
• C. perfringens Type C - In acute cases, gas bubbles (gut emphysema)
Diagnostic Tests
will be visible through the serosa and within the mucosa. The disease
• Culture
is often segmental, normal areas can be adjacent to severely diseased
• Toxin PCR
areas. Important to find and submit specimens from diseased areas.
• Histopathology
• C. perfringens Type A - Lesions are much milder than seen with
• A/B Toxin ELISA
C. perfringens Type C and are similar to those seen with E. coli.
• Mesocolonic edema can be seen in C. difficile and C. perfringens
Type A cases.

Coccidiosis
Coccidiosis: note diffuse dull necrotic yellow-tan membrane

covering the normally shiny mucosa.

• Diarrhea in farrowing house caused by Isospora suis, usually after 5
days of age. The disease is most intense from 7 to 14 days of age. Less
common in nursery pigs where it can be associated with I. suis or other
types of coccidia.
• Clinical signs of coccidiosis are due to destruction of the intestinal
epithelium and, frequently, the underlying connective tissue of
the mucosa.
• Infection is characterized by a watery or greasy diarrhea, usually Tissues to Submit COCCIDIOSIS
yellowish to white and foul smelling. Piglets may appear weak, • Small Intestine
dehydrated and undersized; weight gains are depressed and • Large Intestine
sometimes piglets die. • Fecal Swab
Stage of Production Diagnostic Tests

• Farrowing house disease after 5 days of age; intense between • Smear
7 to 14 days of age. • Histopathology
• Nursery (less common)
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is by histopathological observation of sporozoites in the
diseased mucosa; or by finding sporozoites in mucosal smears via direct
microscopic examination.
Intestinal Colibacillosis/Edema Disease
E. coli
Distension of the intestine with yellowish fluid Litter with diarrhea
Pig down on side paddling

• Diarrhea
Tissues to Submit • Sudden Death
• Small Intestine • CNS (Edema Disease)
• Large Intestine
Stage of Production
• Fecal Swab
• Farrowing
• Brain
E. COLI
• Nursery
• Culture
• Confirmation is based on histologic observation of villous
• Histopathology
colonization and isolation of pathogenic E. coli.
• Toxin PCR
• Dehydration and distension of the small intestine and colon with
• Pilin PCR
yellowish, watery to cream-like fluid. Mesenteric lacteals are
• Adherence Factor
still white with milk fat, indicating absorption is still normal, but
PCR
hypersecretion is producing diarrhea.

Gastric Ulcers
Gastric ulcers in two stomachs. Arrows point to ulcer edges. Gut content in distal small intestine and colon is dark brown (arrow)
due to digested blood coming from the gastric ulcers.

• Sudden death related to gastric bleeding; hematoma (large blood
clot) found in stomach.
• In the “chronic” form, hemorrhage results in anorexia, weakness,
anemia, and black tarry feces.
Stage of Production
• Grow-Finish
Tissues to Submit
ULCERS
Diagnosis • Stomach
• Appearance in a pen of one or two listless, anorexic pigs that show
weight loss, anemia, and dark feces. Diagnostic Tests
• Sometimes dyspnea is suggestive of gastric ulceration, as is the • Post-mortem Exam
sudden death of an apparently healthy pig.
• The typical terminal ulcer lesion is found in the gastric mucosa near
the esophageal opening (cardia) in the rectangular area of white,
glistening, non-glandular, squamous epithelium.
• In cases of sudden death, the stomach will contain a large
hematoma (blood clot) that originates from a chronic bleeding ulcer.
Hemorrhagic Bowel Syndrome - HBS
Mesenteric Torsion of the Small Intestine
Bright red gas distended loops of small intestine with bloody content.

