LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)

Refresher Course

Content Area: MATHEMATICS

Focus: ARITHMETIC, NUMBER THEORY AND BUSINESS MATH
Prepared by: Daisy de Borja-Marcelino
Competencies:

1. Simplifying expressions involving series of operations

2. Solve problems involving
a. GFC and LCMF
b. prime and composite
c. divisibility
d. inverse and partitive proportions
e. compound interest
f. congruence
g. linear Diophantine Equation
3. Apply Euler’s function and theorems, or Fermat’s theorem in solving problem.

THE NUMBER SYSTEM

Example: Some examples of imaginary numbers are:  25,  49 , negative numbers , 3i, -
7i.

Example: Simplify: 2 (3 + 2i) – 5 (4 – 6i)

Solution: 2 (3 + 2i) – 5 (4 – 6i) = ( 6 + 4i) – (20 – 30i) = 6 + 4i – 20 + 30i = -16 + 34i.

Rational numbers are numbers which can be expressed as quotient of two integers, or
2
can be expressed as fractions in simplest forms. Examples are 8, -3, 3.45, and .
3
Irrational numbers are numbers which cannot be expressed as fractions in simplest
3
forms. Examples are 3 , 4 7 , , e and .
3
Set of Natural/Counting numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, … }. This set contains the numbers that we
use in counting; also called natural numbers.
Set of Whole Numbers: { 0 , 1, 2, 3, …}. This set is the union of the number zero and the
set of counting numbers.

Set of Integers: { … , -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}. This set is the union of the set of counting
numbers, their negatives, and zero

II. THE COUNTING NUMBERS

A. Divisibility. An integer is divisible by a certain divisor (also an integer) if it can be

divided exactly by that divisor. That is, the remainder is zero after the division process is
completed.
To illustrate, the integer 12 is divisible by 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12.

To determine whether the integer is divisible by a certain integer or not, you may
use the following divisibility rules.

An integer is divisible by
a) 2 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8. (Examples: 134 or 12 or 12,330 or 4)
b) 3 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. (Examples: 132 or 18 or 12,330 or 45)
c) 4 if the last two digits form a number which is divisible by 4. (Examples: 13,412 or
12,332)
d) 5 if it ends with 0 or 5. (Examples: 135 or 10 or 12,330 or 495)
e) 6 if it ends with 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.(Examples:
134 or 12)
f) 7 if the difference obtained after subtracting twice the last digit from the number
formed by the remaining digits is divisible by 7. (Examples: 14 or 364)
 g) 8 if the last three digits form a number which is divisible by 8. (Examples: 24160
or 5328)
h) 9 if the sum of the digits is divisible by 9. (Examples: 9, 432 or 18,504 or 270)
i) 10 if it ends with 0. (Examples: 120 or 7, 890 or 1, 230)
j) 11 if the difference between the sum of the digits on the even powers of 10 and
the sum of the digits on the odd powers of 10 is divisible by 11. (Examples: 2123
or 2816 or 94369 or 36465)
k) 12 if it is both divisible by 3 and 4. (Examples: 413,412 or 112,332)
l) 15 if it is both divisible by 3 and 5. (Examples: 150 or 350)

Remarks: Divisibility rules for two or more relatively prime numbers (GCF is 1) may be
combined to serve as a divisibility rule for their product.

Example: The rules for 3, 4, and 5 may be combined to serve as the rule for their
product which is 60 since 3, 4, and 5 are relatively prime.

Exercises: Put a check mark on the space provided for, if the integer on the first column
divides exactly the integer on the top row.

456 36,720 800,112 456 36,720 800,112

2 10
3 11
4 12
5 14
6 24
7 32
8 45
9 77

Even numbers are whole numbers which can be divided exactly by two whole numbers.

Odd numbers are whole numbers which cannot be divided exactly by two whole
numbers.

Example: If n3 is odd, which of the following is true?

I. n is odd II. n2 is odd III. n2 + 1 is odd

A) II only C) I only
B) I and II only D) I and III only

Example: If x is an odd integer and y is an even integer, which of the following is an odd
integer?
 A. 2x-y C. x2 + 3y
B. x2 + y - 1 D. x - 1
B. Factors and Multiples. In the number sentence 2 x 3 = 6, the numbers 2 and 3 are
called factors, while 6 is their product. Or we say, 2 and 3 are divisors of 6. Moreover,
we say that 6 is a multiple of 2 and 3.

Example: How many factors does 42 have?

A) 2 B) 4 c) 5 D) 16
2
Answer: (C). The factors of 4 = 16 are {1, 2, 4, 8, 16}.
Example: What are the multiples of 12?
Answer: The multiples of 12 are {12, 24, 36, 48, …}

Exercises Fill in the blanks with either 7 or 42.

a. ______ is a factor of ______.
b. ______ is divisible by ______.
c. ______ is a divisor of ______.
d. ______ is a multiple of ______.
e. ______ divides _______.

C. Prime and Composite Numbers

Prime numbers are counting numbers that have exactly two factors in the set of
counting numbers: 1 and itself.

Composite numbers are counting numbers that have more than two factors in the set of
counting numbers.

The numbers 0 and 1 are special numbers. They are neither prime nor composite.

Example: What is the sum of prime numbers less than 15?

A) 4 B) 5 C) 6 D) 14
Answer: The number 2,3,5,7, 11 and 13 are prime number less than 15. Hence, the
answer is C.

D. Prime Factorization. This is a process of expressing a number as product of prime

factors.

Example: Express 24 as product of prime factors.

Solution: 24= 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 23 x 3 or 3 x 23 .
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Every composite whole numbers can be expressed as the product of primes in
exactly one way (the order of the factors is disregarded).

E. The Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

The GCF of two or more numbers is the largest possible divisor of the given numbers.

Example: Determine the GCF of 12 and 42.

