G.R. No. 138924 August 5, 2003 People of The Philippines, Appellee, Crisanto Manahan Y Doe, Appellant
G.R. No. 138924 August 5, 2003 People of The Philippines, Appellee, Crisanto Manahan Y Doe, Appellant
G.R. No. 138924 August 5, 2003 People of The Philippines, Appellee, Crisanto Manahan Y Doe, Appellant
DECISION
Before us in this case is an ordinary appeal from a judgment1 dated 16 January 1999 by the Regional
Trial Court of Naga City, Branch 28, in Criminal Case No. RTC 98-7047 convicting accused
appellant, Crisanto Manahan, of the crime of rape. The dispositive portion of the judgment reads:
WHEREFORE, in view of all the foregoing findings that the prosecution was able to prove beyond
reasonable doubt the guilt of accused Crisanto Manahan of the crime of rape of which he is
presently charged, judgment is hereby rendered whereby said accused is sentenced to suffer the
penalty of reclusion perpetua and for him to pay the complainant Janice Vale the amount of FIFTY
THOUSAND (₱50,000.00) PESOS for moral damages. With costs de oficio.
The victim is Janice Vale (Janice), who was only twelve years old at the time of the rape. On 24
February 1998, Janice reported to her teacher at the Concepcion Grande Elementary School in
Naga City that she had been raped by her step-grandfather, Crisanto Manahan (Crisanto). With the
assistance of the teacher, her complaint was brought to the attention of Nancy Vargas, a personnel
of the Department of Social Welfare and Development. She advised Janice to have a medical
examination should she wish to file a case against Crisanto. When Janice agreed, Nancy Vargas
accompanied her to the Naga City Hospital where Dr. Joel Jurado, City Health Officer of Naga City,
examined her and found healed hymenal lacerations at the nine and three o’clock positions, her
vagina admitting one finger with difficulty.2 The conclusion of Dr. Jurado, expressed during his
testimony,3 was that the healed lacerations could have been caused by any hard object, like an erect
penis or a finger inserted into the private part of a woman, or by jumping or riding a bicycle.
With Dr. Jurado’s medical certificate accompanying Janice’s complaint-affidavit,4 the Assistant
Prosecutor of Naga City filed an information accusing Crisanto as follows:
That undersigned Assistant Prosecutor of Naga City upon complaint of JANICE VALE Y AGOT,
under oath, accuses CRISANTO MANAHAN Y DOE, her paternal stepgrandfather of the crime of
RAPE, under Article 335 of the Revised Penal Code, committed as follows:
That on or about the morning of Saturday, September 1997, in the City of Naga, Philippines, and
within the jurisdiction of this Honorable Court, the above-named accused with lewd design and with
the use of a deadly weapon, namely, a small knife, did then and there wil[l]fully, unlawfully and
feloniously have carnal knowledge of JANICE VALE Y AGOT, a minor under 12 years of age,
against her will and without her consent, to her damage and prejudice. This is the first of two (2) acts
of rape committed by accused against herein private complainant.5
Several warrants for the arrest of Crisanto were issued on 14 May 1998.6 He was finally arrested in
Pasay City on 05 November 1998.7
Crisanto pleaded not guilty upon arraignment on 25 November 1998.8 During the pre-trial that shortly
followed, the parties agreed, by way of a stipulation of facts, on the following: (1) the identity of the
parties; (2) the existence of the medical certificate issued by Dr. Joel Jurado on 24 February 1998;
and (3) the existence of the marriage between Crisanto and Soledad Vale-Manahan, Janice’s
paternal grandmother.9
At the trial on the merits, the prosecution presented the following factual antecedents:
Janice was born on 22 December 1984.10 Her grandmother, Soledad Vale-Manahan was a widow
with nine children before she married Crisanto on 15 October 1986. Since her parents were
separated and her father was living abroad, Janice lived with her grandmother and step-grandfather
in Villa Grande Homes Subdivision in Naga City.11
One Saturday morning in September of 1997, when Janice was in the fifth grade,12 Crisanto asked
her to watch pornography (an English bold film)13 with him on video. She refused and proceeded to
play outside with the other children on the street. After watching the film, Crisanto called her into the
house. Janice obeyed. Inside, he pulled out a small knife and, pointing it at her, made her walk into
the master’s bedroom with him, pushed her beside the bed, lifted her onto it, and then, still holding
the knife, proceeded to undress her and himself.14 The following is Janice’s narration of the rape and
what transpired after:
ATTY. SARCILLA:
What did you see from him when he undressed his brief?