• Sudden death of 4-6 month old grow-finish and young breeding pigs.
• Only involves a few animals; not a large outbreak.
Tissues to Submit
Stage of Production
• Small Intestine
• Grow-Finish
• Colon
Diagnosis
HBS
Diagnostic Tests
• Sudden death of previously healthy grow-finish pigs and characteristic
• Post-mortem Exam
post-mortem findings.
• Tests to rule out
• Before manipulating the intestines, palpate the mesenteric root (tissue
Salmonellosis, Ileitis,
coming down from the lumbar back and supporting the gut mass)
and Swine Dysentery
for a twist or torsion. When present this is diagnostic for mesenteric
torsion. Smaller lesions may only involve a torsion within the
mesentery of a portion of the small intestine.
• The involved gut loops are thin-walled, gas-filled, red due to
congestion, and contain bloody fluid.

Ileitis
Lawsonia intracellularis
Normal intestine - can see fingers through lining Thick hyperplastic ileal mucosa with blood clot in lumen.
Thick hyperplastic ileal mucosa.

• Diarrhea
• Ileitis can be either a chronic disease in growing pigs, or an acute
hemorrhagic form in market weight and adult pigs.
Stage of Production Tissues to Submit

• Ileum
ILEITIS
• Grow-Finish
• Feces
Diagnosis
• Confirmation is based on histologic observation of characteristic
Diagnostic Tests
• Histopathology
proliferation and inflammation of mucosal crypts.
• PCR
• Lesions may occur anywhere in the lower half of the small intestine,
cecum, or colon, but are most frequent and obvious in the ileum.
• The wall of the intestine is thickened and the mesentery may
be edematous.
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea
PEDv
Gaunt dehydrated piglets. Vomiting sow.
Voluminous fluid-filled intestinal loops.

• The primary clinical sign in outbreaks that occur in previously naïve
herds is severe diarrhea in all ages.
• Clinical signs will be essentially identical to those expected with
acute TGEv infections.
• Virus is shed in the feces and transmission is via the fecal-oral route.
• The incubation period is 12-24 hours after exposure with clinically ill
pigs shedding virus for 7-10 days.
• Mortality rate in suckling pigs in a naïve herd can be 30-100%.
Tissues to Submit Stage of Production

• Small Intestine • Farrowing
PEDv
• Colon • Nursery
• Grow-Finish
Diagnostic Tests
• PCR Diagnosis
• Clinical signs with severe diarrhea begin explosively in naïve herds
leading to a presumptive diagnosis of TGEv or PEDv.
• PEDv in naïve herds affects animals of all ages.
• The most common sources of infected feces are pigs, trucks, boots,
clothing or other fomites.
• Preferred samples for diagnostic testing are live pigs in acute stages
of disease, fresh and formalin-fixed small intestine and colon.

Transmissible Gastroenteritis
TGEV Virus
Thin-Walled Intestine Thin-walled, fluid filled intestines. Mesenteric lacteals

do not contain milk fat.
Thin-Walled Intestine Weak, gaunt piglet, covered with malodorous

diarrheal fluids.

• In susceptible herds, vomiting often is the initial sign, followed by profuse
watery diarrhea, dehydration, and excessive thirst.
• Feces of nursing pigs often contain curds of undigested milk.
• Mortality is nearly 100% in piglets <1 week old, whereas pigs >1 month
old seldom die.
• Gestating sows occasionally abort and lactating sows often exhibit
vomiting, diarrhea and agalactia.
• Diarrhea in surviving nursing piglets continues for 5 days, but older pigs
may be diarrheic for a shorter period.
• Clinically and pathologically mimics PEDv.
Stage of Production
• Farrowing Tissues to Submit
• Nursery • Small Intestine
• Grow-Finish • Large Intestine
Diagnosis • Fecal Swab
TGE
• Clinical signs in the epidemic form of TGE usually provide a • Serum

presumptive diagnosis. Diagnostic Tests
• In the mild endemic form, laboratory procedures are required. • Histopathology
Histologic and immunofluorescent examination of the small intestine • PCR
to demonstrate typical lesions and the presence of TGE viral antigen
provide confirmatory evidence.
• Piglets are severely dehydrated and the skin is soiled with liquid feces.
• The stomach usually contains milk curd, but may be empty.
• The small intestine is thin-walled, and the entire intestine contains
greenish or yellow watery fluid and clumps of undigested milk.
Rotavirus A
Rotavirus Enteritis
Thin-walled fluid filled small intestine and spiral colon (arrow). Evidence of diarrhea around anus of a nursery pig.