Solution: 24 = 2 x 2 x 3
42 = 2 x 3 x 7
GCF: 2x3=6

Example: What is the greatest integer that can divide the numbers 18, 24 and 36?
Solution: 18 = 3 x 3 x 2
24 = 3 x 2 x 2 x 2
36 = 3 x 3 x 2 x 2
GCF: 3 x 2 = 6

F. Least Common Multiple (LCM). The LCM of two or more numbers is the smallest
possible number that can be divided by the given numbers.
Example: Give the LCM of 20 and 30.
Solution: 20 = 2 x 2 x 5 = 22 x 5
30 = 2 x 3 x 5
LCM: 22 x 3 x 5 = 60.

Example: What is the smallest integer that can be divided by the numbers 24, 36 and
54?
Solution: 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 = 23 x 3
36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 = 22 x 32
54 = 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 2 x 33
LCM: 23 x 33 = 216

G. Relatively Prime. Two numbers are relatively prime if their GCF is 1. The numbers
themselves may not be prime. The numbers 12 and 49 are relatively prime.

Example: Which of the following pairs are relatively prime to each other?
A)15 and 36 B) 23 and 51 C) 231 and 27 D) 121 and 330
III. INTEGERS

Consecutive integers are two or more integers, written in sequence, in which each
integer after the first is 1 more than the preceding integer.
Examples: 1,2,3,4,5, 6
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8
–
4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3
x, x+1, x+2, x+3, x+4, x+5

The absolute value of a number x, denoted by  x , is the undirected distance between

x and 0 on the number line.

– – – – –
5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5

It is also defined as

x if x ≥ 0
x = – x if x < 0

Examples:
Evaluate each of the following.
a) │2│ = 2 c) │0│ = 0

b) │– 7│ = 7 d) – │–15│ = –15

A. Multiplication. The product of two integers with like signs is a positive while the
product of two integers with unlike signs is negative.

Example: (-4) x 7 = (-28) or (-4) (7) = (-28) or (-4)  7 = (-28)

Example: (-8) x (-5) = 40 or (-8) (-5) = 40 or (-8)  (-5) = 40
B. Division. The quotient of two integers with like signs is a positive while the quotient
of two integers with unlike signs is negative.

Example: (-72) (-8) = 9

Example: (-123)  3 = - 41

C. Addition. The sum of two integers with like signs is the sum of their absolute values
with the common sign prefixed before it.

The sum of two integers with unlike signs is the difference of their absolute values
with the sign of the integer with the larger absolute value prefixed before the
difference.

Example: (-3) + (-23) = (-26)

Example: (-34) + 12 = (-22)

D. Subtraction. Express subtraction statements as addition statements and follow the

procedure in addition. (That is, change the sign of the subtrahend to its opposite, and
proceed to addition.)
Example: (-12) – (-3) = (-12) + 3 = -9

Exercise: What number should

a) be added to (-12) to yield 26?
b) be subtracted from (-2) to yield 5?
c) be multiplied by (-4) to yield (-36)?
d) be divided by (-2) to yield 30?
E. P-E-MDAS. P-E-MDAS stands for “Parenthesis-Exponent-Multiplication Division
Addition Subtraction.

When two or more operations are involved in a single expression, operations are
performed in the order of P-E-MDAS. That is, we perform first the operation inside the
parenthesis (or any grouping symbol), then followed by determining the power of the
number which is raised to a given exponent, then followed by multiplication/division,
and lastly by the addition/subtraction.
Should there be multiplication and division only, perform the operation from left
to right.
Should there be addition and subtraction only, perform the operation from left to
right.

Example: Simplify 20 + 100  ( 5 – 63  32 + 12)

Solution: 20 + 100  ( 5 – 63  32 + 12)
= 20 + 100  ( 5 – 63  9 + 12)
= 20 + 100  ( 5 – 7+ 12)
= 20 + 100  ( (–2) + 12)
= 20 + 100  10
= 20 + 10
= 30.

1. Two bells ring at 5 P.M. For the rest of the day, one bell rings every half hour whereas
the other rings every 45 minutes. When is the first time, on that same day, that both
bells ring at the same time again?
a. 6:30 P.M. b. 8:30 P.M. c. 8:45 P.M. d. 9:00 P.M.

2. Which is true?
a. The set of prime factors of 6 is {1,2,3} c. All prime numbers are
odd numbers.
b. The product of irrational and rational is irrational. d. 3.14 is a rational
number.

3. Which of the two-digit numbers below when inserted in the blank will make 38__09
divisible by 3?
a. 98 b. 84 c. 34 d. 60

4. Which of the following number is divisible by 45?

a. 300,000,000,450 b.600,000,000,045 c. 100,200,600,090 d.
400,450,000,000

5. On its anniversary, a certain store offers a free sandwich for every 4th customer and a
free softdrink for every 6th customer. After 75 customers, how many had received both
free sandwich and softdrink?
a. 30 b. 18 c. 12 d. 6

IV. FRACTIONS

Kinds of Fractions

As to relation between the numerator and the denominator

a. Proper – the numerator is less than the denominator
b. Improper – the numerator is equal to or greater than the denominator
As to relation of the denominators of two or more fractions
1 3 4
a. Similar – the denominators are equal. Examples: , ,
5 5 5
3 5 5
b. Dissimilar – the denominators are not equal. Examples: , ,
4 8 6

Other classes
3 6 12
a. Equivalent – fractions having the same value. Examples: , , .
4 8 14
3 5
b. Mixed – composed of a whole number and a proper fraction . Examples: 2 , 5 .
4 8
Rules involving Zero
a. Zero numerator and non-zero denominator – the value is zero
b. Zero denominator – no value, undefined
c. Zero value – the numerator is zero

A. Multiplication of Fractions. Multiply numerator by numerator and denominator by

denominator to get the numerator and denominator respectively of the product
12 5 60 2
Example:   or .
25 6 150 5

B. Division of Fractions. Multiply the supposed dividend by the reciprocal of the

supposed divisor.
36 6 36 10 360 12 2
Example:     = or 2 .
25 10 25 6 150 5 5
1 2 19 3
Exercises: Evaluate the following. a) 2  3 b) 2 5
4 5 21 20
1 7 5 1
c) 2  1 d) 3 1
3 18 15 6
D. Changing Dissimilar Fractions to Similar Fractions. Determine the LCM of the
denominators. Then with the said LCM as the denominator, express each fraction to its
equivalent.