JANICE VALE:
Q After Crisanto Manahan undressed his brief and his penis was erect, what else did he do?
Q Where was the knife while Crisanto Manahan lie on top of you?
Q What else did Crisanto Manahan [sic] when he was already on top of you?
A Yes, sir.
Q How were you able to say that it was able to penetrate your vagina?
PROS. SARCILLA:
ATTY. TEOXON:
xxx
PROS. SARCILLA:
Q You said that when the penis of Crisanto Manahan was already inside your vagina he made a
push and pull movement, for how long was he that on push and pull movement on top of you?
Q And what did you observe from Crisanto Manahan when he left the bed?
Q Blood where?
A In [sic] his penis, sir.
Q How about you what did you observe when Crisanto Manahan left?
A The sando.
Q After Crisanto Manahan wiped the blood on your vagina with the sando, what did he do?
Q What else did Crisanto Manahan tell you aside from telling you not to report that incident to your
father and to your grandmother?
Q Where was the knife at the time Crisanto Manahan threatened you not to report the incident to
your father and to your grandmother or else he will kill them?
A No more, sir.
Q Dirty of what?
A No more, sir.
xxx
Q What did you feel when you said you were raped by accused Crisanto Manahan?
A I felt pain.
In general, Crisanto’s defense was one of denial, emphasizing his incapacity to commit the rape due
to his impotency. He also explained that the accusations against him was motivated by revenge on
the part of his wife and stepson. He then sought to impeach the credibility of Janice by pointing out
inconsistencies between her testimony and the complaint-affidavit.
The trial court gave full credence to the testimony of Janice and, as stated earlier, it found Crisanto
guilty of rape and sentenced him to suffer the penalty of reclusion perpetua and to pay Janice
₱50,000 as moral damages.
Aggrieved by the decision, Crisanto filed a notice of appeal with the trial court.15 Although erroneously
addressed and transmitted to the Court of Appeals,16 we accepted the appeal by a resolution dated
15 December 1999, and ordered the parties to file their briefs.17
In his Appellant’s Brief18 Crisanto submits that the trial court erred:
I
II
III
After reviewing the records of the case and evaluating the evidence adduced by the parties, we find
and do hold that this appeal is unmeritorious.
In the first and second assigned errors, Crisanto faults the lower court for failing to consider the
inconsistencies in the prosecution’s evidence which the defense raised during trial. We find the
contrary to be true. Aside from thoroughly discussing the evidence of both sides, the trial court’s
ruling gave explicit reasons for giving weight to the evidence of the prosecution, thus:
The accused cited some inconsistencies between what the complainant stated in her affidavit and
what she testified. In her affidavit the complainant stated that the accused was armed with a small
knife while in her testimony she declared that the accused was armed with a balisong. In her affidavit
she stated that she was dragged inside the bedroom while in her testimony she declared that the
accused told her to walk. In her affidavit she stated that her arm was twisted while in her testimony
she did not declare that her arm was twisted by the accused.
The aforecited inconsistencies are only minor details and collateral matters that did not affect either
the substance of the complainant’s declaration, her veracity or the weight of her testimony. It was
held that "Contradictions in the testimony of the complainant on minor details even tend to
strengthen rather than weaken her credibility by erasing any suspicion of a rehearsed testimony."
(People vs. Rivera, 242 SCRA 26) It was also held that "Inconsistencies and contradictions referring
to minor details do not destroy the credibility of the witness (People vs. Bacbong, 164 SCRA 441).
With respect to the affidavit the complainant executed, it has been repeatedly held that "the courts
has long taken judicial notice of the fact that since affidavits are usually taken ex-parte, they are
always incomplete and inaccurate, but they do not really detract from the credibility of the witness
(People vs. Fulinasa, 247 SCRA 28).19
There is, therefore, no basis for Crisanto’s assertions, nor do we find reversible error in the trial
court’s analysis. It is settled that the credibility of complainant’s testimony in a rape case rests mainly
on the narration of the essential fact of the rape: that is, the carnal knowledge of a woman without
her consent.20 This was established by Janice’s testimony on how she was threatened with a knife,
forced to lie on the bed and raped by Crisanto. The physical fact of the rape was corroborated by the
testimony of Dr. Joel Jurado.21
Thus, when the trial court found that Janice "testified in a straightforward, candid, sincere manner," it
found that her inconsistencies did not impair her credibility. Whether such inaccuracies are found
within the testimony of the complainant, or conflict with the statements in the complaint-affidavit,
these are not incompatible with the credibility of the complainant as witness.22
That Crisanto employed force and intimidation was also proven by Janice’s testimony. It is clear from
her narration that Crisanto used the knife to intimidate and cow her into submitting to his evil
designs. The threat or intimidation produced in the mind of Janice such fear that if she resisted or did
not yield to the desire of Crisanto, the threat would be carried out.23
The five-month delay in the reporting of the rape incident to the authorities was explained as having
been caused by the threat against her life and the lives of her grandmother and father.24 That such a
reason for delay in reporting a rape would not affect the complainant’s credibility is based on
jurisprudence long established.25 It is difficult to predict, in every instance, how a person, especially a
child, reacts to traumatic experiences. What is within the realm of experience is that it is common for
a victim of rape to hesitate, for varying periods of time, before reporting the incident. Often, it is
because of a real or imagined fear for the victim’s life, or the lives of others, and the natural aversion
to exposing the shame that accompanies the experience.