• Diarrhea
Tissues to Submit • Commonly, the infection is endemic in a herd. Sows have varying
• Small Intestine levels of antibody in the colostrum and milk which provides varying
• Large Intestine degrees of passive protection to nursery pigs.
• Fecal Swabs • Diarrhea often begins in pigs 5 days to 3 weeks old, and is very
ROTA
common immediately after weaning.

Diagnostic Tests
• PCR Stage of Production
• Virus Isolation • Farrowing house and nursery piglets.
• Histopathology
Diagnosis
• Sequencing
• Laboratory procedures are required for accurate diagnosis.
• The small intestine appears thin-walled and the cecum and colon
contain abundant liquid and usually yellow feces.

Salmonellosis
Enteritis & Septicemia
Intestine distended, edematous and thickened wall Diffuse interstitial pneumonia with congestion, edema, and
patchy consolidation (arrow).
Proctitis with rectal stricture Swollen lymph nodes

• Septicemia is the usual syndrome in pigs up to 6 months of age. Illness
is acute, depression is marked, fever (105º-107ºF) is common and death
occurs in 24-48 hours. Nervous signs may occur in pigs; these animals
may also suffer from pneumonia. Mortality may reach 100%.
• Nursing pigs may develop diarrhea, but usually succumb to
generalized septicemia.
• Weaning or grow-finish pigs are febrile and have liquid feces that may be
yellow and contain shreds of necrotic debris. Tissues to Submit
• Small Intestine
Stage of Production • Large Intestine
• Farrowing • Liver SALMONELLA
• Nursery • Lung
• Grow-Finish • Spleen
• Mesenteric
Diagnosis Lymph Nodes
• Depends on the clinical signs and on the laboratory examination (culture)
of feces, tissues from affected animals, feed (including all mineral Diagnostic Tests
supplements used), water supplies, and feces from wild rodents and • Culture
birds that may inhabit the premises. • Histopathology
• A dark red to purple discoloration of the skin is common, especially at • Sequencing for
the ears and ventral abdomen. Serovar determination
• Also, a swollen spleen, liver and lymph nodes can be seen as well as
rubbery congested hemorrhagic lungs and roughened necrotic intestinal
mucosa with ulceration and accumulation of debris.
Swine Dysentery
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
Edematous and hemorrhagic large intestinal mucosa (inner lining) Thick-walled, hemorrhagic and edematous large intestine
Fibrinonecrotic debris with dark blood clots on the colon mucosa Chronic Swine Dysentery: less blood but thickened mucosa covered
with adherent yellow tan necrotic membrane

• Bloody diarrhea, affects large intestine, partial anorexia, soft feces,
Tissues to Submit dehydration, profoundly weak, gaunt, and emaciated.
SCOURS
• Feces
• Cecum Stage of Production
• Spiral Colon • Grow-Finish.

• Histopathology • Presumptive diagnosis can be based on necropsy and direct
examination of smears prepared on slides from fresh colonic mucosa
or feces.
Lesions
• Diffuse superficial lesions, confined to cecum, spiral colon and rectum.

Erysipelas
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Diamond, square or rhomboid skin lesions (infarcts) associated with Erysipelas

• Acute septicemia, the skin (subacute) form, chronic arthritis and
vegetative endocarditis may occur together or separately.
• Pigs with acute septicemia may die suddenly without previous signs.
This occurs most frequently in finishing pigs weighing 100-200 lb.
• Acutely infected pigs are febrile (104º-108ºF), walk stiffly, and lie on
their sternums separately rather than piling in groups. They squeal
when handled and may shift weight from foot to foot when standing.
• Skin discoloration may vary from widespread erythema and purplish
discoloration of the ears, snout, and abdomen to diamond, square or
rhomboid-shaped skin lesions (infarcts) almost anywhere on the body,
particularly the lateral and dorsal areas.
Tissues to Submit
Stage of Production
• Heart
• Grow-Finish
• Lymph Nodes
Diagnosis • Liver
• Acute Erysipelas is difficult to diagnose in pigs showing only fever, • Spleen
ERY
poor appetite, and listlessness. • Joints