1 3 5
Example: Express , , to similar fractions.
3 4 6

1 4 4 3 3 9 5 2 10
Solution:  = ,  = and  =
3 4 12 4 3 12 6 2 12
4 9 10
Therefore, the similar fractions are , and .
12 12 12
E. Addition of fractions. Convert the fractions to similar fractions. Then add the
numerators to obtain the numerator of the sum and copy the denominator.
1 3 5
Example: Evaluate + + .
3 4 6

Solution: The LCM is 12, so convert the addends to similar fractions with 24 as the
denominator.
1 3 5 4 9 10 23 11
+ + =  +  or 1 .
3 4 6 12 12 12 12 12

F. Subtraction of Fractions. Convert the fractions to similar fractions. Then subtract the
numerators to obtain the numerator of the difference and copy the
denominator.

7 1
Example: What number should be subtracted from to obtain ?
12 2

Solution: Let the desired number be x. Then, the equation is given by

7 1 7 1 7 6 1
-x=  x= - =  = .
12 2 12 2 12 12 12

G. Fraction as Part of a Whole

3
Example: What is of 28?
4
Solution: Let the desired number be m. Then, the equation is given by
3 3 28 84
M =  28     21 .
4 4 1 4

Example: What part of 24 is 4?

Solution: Let the desired number be q. Then, the equation is given by
q  24 = 4

4 1
 q= or .
24 6
H. Simplifying Fractions
A fraction is in simplest form if the numerator and the denominator are relatively
prime (their GCF is 1). Thus, to simplify fractions, multiply by the fraction whose
numerator and denominator are the reciprocal of the GCF of the numerator and the
denominator of the given fraction.

12 2 12 2  6 2
Example: The simplest form of is because   .
18 3 18 3  6 3

I. Ordering Fractions

Two fractions are equivalent if their cross products are equal. Otherwise, that
fraction the numerator of which was used to get the greater of the two cross products is
the larger fraction.

Exercises

1. A 100-m wire is cut into two parts so that one part is ¼ of the other. How long is the
shorter piece of wire?
a. 120m b. 80m c. 25m d.
20m

2. Luis left ½ pan of a cake on the table. Dada ate ¾ of it. What fraction of cake was
left?
a. 1/8 b. 3/8 c. ¼ d. ½

21 n
3. If and are equivalent fractions, what is the value of n?
39 26
a. 13 b. 14 c. 20 d. 21
5 1
4. Mr. dela Cruz owned of a business. He sold of his share in the business at a cost
8 5
of P1M. What is the total cost of the business?
a. P 6M b. P7M c. P 8M d. P 9M
5. Arrange the fractions 5/8, 4/5, 3/4 in increasing order.
a. 5/8, 4/5, 3/4 c. 3/4, 4/5, 5/8
b. 4/5, 3/4, 5/8 d. 4/5, 5/8, 3/4

6. Which of these fractions has the largest value?

a. 3/5 b. 11/16 c. 7/10 d. 5/8
7. Mark spent his monthly salary as follows: 3/5 for food and allowances, 1/3 for his
child’s education and house rental. If his monthly salary is P15, 000, how much would he
left at the end of the month?
a. P 1,000 b. P2,000 c. P5,000 d. P 14,000

8. Chedy and Dada run for President for their organization. Chedy got 1/3 of the votes. If
Dada got 300 votes, how many students voted for Chedy?
 a. 900 b. 200 c. 150 d. 100

V. DECIMAL NUMBERS

A. The Decimal Numbers and the place value chart

The place value chart

Hundred Thousands
Hundred Thousand

Ten Thousandths
Thousandths
Hundredths
Ten Thousand

Thousands

Hundreds

Tenths
Ones
Tens

100 000 10 000 1 000 100 10 1 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.0001

0.00001

The number 0.8 is read as “eight tenths” and .214 as “two hundred fourteen
thousandths”.
The number 0.8 is equal to .800.
The number 0.8 is greater than 0.214.
Exercise: a) Arrange the following decimal numbers in ascending order:
0.5, 0.343, 0.142, 0.5254

b) In 2.3456, what digit is in the thousandths place?

B. Addition and Subtraction of Decimal Numbers. Addition of decimals is done by

writing them in a column so that their decimal points are aligned. Thus aligned, digits
with the same place values would be in the same column, and the addends (or the
minuend and the subtrahend) are added (or subtracted) as if they were whole numbers.
C. Multiplication of Decimal Numbers. To multiply decimals, multiply the numbers as if
they were whole and so place the decimal point in the result as to have as many decimal
places in it as there are in the factors combined.
D. Division of Decimal Numbers.

To divide a
i. decimal by a whole number, do as in dividing whole numbers but writing the
decimal point directly above that of the dividend.
 ii. number by a decimal, multiply both dividend and divisor by that power of ten
such that the divisor becomes the least whole number, and then proceed as in (i)
above.

VI. CONVERSION

A. Fraction to Decimal. Divide the numerator by the denominator.

Exercises: Convert the following to decimal:

a) 3/5 = ______
b) 5/6 = ______
c) 7/8 = ______

B. Decimal to fraction

a) Terminating – multiply the number by a fraction (equal to one) whose numerator and
denominator is a multiple of 10 such that the numerator of the product is a whole
number.