The great weight and respect given to the trial court’s assessment of a witness’ credibility, by virtue
of its ability to observe the conduct and demeanor of the witnesses, would alone allow us to agree
with its conclusions.26 We have, however, made our own careful scrutiny of the transcripts and
evidence on record, and are convinced of Janice’s credibility. We thus agree with the trial court that
Janice was, indeed, a credible witness and its conclusion that she was raped by her step-
grandfather, Crisanto, on one Saturday morning in September of 1997.
The bulk of Crisanto’s defense consists of his denial and the improbability of his committing the
offense due to his impotence.
In support of his denial, he claims that as a "church-goer," he would not watch a "bold English film,"
or drag his step-granddaughter to the bedroom, presumably for the purpose of raping her.
Unfortunately, being a "church-goer" has long been held insufficient to establish the improbability of
committing any crime, including rape. The same holds true against his claim that he did not own, or
have access to, a knife because he had no enemies. These denials are self-serving and are
inherently weak defenses. When unsubstantiated, denials cannot be accorded greater evidentiary
weight over the declaration of a credible witness.27 While not fateful, it is noteworthy that he did not
categorically deny raping Janice.
Next, Crisanto focused on proving the strained relations he had with his wife and stepson to show
their vengeful motive for allowing Janice to file the complaint. He tried to present evidence of his
wife’s ill feelings towards him because he refused to support her and her family after he discovered
her marital infidelity. He offered in evidence a letter written by Soledad to his son, asking for money.
This letter was in turn sent to the son’s wife in Manila who delivered it, with missing pages, to
Crisanto while he was in prison.28
As for his stepson, Crisanto alleged that Joel Vale, Janice’s father, was angry with him because he
did not allow the latter to return abroad for work. He was the object of Joel’s abuse, sometimes being
kicked or punched while he was asleep. Unfortunately for Crisanto again, he admitted that this
occurred only after the discovery of the rape.
In all, Crisanto has not shown any motive or circumstance that would impel a father or a
grandmother to assert moral ascendancy to influence a twelve-year-old girl so as to subject her to
the humiliation and indignity of a vaginal examination, and testifying to her rape in a public trial,29 as a
tool of malice for exacting revenge.
To establish the incredibility of Janice’s story, Crisanto relies on two facts: (1) that the mother of
Soledad Vale-Manahan (Janice’s great-grandmother) was in the next room while the alleged rape
occurred; and (2) that his hypertension medicine made him impotent.
As for the first, it has been too often observed, so as to become sadly mundane, that rape is no
respecter of time or place.30 There have been too many instances when rape was committed under
circumstances as indiscreet and audacious as a room full of family members sleeping side by side.31
As for Crisanto’s impotency, it is a defense which is both a physical and medical question that
should be satisfactorily established with the aid of an expert competent testimony32 in order to
overturn the presumption that exists in favor of potency. In this, we hold that he, too, has failed.
Testimonial and documentary evidence show that Crisanto was twice diagnosed as being
hypertensive. Prescribed for his condition were hypertensive and anti-cholesterol medicines, such as
norvase, vascase, lescole and aspilet, which, according to Dr. Efren Nerva could affect "the potency
of the erection of the patient"33 when taken continuously. However, Dr. Efren Nerva, both as an
expert witness and the doctor who diagnosed Crisanto’s hypertension, could not testify as to the
effects of the medication on him. No impotency tests were conducted on Crisanto that could have
shown the state of Crisanto’s virility.34 Further, Dr. Nerva testified on these effects hypothetically
because having seen Crisanto only once in May 1996 when he was diagnosed, and briefly when he
was confined in 1997, Dr. Nerva could not say whether Crisanto took the medicine regularly. In fact,
the medicines were offered as prescription samples, and nothing more. In light of the rule that denies
the claim of impotency even when tests had been successfully conducted and offered in
evidence,35 Crisanto’s defense of impotency must fail.