• The typical diamond-shaped skin lesions are highly characteristic • Joint Fluid
when found, but not always present and can sometimes be seen with
Diagnostic Tests
other bacterial septicemias.
• Culture
• Arthritis and endocarditis are not diagnostic in the live animal because
• Histopathology
other agents can cause similar syndromes.
• In acute infection, in addition to skin lesions, lymph nodes are usually
enlarged and congested, the spleen is noticeably enlarged and the lungs
are edematous and congested.
• Petechiae may be found in the kidneys, heart, and occasionally elsewhere.
Vomiting and Wasting Disease
Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis Virus
Lack of characteristic lesions. HEV almost exclusively affects piglets less than 4 weeks of age with vomiting, emaciation, or neurological signs such as
tremors and dog-sitting posture.

• Occurs in pigs less than four weeks of age with 100% mortality.
• Young pigs: sneezing, coughing, vomiting, constipation, anorexia,
Tissues to Submit rapid death or chronic emaciation, huddling, nervous disorders,
• Tonsils tremors, jerky gait, walking backwards, dog-sitting posture, down
• Brain paddling, dehydration, teeth grinding.
• Lung
HEV
Stage of Production
Diagnostic Tests • Nursery
• Virus Isolation
• Histopathology Diagnosis
• Quantitative PCR • Isolation of virus from brain stem.
• Sequencing • Histopathology of brain stem and pyloric portion of stomach has
characteristic lesions.

Mycoplasma Polyserositis & Polyarthritis
Mycoplasma hyorhinis
Fibrinous peritonitis and polyserositis over intestinal serosa, peritoneum, and liver capsule.

• M. hyorhinis, Strep suis, H. parasuis signs are similar because these
organisms all can cause polyarthritis and polyserositis. Tissues to Submit
• M. hyorhinis generally occurs in 3 to10-week-old pigs becoming • Consolidated Lung
unthrifty, with roughened coat, slight fever, difficult movement, swollen • Heart with Pericardium HYORHINIS
joints, and lameness with duration up to 14 days. • Joint Fluid
• Synovium
Stage of Production
• Peritoneal Fluid
• Nursery
Diagnostic Tests
Diagnosis
• Culture
• Isolation of organism from acute and subacute cases depends on
• Myco Multiplex PCR
freshly necropsied pigs.
• Serology
• Polyserositis affected lungs, pleura, pericardium, epicardium,
and peritoneum.
Porcine Circovirus
PCV2 • PMWS • PDNS
Thin, wasting pig. Porcine Dermatitis and Nephropathy Syndrome (PDNS) Enlarged mediastinal lymph nodes.
is one manifestation of PCV2 infection. Here the skin
shows striking multifocal hemorrhagic dermatitis from
the ventral abdomen.

• The most frequent clinical sign is wasting or failure to thrive. In
decreasing order of frequency, other signs include dyspnea, enlarged
lymph nodes, diarrhea, pallor, and jaundice.
• All of the fundamental clinical signs are often not observed in a single
pig, but most affected farms will present the majority - if not all - of the
signs over a period of time.
• Less common clinical signs include: coughing, fever, gastric ulceration,
multifocal hemorrhagic dermatitis, and central nervous disorders.
Lung non-collapsed heavy and
firm, or rubbery compatible with
diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Stage of Production
• Nursery
• Grow-Finish
Diagnosis
• Diagnosis of PCV2 requires that a pig or group of pigs have a
Tissues to Submit specific set of clinical signs and microscopic lesions.
• Lung
• Spleen
PCV2 Diagnostic Criteria
• Microscopic Lesions: depletion of lymphoid tissues and/or
• Lymph Nodes
lymphohistiocytic to granulomatous inflammation in any organ
• Kidney
(predominantly lung, lymphoid tissue, liver, kidney, intestine,
• Intestine with
PCV2
pancreas), or interstitial pneumonia with bronchiolitis.