Example: Convert 0.15 to fraction.

100 15 3
Solution: 0.15  = 
100 100 20

b) Repeating decimal number

Example: Convert 0.5 to fraction

Solution: Let n = 0.5 = 0.5555555.

10 n = 5.5555555.
- n = 0.5555555.
-----------------------------------
9n= 5
5
n=
9
5
Hence, 0.5 is equal to .
9

Exercises
1. Jeepney fares are computed as follows: P7.50 for the four kilometers plus P0.50 for
every additional kilometer thereof. How much should Au pay for a ride that covers 10
kilometers?
a. P8.00 b. P9.50 c. P10.00 d. P10.50
2. Which of the following is 0.3 of ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠ ♠?
a. ♠ ♠ ♠♠ ♠ ♠ b. ♠ ♠ ♠ c. ♠ ♠ d. ♠
3. Which of the following is between 3 and 4?
15
a. 5 b. -3.5 c. π d.
2
4. Evaluate 14.8 + 3.95 + .003.
a. 5433 b. 753 c. 446 d. 18.753
5. Carmen bought 4 kilograms of rice at P31.45 per kilo and 6 kilograms of salt at
P22.35 per kilo. If she gave a P1000 bill to the cashier, how much change did she get?
a. P8.00 b. P9.50 c. P120.10 d. P740.10
6. Each capsule of a certain commercial vitamins contains 0.6 mg of calcium. In how
many pieces of capsules can 22.2 mg of calcium be distributed?
a. 8 b. 37 c. 50 d. 105
7. Which of the following is equal to 2.4545454545… ?
5 5 44 44
a. b. 2 c. d. 2
11 11 45 45

1 1 1
8. The expression + + is equal to _____________.
100 1000 25
a. 0.0051 b. 0.006 c. 0.51 d. 0.051
9. Which of these numbers is greater than ¼?
a. .04 b. (1/2)2 c. 1/8 d. 1/0.04

VII. PERCENT

Per Cent – literally meaning “per hundred”, it is one way of writing fractions in which
the denominator which is required to be 100 is written as “%”, and read as “per cent”.
3 75 1
Since 1 = 100% hence  = 75%
4 100 4

A. CONVERSION
Percent to Decimal Number. Divide the number by 100%. Note that 100% = 1.

Example: Convert the following to decimal:

a) 35% c) 8.37%
1 1
b) 6 % d) %
4 4
Solution: a) (35%) 100% = 0.35
b) (6 ¼ %)  100%  (6.25%)  100% = .0625
c) (8.37)  100% = .0837
d) (1/4%)  100%  (0.25%)  100% = .0025

Decimal Numbers to Percent. Multiply the decimal number by 100%. Note that 100% =
1.

Example: Convert the following to percent.

a) 0.25 b) 0.143 c) 2.03 d) .005

Solution: a) 0.25 x 100% = 25% b) 0.143 x 100% = 14.3%

c) 2.03 x 100% = 203% d) .005 x 100% = 0.5%

Exercises: Fill in the blanks so that the entries in each row are equal.
Fraction Decimal Percent
A 4/7
B 160%
C 0.95
D 6/11
E ½%
B. Percentage. Percentage is a percent of a given number. The given number is called
the base. The percent is called the rate.

Formula: Percentage (P) = Base (B) x Rate (R)

Percentage Percentage
Base  and Rate   100%
Rate Base

Example: What is 50% of 140?

Solution: N = 0.50 x 140 = 70.00 = 70

Example: 36 is 10% of what number?

36
Solution: 36 = 0.10  N  N  360
0.10

Example: 22 is what percent of 88?

Solution: 22 = P  88
 22
 P  0.25  100%  25%
88
Example: Mr. Ballaran receives a 10% increase in his salary. With the increase, he
now receives P22, 000. How much is his monthly salary before the increase?
Solution: present salary = previous salary + increase
22, 000 = previous salary + (10% of previous salary)
22,000= previous salary (1 + .10)
22 000  1.1 = previous salary
20,000 = previous salary

C. Discount

The discussion on DISCOUNT is very similar with the discussion on PERCENTAGE.

Original Price/ Marked Price/ List price - as the Base
Rate of Discount - as the Rate
Discount - as the Percentage
Selling Price - Original Price minus Discount

Example: A skirt with an original price of P250 is being sold at 40% discount. Find its
selling price.

Solution: S.P. = Original price - Discount

= 250 – (0.40 x 250)
= 250 - 100
= 150

Example: An item has a selling price of P 210.00. If the selling price is 70% of the
original price, what is its original price?
Solution: Selling price is 70% of the original price
210 = 0.70  O.P.
 O.P. = 210  0.70 = 300.
Therefore, the original price is P300.

Example: A shirt is being sold at P 199.95. If its original price is P 430, find the rate of
discount.
Solution: Discount = O.P. – S.P.
= 430 – 199.95 = 230.05
230.05
Rate of Discount =  100%  53.5%
430
D. Simple Interest
 Interest (I) is the amount paid for the use of money or the money earned for
depositing the money.
 Principal (P) is the money that is borrowed or deposited.
 Time (t) is the number of days/months/years for which the money is being
I I I
I = Prt, P= t= r=  100%
rt Pr Pt

borrowed/deposited and interest is calculated.

Example: Give the simple interest of P10,000 for three years at 5.5% per year.
Solution: I=Prt
I = (10 000) (.055) (3)
I = P1 100.