Absent then any error in the trial court’s appreciation of evidence, we uphold its judgment and
declare Crisanto guilty of the crime of rape. As established, Janice was shown to be a minor over
1âw phi 1
twelve years of age at the time of the rape. However, Crisanto’s relationship with Janice as a step-
grandfather is not included in the list of relatives whose relationship as such would qualify the
commission of rape. Crisanto is guilty only of simple rape, the penalty for which is reclusion
perpetua.
Finally, as to the award of damages. The lower court committed a reversible error, but not for the
reasons claimed by Crisanto. The moral damages that may be awarded to the victim of a rape case
is within the trial court’s discretion and may be imposed without need of evidence of mental,
physical, and psychological trauma.36 We therefore uphold the award of ₱50,000. However, civil
liability, separate from the award of moral damages, is compulsory in rape cases, and jurisprudence
sets its limit for simple rape at ₱50,000.37
Costs de oficio.
SO ORDERED.
1
Original Record (OR), 85-95; Rollo, 77-87. Per Judge Antonio N. Gerona.
2
OR, 5.
3
TSN, 17 December 1998, 22-24.
4
OR, 4.
5
Id., 1.
6
OR, 10-17.
7
Id., 18.
8
Id., 43.
9
Id., 45.
Exhibit "B," Birth Certificate of Janice Vale issued by the Local Civil Registrar of Carigara,
10
Leyte on 7 December 1998, signed by Ma. Lilibeth D. Escobeja, Asst. Registration Officer
(Exhibit "B-1").
11
OR, 4.
12
TSN, 17 December 1998, 5.
13
Id., 7.
14
TSN, 17 December 1998, 7-15, 34-37.
15
OR, 102.
16
Id., 103.
17
Rollo, 30.
18
Rollo, 66, 69.
19
Rollo, 24-25.
20
People v. Docena, 379 Phil. 903 (2000).
21
Rollo, 23.
People v. Tamsi, G.R. No. 142928-29, 11 September 2002, citing People v. Mangat, 369
22
People v. Amante, G.R. No. 149414-15, 18 November 2002, citing People v. Maglente, 366
23
Phil. 221 (1999); see also People v. Gastador, 365 Phil. 209 (1999); People v. Baltazar, G.R.
No. 115990, 31 March 2000, 329 SCRA 378; People v. Austria, G.R. No. 123539, 27 June
2000, 334 SCRA 398.
24
TSN, 17 December 1998, 14.
People v. Perez, 366 Phil. 741 (1999); People v. Alliviano, G.R. No. 133985, 10 July 2000,
25
335 SCRA 371; People v. Saladino, G.R. Nos. 137481 and 138455, 7 March 2001, 353
SCRA 819; People v. Leonar, G.R. No. 130628, 22 November 2001, 370 SCRA 230.
452; People v. Bertulfo, G.R. No. 143790, 7 May 2002; People v. Ortega, G.R. No. 137824,
17 September 2002.
People v. Francisco, G.R. No. 136252, 20 October 2000, 344 SCRA 110; People v. Ugang,
27
G.R. No. 144036, 7 May 2002; People v. Baloloy, G.R. No. 140740, 12 April 2002.
28
Exhibit "7-B."
609; People v. Geraban, G.R. No. 137048, 24 May 2001, 358 SCRA 213; People v. de los
Santos, G.R. No. 136978, 6 November 2001, 368 SCRA 475.
People v. Antonio, G.R. No. 122473, 8 June 2000, 333 SCRA 201; People v. Arteche. G.R.
30
People v. Alitagtag, 368 Phil. (1999); People v. Alcartado, G.R. Nos. 132379-82, 29 June
31
2000, 334 SCRA 701; People v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 1353, 31 August 2000, 339 SCRA 482;
People v. Lomerio, 383 Phil. 434 (2000).
330; People v. Austria, G.R. No. 123539, 27 June 2000, 334 SCRA 398; People v. Leonar,
G.R. No. 130628, 22 November 2001, 370 SCRA 230.
33
TSN, 12 January 1999, 10.
34
Id., 18.
35
People v. Ablog, 368 Phil. 526 (1999), citing People v. Old English, 201 Phil. 661 (1982).
36
People v. Arofo, G.R. No. 139433, 11 April 2002.
37
People v. Perez, 357 Phil. 1046 (1998).