Peyer’s patches
• PCV2 antigen or genetic material within characteristic lesions.
• Pancreas
• Clinical signs alone are not diagnostic.
Diagnostic Tests • Gross lesions alone are not diagnostic.
• Virus Isolation • Role of co-infections: Field observations and scientific literature
• Quantitative PCR suggest that PCV2, although essential for development of PCVAD,
• Sequencing may require other factors or agents to induce the full spectrum
• Histopathology of clinical signs and lesions associated with advanced PCVAD in
conventional pigs:
• PRRS + PCV2
• Mycoplasma + Swine Influenza + PCV2

Strep
Streptococcus suis
Joint exudate. Fibrinous lesions on the epicardium (heart surface).
Prominent valvular endocarditis lesion; typical Pus covering cerebellum and brain stem (arrow). Pig down paddling, CNS signs with head
of pigs with bacterial septicemia. Diffuse engorgement of meningeal blood vessels tilted back.
due to hyperemia of septicemia.

• CNS/brain disease; lateral recumbency, paddling, ataxia, head
tilt, convulsions, sudden death, arthritis with warm swollen joints,
endocarditis (heart).
Stage of Production
Tissues to Submit
• Farrowing
• Brain
• Nursery
• Lung
Diagnosis • Joint
• Liver
STREP
• Definitive diagnosis depends on gross and microscopic lesions and
isolation and identification of the organism. The disease can be • Spleen
confused with other streptococcal infections, other bacterial infections
Diagnostic Tests
(such as Erysipelas, Salmonellosis, or acute Glässer’s disease), water
• Culture
deprivation, or pseudorabies.
• Histopathology
• The skin may be reddened in patches. Lymph nodes are often enlarged
• Whole Genome
and congested, and fibrinopurulent polyserositis is common.
Sequencing
• Joint capsules may be thickened and joints may contain excessive
clear or cloudy fluid.
• Affected lungs may show varying degrees of diffuse rubbery interstitial
change or patchy consolidation due to bronchopneumonia.
Mulberry Heart Disease
Nutritional Cardiomyopathy of Pigs
Fresh heart with multiple prominent hemorrhages on the Cross sections of formalin-preserved pig heart. Heart on the left is
epicardial surface. normal. Heart on the right shows severe diffuse hemorrhage and
necrosis of entire left ventricular wall.

• Sudden death in healthy rapidly growing piglets and young pigs.
• One or a few pigs in a barn.
• No premonitory signs, but collapse may be precipitated by exercise.
Stage of Production
• Farrowing House or Nursery
• 2 to 16 weeks old
Diagnosis
• Necropsy reveals pericardial effusion and marked
Tissues to Submit epicardial hemorrhages.
MULBERRY HEART
• Fresh lung and • Cross sections of the ventricles show hemorrhages extend throughout
pericardial fluid the wall.
• Formalin-fixed left • Hemorrhages are not superficial on the epicardium, as seen with
and right ventricles bacterial septicemias.
• Histopathological heart lesions are pathognomonic. Send formalin-fixed
Diagnostic Tests cross section of ventricles for definitive diagnosis.
• Culture of lung and • A Vitamin E/Selenium responsive disease.
pericardial fluid to • Diets may be low in active form of Vitamin E or selenium (Se).
rule out septicemia • Factors that may increase Se demand include low concentrations of
• Histopathology reveals dietary protein (especially sulfur-containing amino acids), diets with
diagnostic lesions an excess of selenium antagonistic compounds, and possibly genetic
influences on selenium metabolism.
• Vitamin E demand may increase with diets high in polyunsaturated fatty
acids, Vitamin A, mycotoxins, or rancid fats.

M. hyo Polyarthritis
Mycoplasma hyosynoviae
Proliferative synovitis Collecting joint fluid
Dog-sitting pig

• Lameness typically occurs at 3 to 5 months of age, appearing acutely
and may occur in more than one leg. Tissues to Submit ARTHRITIS
• Slight reduction in appetite resulting in weight loss. • Joints
• Synovium
Stage of Production
• Grow-Finish Diagnostic Tests
• Myco Multiplex PCR
Diagnosis • Culture
• Infected joints are swollen with edema and hyperemia of
synovial membranes.
• On necropsy, lesions are restricted to the joints; especially stifles.
• Joints contain excess of clear, yellow synovial fluid while surrounding
tissues are unaffected.
• Definitive diagnosis is made based on isolation of organism.
Reproductive Diseases
Lepto/Parvo/PRRSV
Parvovirus infected sow litter following abortion. Note mummified fetuses, uneven sizes, and post-mortem change indicative of in utero death.
One litter from a PRRS virus associated abortion. Note litter has late
term piglets, at varying stages of in utero decomposition, typical of
the disease infecting one piglet at a time in utero.