Example: Determine the amount of the principal if the interest at 10% per annum
after 8 months is
P3,600.
I 3600
Solution: I=Prt  P = = 45,000
rt (0.10)(8 / 12)

Compound Interest ( Final Amount = P[ 1 + r ]n )

Compound interest is different from simple interest because after the first interest
calculation, the interest is added to the principal, so interest is earned on previous interest
in addition to the principal. Compound Interest rates may be given as annual (1 time a
year), semiannual (2 times a year), quarterly (4 times a year), monthly (12 times a year),
and daily (365 times a year).
Example: If P500is invested at 8% compounded semiannually, what will the final amount
be after three years?
Final Amount = P[ 1 + r ]n = 500[ 1 + (8% / 2)]3 * 2 = 500[ 1 + 0.04 ]6
= 500[1.27]
= 635
Exercises

1. John bought a jacket for Php 850.00. If he was given a discount of 15%, what was the
original price?
a. P8,500.00 b. P1,000.00 c. P900.00 d.P765.00
2. In a basket, there are 15 santol, 12 balimbing, and 3 durian. What percent of the
fruits are durian?
a. 10% b. 12.5% c. 12% d. 15%
3. A certain mobile phone model was sold for P4,000 in 2000. Two years later, the
same mobile phone model sold for P2,800. What was the percent decrease of the
price?
a. 15% b. 30% c. 20% d.
35%
4. If ♥♥♥♥ is 50% of a larger figure, which of the following is the larger figure?
a. ♥ b. ♥♥ c. ♥♥♥♥ d. ♥♥♥♥♥♥♥♥
5. A senior class of 50 girls and 70 boys sponsored a dance. If 40% of the girls and 50 %
of the
boys attended the dance, approximately what percent attended?
a 44 b. 46 c. 42 d. 40
1
6. Which of the following is equal to 2 % ?
2
5
a. 2.5 b. 0.25 c. d. 0.025
2
7. Sarah’s earning P 9,200 a month will receive a 15% increase next month. How much
will her new salary be?
a. P 10,500 b. P 10,530 c. P 10,580 d. P 10,560
8. How much is 37% of 80% of 24?
a. 7.1 b. 1.92 c. 19.2 d. 71
9. According to the latest survey, 60% of the cancer patients were smokers. If there
were 180 smoking cancer patients, how many cancer patients are there in all?
a. 90 b. 108 c. 240 d. 300
10. Which of the following is 70% of 50?
a. 7 b. 17.5 c. 35 d. 71
11. Twenty four is 12% of what number?
a. 40 b. 150 c. 200 d. 400
12. Thirty six is what percent of 90?
a. 32.4% b. 40% c. 45% d. 76%
13. In a mathematics test of 40 items, Mavic got 90%. How many items did Mavic get?
a. 7 b. 28 c. 36 d. 360
14. Mr. Mabini receives a 10% increase in his salary. With the increase, he now receives
P13,200. How much is his monthly salary before the increase?
a. P12 000 b. P 13, 500 c. 14, 100 d. P14, 520

15. According to the latest survey, 60% of the cancer patients were smokers. If there
were 180 smoking cancer patients, how many cancer patients are there in all?
a. 70 b. 150 c. 300 d. 360
VIII. RATIO AND PROPORTION

 A ratio is a comparison of two or more quantities.

 A proportion is a number sentence stating the equivalence of two ratios.

Note that in ratio, we are comparing quantities of the same units and that the ratio is
expressed in terms of integers.
Examples: a) The ratio of 12 days to 3 weeks is 12:21 or 4:7.
b) The ratio of 3 meters to 180 cm is 300:180 or 5:3.
c) The ratio of 2 hours to 25 minutes is 120:25 or 24:5.
d) The ratio of 1 ½ to 4 ½ is 1:3.

A. Direct Proportion. As one quantity increases, the other increases also.

Example: Find the value of x if 15:20 = 14 : x.

Solution: Equate the product of the means and the product of the extremes. Then
solve for x. Thus,

(15) (n) = (20) (14)

x
20 14 = 2
18.6 or 18 .
15 3

Example: A car travels at an average rate of 260 km in 5 hours. How far can it go in 8
hours,
if traveling at the same rate?
Solution: 260 : 5 = x : 8  (5) x = (260) (8)

x
260 8
= 416.
5
Example: If the ratio of teachers to students in a school is 1 to 18 and there are 360
students, how many teachers are there?
Solution: Let x be the number of teachers,
1 x
 or 1 : 18 = x : 360
18 360
(18)x = (360)1
x = 360/18 = 20 teachers
B. Inverse Proportion. As one quantity increases, the other decreases.

Example: If the food is sufficient to feed 10 flood victims in 15 days, how many days
would it last for 8 flood victims?

Solution: Equate the product of the terms in the first condition to the product of the
terms in
the second condition. Thus, we have:

(10 victims)(15 days) = (x) (8 victims)

x
1015 = 18.75 days
8

C. Partitive Proportion. One quantity is being partitioned into different proportions.

Example: A wood 120 m long is cut in the ratio 2:3:5. Determine the measure of each
part.
2 120 24
Solution: · = = 24 m
10 1 1

3 120 36
· = = 36 m
10 1 1

5 120 60
· = = 60 m
10 1 1

Example: A wire is cut into three equal parts. The resulting segments are then cut into
4, 6, and 8 equal parts respectively. If each of the resulting segments has an integer
length, what is the minimum length of the wire?
A) 24 B) 48 C) 72 D) 96