• Abortions, mummies, stillborns, weakborns.
REPRODUCTIVE
• PPV is the most commonly identified cause of reproductive failure

Tissues to Submit with associated mummification.
• Aborted Fetus - two of • Lepto can cause abortions occurring 2-4 weeks before farrowing and
the freshest is the most common manifestation of leptospirosis in pigs.
• Mummies - two typical
• Stillborns Stage of Production
• Weakborns • Gestation
• Sow Serum • Farrowing
Diagnosis
• Porcine Parvovirus (PPV) is usually asymptomatic in adults.
• Sows infected with PPV before 70 days of gestation may abort
mummified or near-term autolyzed fetuses.
• PRRS causes late-term abortions including fresh and autolyzed pigs;
or weak born piglets.

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1520 Prairie Drive | Worthington, MN 56187
All other marks are property of their respective owners. 800-220-2522 | Fax 507-372-2565
© 2018 Newport Laboratories, Inc., Worthington, MN. All rights reserved. POR-0995-NPL0618 (6/18)
info@newportlabs.com | www.newportlabs.com

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What diseases are covered in the manual?

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What specimens should be submitted for Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae diagnosis?

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FIFTH EDITION

SWINE DISE ASE

A COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO SWINE DISEASE DIAGNOSIS

Copyright Newport Laboratories, Inc. All rights reserved.

Heart, Lymph Node, Liver, Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity

Haemophilus parasuis Refrigerate Culture-sensitivity, qPCR

Ileitis Refrigerate PCR

Lung, Pericardial Fluid, Refrigerate Culture to rule out septicemia

Refrigerate Culture, Mycoplasma Multiplex PCR

| 4 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Porcine Circovirus Refrigerate Virus isolation, qPCR

PCR, Virus isolation

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum, Colon, Liver,

Trachea, Lung, Nasal Swabs Virus isolation, qPCR,

IAV-S Lung 10% Formalin Histopathology, (IHC)

Serum Refrigerate Serology (HI/ELISA)

Refrigerate Histopathology, qPCR, VI

Gastric Ulcers Stomach Refrigerate Gross lesions

FREE Diagnostic Submission Kits.

Preparation & Collection of Tissues/Samples

| 6 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Volume of Fixative • Clearly specify the test(s) requested on the

Dx-REPORTS provides numerous features and benefits:

Call Newport Laboratories at 800-220-2522

Online Web Portal

Company Name Phone:

Molecular This service is performed persuant to an agreement with Roche Moleculare

Page 1 of 1 - Final (1/1/2013) Accession No:

| 8 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

| 10 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

| 12 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Lame pig Polyserositis - fibrin-covered lungs

Fibrin on heart Polyserositis - fibrin-covered abdominal organs

Clinical Signs & History

• Heart with Pericardium Stage of Production

| 14 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Normal Lung Purple tan consolidated lung without pleuritis.

Clinical Signs & History

Normal Lung Mycoplasma Lung

Mycoplasma and Pasteurella Lung

Clinical Signs & History

| 16 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Clinical Signs & History

IAV-S Pneumonia: diffuse interstitial pneumonia as described

Clinical Signs & History

| 18 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Small APP lesion

Large APP lesion

Cross section of APP lung showing distinct demarcated areas of

Clinical Signs & History

unique dorsal and caudal lung lobe involvement. Diagnostic Tests

Clinical Signs & History

• Large Intestine mucosal colonization by numerous large gram-positive rods is adequate

| 20 Newport Laboratories | Swine Disease Diagnostic Manual

Coccidiosis: note diffuse dull necrotic yellow-tan membrane

Clinical Signs & History