Solution: Each third of the wire is cut into 4,6 and 8 parts respectively, and all the
resulting segments have integer lengths. This means that each third of the wire has a
length that is evenly divisible by 4, 6, and 8. The smallest positive integer that is
divisible by 4, 6, and 8 is 24, so each third of the wire has a minimum length of 24. So,
the minimum length of the whole wire is three times 24, or 72.
Exercises
1. A 300 m ribbon is cut into four pieces in the ratio 1:2:3:4. Give the length of the
shortest piece.2. If there are 18 boys and 45 girls in the gym, what is the ratio of the
girls to the boys?
a. 2:5 b. 2:3 c. 5:2 d. 3:7
2. What one number can replace x in 2: x = x: 32?
a. 2 b. 6 c. 4 d. 8
3. If 5 men can do a job in 12 days, how long will it take 10 men to complete this task,
assuming that they work at the same rate?
a. 20 days b. 6 days c. 2 days d. 0.06 day
4. If 3 kg of oranges cost as much as 5 kg of chicos, how many kg of oranges would cost
as much as 60 kg of chicos?
A. 100 B. 36 C. 7.5 D. 4
5. If 2/5 mm in a map represents 120 km, how many km will be represented by 2 mm?
A. 600 km B. 300 km C. 96 km D. 24 km
6. In a Mathematics Club, the ratio of boys to girls is 3:5. If there are 240 members, how
many are girls?
A. 90 B. 144 C. 150 D. 450
7. A photographer wishes to enlarge a picture 18 cm long and 12 cm wide so that it will
be
36 cm wide. How long will the enlarged picture be?
A. 54 cm B. 72 cm C. 24 cm D. 6 cm
8. If 8 secretaries can type 800 pages in 5 hours, how long would it take for 12
secretaries to
type 800 pages at the same rate?
A. 7 1/2 hours B. 3 1/3 hours C. 10 hours D. 2 1/2
hours

THE THEORY OF CONGRUENCES

If a and b are integers, m a positive integer and m(a – b), we say that “a is
congruent to b modulo m”. In symbols, we write this as a  b (mod m). CONGRUENCE
was invented by Karl Friedrich Gauss at the beginning of the 19th century and is a
convenient statement about divisibility.

The following are equivalent and may be used interchangeably.

 a  b (mod m).
 m  (a – b) or (a – b) is divisible by m.
 a = b + mk, k  Z.
Theorem: If a and b are integers and m a positive integer then a  b (mod m) if and only
if a and b leave the same remainder upon division by m.
Let m be a positive integer. A collection of m integers {a1 , a2 ,..., an } is called a complete
residue system modulo m if every integer b modulo m is congruent to exactly one of
the elements in the collection.

Properties of Congruence
Congruence is an equivalence relation in the set of integers; that is, congruence is
reflexive, symmetric and transitive with respect to integers.
In the following, let a, b, c, and d be integers and m a positive integer.
 If a  b (mod m) then
 a+c  b+c (mod m).
 ac  bc (mod m).
 ar  br (mod m) where r is a positive integer.

If a  b (mod m) and c  d (mod m), then

 a + c  (b + d) (mod m).
 ac  (bd) (mod m).
 m
 If ac  bc (mod m), then a  b mod  where d = (c, m).
 d

The following are some applications of congruence.

a) Finding the units digit (or hundreds digits) of a very large number written in
exponential form; and
b) Finding the remainder when a very large number is divided by another number.

Two of the most prolific mathematicians in Number Theory are Pierre de Fermat
and Leonhard Euler.

FERMAT’S AND EULER’S THEOREMS

Theorem 5. (Fermat’s Little Theorem) Let p be a prime number and a  Z . If p does not
divide a, then
ap – 1  1 (mod p) .

Theorem 6. (Fermat’s Second Theorem). Let p be a prime number and a  Z . If p and a

are relatively prime, then
ap  a (mod p) .
DEFINITION OF  (m)

Let m be a positive integer greater than 1. The number of positive integers less
than and relatively prime to m is the value of Euler’s totient or  function at m and is
denoted by  (m) .

Remarks: If p is prime, then  ( p) = p – 1.

Theorem 7. Euler’s Theorem: If n is a positive integer and the greatest common divisor
of a and n is 1, then
a n   1mod n  .

LINEAR DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS

 An equation in one or more unknowns having integral solutions is called a

Diophantine equation, in honor of Diophantus of Alexandria.

Theorem 8. Given two integers a and b where (a , b) = d. The linear Diophantine

equation
ax + by = c has an integral solution if and only if dc.

Theorem 9. If the equation ax + by = c has a solution x = x0 , y = y0, then any other

solutions can be expressed in the form
b
x  x0  t , t  Z and
d
a
y  y0  t , t  Z.
d
Example: To determine the integral solution of 24x + 138y = 18, we note that since
(24,138) = 6 and 618. Then we know that it has solution. We now have the following.

138 = 5 (24) + 18
24 = 1 (18) + 6
18 = 6 (3).
Observe that,
6 = 24 – 1(18)
= 24 – [138 - 5 (24)]
= (-1)(138) + 6(24)

Moreover,
18 = 3(6)
 = 3[(-1)(138) + 6(24)]
=(-3)(138) +(18)(24)

Thus, y0 = -3 and x0 = 18

Hence, the solution of the equation is of the form y = -3+23t and x = 18– 4t where t is
an integer.
There are problems which can be solved using linear Diophantine equations as
working equations.
The following steps may be used in solving word problems which involve linear
Diophantine equations in two unknowns/variables:
Step 1. Represent the unknown values using any two variables.

Step 2. Form the equation using the condition given in the problem.

Step 3. Solve the resulting linear Diophantine equation.

Step 4. Determine the solution/s to the problem using the results in step 3.

Theorem: (Wilson’s Theorem) If p is a prime, then (p-1)!  1mod p .

Exercises

1. Which of the following is true?

A. 34  3mod 5 B. 54  5mod 25 C. 308  0mod 11 D. 3  4mod 15
2. Mavic argues that 15  9mod 6 . Is she correct? Why?
A. Yes, because 6 divides 15 - 9. C. No, because 6 does not divide 15 + 9.
B. Yes, because 6 divides 15 + 9. D. No, because 15  9  61 .
3. Which of the following is congruent to 11 modulo 13?
A. -7 B. -5 C. -2 D. 4
4. Which of the following must be the value of n if n  1  0mod 7 ?
6

A. x is divisible by 7 C. x is relatively prime with 7

B. x is prime D. x is any integer greater than 7
5. What is the remainder when 5 is divided by 3?
105

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
6. What is the units digit of 3 ?
100

A. 1 B. 3 C. 5 D. 9
7. What is  12 ?
A. 1 B.4 C.6 D. 11
SET A Exercises. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. What is the sum of the first four prime numbers?

a. 11 b. 26 c. 17 d. 28
2. Which of the following is NOT true about the sum of two consecutive positive odd
integers?
a. it is even b. it is only divisible by 12
c. it is divisible by 4 d. it is always divisible by 1
3. In a sequence of starts and stops, an elevator travels from the first floor to the fourth
floor and then to the second floor. From there, the elevator travels to the third floor
and then to the first floor. If the floors are 3 meters apart, how far has the elevator
traveled?
a. 21 m b. 24 m c. 28 m d. 32
m
4. An orange light blinks every 4 seconds. A blue one blinks every 5 seconds while a red
one blinks every 6 seconds. How many times will they blink together in two hours?
a. once b. 2 times c. 10 times d. 60 times
5. If one prime factor of 84 is 3, what are the other prime factors?
a. 2 and 3 b. 2 and 7 c. 3 and 5 d. 4 and 7

6. A television show reports the following temperature for 5 cities:

Beijing London Chicago Philippines Moscow
0 0 0
2 C -6 C 0 C 300C -9 0C
Which city is the coldest?
a. Beijing b. Chicago c. London d. Moscow
7. If the sum of a certain number and 7 is divided by 4, the quotient is 3. What is the
number?
a. 5 b. 12 c. 15 d. 18
8. Which of the following numbers has the largest value?
a. –22 b. –10 c. –75 d.3
9. Which of the following numbers has the least value?
a. –22 b. –10 c. –75 d.3
10. What is the difference in the elevation between the top of a mountain 51 meters
above sea level and a location 28 meters below sea level.
a. 23 m b. 33 m c. 79 m d. 89 m
11. A pack of P50-bills is numbered from RV628 to RV663. What is the total value of the
pack of bills, in pesos?
a. 35 b. 36 c. 1750 d. 1800
12. Simplify: [ 5  81  3 – 5  3 + 2] (4 – 2 )
2 2 3
 a. 15 ¼ b. 4 c. -6 d. – 15 1/4
2
13. If each container contains 5 kg of flour, how many kg of flour are there in 12
3
container?
b. 68 kg b. 70kg c. 72 kg d. 80
kg

14. Eighteen is 2/3 of what number?

a. 6 b. 12 c. 6 d. 27
15. What part of an hour has passed from 2:48 am to 3:20 am?
a. 7/8 b. 1/3 c. 8/15 d. 8/25
16. Clarita spent one-sixth of her money in one store. In the next store, she spent three
times as much as she spent in the first store. If she had 80 pesos left, how much money
did she have from the start?
a. 240 pesos b. 252 pesos c. 300 pesos d. 360 pesos
17. Philip has obtained the following grades: 1.4, 1.7, 1.8 and 2.5. What must be his fifth
grade so that his average is 1.7?
a. 2.1 b. 1.9 c. 1.5 d. 1.1
18. Out of the 20 numbers, 6 were 2.5’s, 4 were 3.25’s and the rest were 2.2’s. Give the
arithmetic mean of the numbers.
a. 2.5 b. 2.65 c. 10 d. 22
19. Ron bought X number of notebooks at P23.00 each, Y pad papers at 18.45 each,
and Z ballpens at P8.25 each. If he gave an amount of P1000 to the cashier, how much
change did he receive?
a. P 434.25 c. 1000 – [(23.00)(X) + (18.45) (Y) + (8.25) (Z)]
b. P 334.25 d. none of these
20. A bag has a selling price of P60.00. If the selling price is 75% of the original
price, what is its original price?
a. P80 b. P120 c. P200 d. P280
21. Mr. de Borja, a store owner, advertises a polo-shirt originally sold for P200 for P170
only. What rate of discount is he giving?
a. P 30 b. P15 c. 30% d. 15%
22. Ja bought an article for P400 and sold it for P500. What rate of profit did she enjoy
in that deal?
a. P100 b. 100% c. 25 % d. 20%
23. The price of an item is increased by 70% and then offered at 40% discount. What
happened
to the original price?
a. There is an increase of 30%. c. There is an increase of 2 %.
b. There is an increase of 28%. d. There is a decrease of 32%.
24. How much should Allan invest so that his money earns P2,250 deposited at 6% for 9
months?
 a. P 50,000 b. 37,500 c. P 135 d. P 101.25
25. Dan sells a real estate. He receives a monthly salary of P10,000 plus a commission of
1/5 % of his net sales for that month. Find his gross pay for a month during which his
net sale is one million pesos.
a. P 2,000 b. P 12,000 c. P 200,000 d. P 210,000
26. There are 20 million Filipinos who are qualified voters. If 25% of the population are
qualified voters, how many are not qualified voters?
a. 80 million b. 60 million c. 15 million d. 5 million
27. Three cavans of rice for a family of six members last for 5 weeks. At this rate, how
many weeks will 4 cavans of rice last a family of 8 members?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 5 1/3 D. 6
28. If the assembly, ratio of boys to girls is 1:4. What percent of the assembly are the
boys?
A. 10% B. 20% C. 25 % D. 80%
29. What is the remainder when 11 is divided by 31?
30

A. 1 B. 2 C. 10 D. 101
30. Which of the following is the remainder when 5 is divided by 7?
2061

A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 6
31. If y is the remainder when 47 is divided by 6, what is the remainder when 19 is
divided by y?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
32. Which of the following is a value of z such that the congruence 3z  1mod 13 is NOT
true?
A. 9 B. 22 C. 30 D. 48
33. What is the remainder when 18! + 2 is divided by 19?
A. 0 B. 1 C.3 D. 97
34. A certain number of sixes and nines are added to give a sum of 126. If the numbers
of sixes and nines are interchanged, the new sum is 114. How many of each were there
after the switch?
A. Ten sixes and 6 nines B. Four sixes and Twelve nines
C. Seven sixes and nine nines D. Six sixes and Ten nines

SET B Exercises. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. How many prime numbers are less than 37?

a. 9 b. 10 c. 11 d. 12
2. In a series of card games. Marlon starts out with P200 and wins a total of P450. If he
later loses P350, wins P60 and loses P150, how much cash does Marlon have?
a. 0 b. P150 c. P210 d. P300
3. Your score in a game is -6. How many points must you earn to get a score of 10?
 a. -6 b 15 c. 16 D. 22
4. Arrange the fractions 5/12, 3/7, 2/5 in decreasing order.
a. 2/5, 5/12, 3/7 c. 3/7, 5/12, 2/5
b. 5/12, 2/5, 3/7 d. 2/5, 3/7, 5/ 12
1 3
5. Edwin, Doms and Lon weigh 45 kg. If Edwin and Doms weigh 11 kg and 13 kg,
5 4
respectively, what is the weight of Lon in kilograms?
1 19 9 19
a. 20 b. 24 c. 42 d. 69
20 20 20 20
3
6. Which of the following should be multiplied to 4 so that the product is 57?
4
a. 6 b. 12 c. 6 d. 75
7. Which of the following is a value of m if 15  1mod m ?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 23 D. 32
1
8. Alex works on his assignment 3 hours a day, what part of the day does he spend
3
doing his assignment?
a. 1/8 b. 1/7 c. 5/36 d. 15/28
9. What value of p will satisfy the equation 0.2 (2p + 1470) = p?
a. 294 b. 490 c. 560 d. 1470
10. A blouse originally priced at P600 is being sold at a discount of 30%. How much
would you pay if you buy that blouse?
a. P 30 b. P180 c. P 420 d. P 570
11. A pair of slippers with a selling price of P120 is sold at 40% discount. What is its
original price?
a. P 48 b. P72 c. P 200 d. P 300
12. An item is offered at 20% discount. Later, it is offered at 30% discount. If the new
selling price is P112, what is the first original price?
a. P162 b. P200 c. P224 d. P1866.67
13. To have a 25% profit, the vendor should sell the item at P80.00. How much is his
profit?
a. P20.00 b. P60.00 c. P16.00 d. P64.00
1
14. Minda deposited P50,000 in a bank that pays a simple annual interest of 14 %. How
5
much
money will she have in the bank after five years.
a. P 85,500 b. P35,500 c. P36,250 d. P86,250
15. The ratio of cows and carabaos in the field is 4:9. If there are 468 cows and carabaos
in the
field, how many are carabaos?
A. 52 B. 117 C. 144 D. 324
16. In the class, the ratio of boys to girls is 6:5. If there are 90 girls, how many persons
are in the class?
A. 75 B. 108 C. 165 D. 198
17. Edwin painting a wall at 9:00 a.m. and was able to finish painting 3/5 of it at 10:30
a.m. Continuing at this rate, at what time will he finish?
A. 10:45 a.m. B. 11:30 a.m. C. 11:45 a.m. D. 12:15
a.m.
18. What is the remainder when 4 200 is divided by 15?
A. -1 B. 1 C. 2 D. 4
3x
19. If x is any positive integer, then 2 + 1 is _______ divisible by 8.
A. Always B. Never C. Sometimes D. Equivalently
20. What is  29?
A. 0 B. 1 C. 2 D. 28
21. Which of the following is the remainder when 2  1 is divided by 7?
50

A. 0 B. 2 C. 4 D. 5
22. Which of the following is equivalent to the pair of congruence x  1mod 4 and
x  2mod 3?
A. x  1mod 12 B. x  2mod 12
C. x  3mod 12 D. x  5mod 12
23. Which of the following is NOT true if a is a positive integer?
A. a divides a 5 C. a5  amod 10
B. a 5 divides a 1 . D. a and a 5 have the same units digit
24. Which of the following gives a remainder of 2 when divided by 5 and a remainder of
12 when divided by 13?
A. 22 B.38 C. 77 D. 92
25. What is the remainder upon dividing the sum 2!4!6!...  2008!2010! by 5?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
109
26. What is the least residue if 17 is a multiple of 6?
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 5
27. Which of the following has an integral solution?
A. 21x  13mod 77 B. 3x  4mod 81
C. 3x  5mod 36 D. 3x  4mod 5
28. How many integral solutions does 18x  21mod 24 have?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 10

29. Which of the following has a solution if the variables are positive integers?
A. 5x + 30y = 18 B. 8x + 10y = 15
C. 22x + 4y = 28 D. 101x  37 y  3819
30. When 16! is divided by 17, the remainder is ______.
 A. 0 B. 1 C. 17 D. 18
31. A John’s transcript shows x number of 3-unit courses and y number of 5-unit courses
for a total of 64 units. Which of the following may appear in the transcript?
A. 2 x’s and 18 y’s B. 13 x’s and 5 y’s
C. 11 x’s and 3 y’s D. 9 x’s and 8 y’s
32. Which of the following is a value of x if x 2  1mod 8 ?
A. 2 B. 5 C. 6 D. 10
33. When students in a certain college are grouped by 2’s, 3’s, 4’s, 5’s or 6’s at a time,
there remain, 1,2,3,4, or 5 students respectively. When the students are grouped by 7’s,
no is student left. What is the smallest possible number of students in the school?

A. 227 B.1,534 C. 1,379 D. 2,778