Institute of Agricultural Science Bundelkhand University, Jhansi-284128 (U.P)

INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE
BUNDELKHAND UNIVERSITY,JHANSI-
284128(U.P)
NAME OF STUDENT : SHUBHAM SINGH PARMAR

ENROLLMENT NO. : BU/18/116/5083/015
ROLL N0. : 181165083015
SEMESTER : 3RD SEMESTER
YEAR OF ADMISSION : 2018
MAJOR SUBJECT : Genetics and Plant Breeding
MAJOR ADVISOR : DR. MAHIPAT SINGH YADAV
DEPARTMENT : Genetics and Plant breeding
Expected duration of work : Rabi Season (2019-2020)
Title of thesis : STUDIES ON CORRELATION AND
DIRECT AND INDIRECT EFFECT
OF CHICKPEA [ Cicer arietinum L ]
INTRODUCTION
Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) belongs to the genus Cicer, family-leguminaceae.
It is the third most important grain legumes in the world after dry bean and pea, which is
considered as a rich source of protein, fibers and vitamins.
In grain legumes, protein are an important seed component and are responsible
for their relevant nutritional socio-economic importance. The chickpea seed is a good source
of carbohydrate and proteins, which together constitute 80 per cent of the total dry seed weight.
In large parts of the world, specially in South Asia and Africa, pulses received relatively low
levels of management. They have continued to be grown in countries like
India having dry lands of lower fertility, owing to this reason, the grain legumes have been
selected more for adaptation to stress environment rather than high seed yield.
The productivity of pulse crop continue to be low as these crops are generally grown in rainfed
area under poor management condition and face various biotic and abiotic stresses.
Nutrient hungry and thirsty soil, unfavourable weather, non availability of quality seeds,
inadequate seed replacement, socio-economic factors, poor post harvest handling and
inadequate market support are some of the other constraints in realizing the potential of
available technology. Inspite of these factors, pulse crop have witnessed several technological
milestones, which have helped not only to grain ground in new niches and in non–traditional
cropping system but also made impressive productivity gains in their area of adaptation.
As per the World Health Organization (WHO) standard per capita per day availability of the
pulses should be 80 g and according to the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) is
recommended 70 g per day capita, while at national level it is only 36 g and that of state level
(Bihar) only 17 g. Bihar having more than 54 per cent population living below poverty level.
In order to make available the pulses as per WHO standard there is great need and indeed to
have high yielding Chickpea varieties resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses along with the
wider adaptability and stability to over come the malnutrition problem of the poor among the
poorest residing in the remote of remotest area of Bihar State.
At present scenario of chickpea in the world the total cropped area is 10.0 mha, production is
mt and productivity is 850 kg/ha. In India the total chickpea cultivated area is 7.37 mha,
production is 8.0 mt and productivity is 800kg/ha, while at state level in Bihar situation the
total Chickpea cultivated area0.13 mha, production is 0.132 mt and there productivity is very
high such as-1013 kg/ha. According to the given data on productivity, it seems that there is the
large scope of increasing chickpea cultivation in Bihar.
Increase in production is mainly influenced by variety. Study of divergence with in the
available genotypes will help in selection/breeding of high yielding variety. Grain yield is a
complex polygenic character with great genetic agro-physiological dependence. The heridetry
potential of a cultivar/ genotype depends on adaptability and yield security. Genetically, yield
contributing attributes (i.e. yield components), their genetic nature and magnitude of
association along with the cause and effects are responsible for realization of yield potential
influence by changing edaphic and agro-climatic conditions. Thus, it is essential to gather
information on this aspects to resolve and quantify their mode of contribution towards grain
yield.
The genetic diversity among and within landraces makes them a valuable resource as potential
donors of genes for breeding purpose, diversification of production,developing new farming
systems and new quality products. Some of the characters are highly associated among
themselves and with seed yield. Strategies to increase yield of chickpea would be improvably
understanding of how morpho-agronomic characters interact with one another in affecting
yield. Some of the characters are highly associated among themselves and with yield. Towards
a clear under standing of the type of plant traits, correlation, path coefficient analysis are logical
steps.
The importance of genetic diversity in selecting parents to recover transgressive segregants
have been repeatedly emphasized by many workers (Arunachalam, 1981; Jatsara and Paroda,
1983; Cox and Murphy, 1990). Information on the nature of degree of divergence provides a
rational basis and helps the plant breeder in choosing suitable parents for realizing
recombination in breeding programme. The presently cultivated varieties are mostly local land
races or selections therefore, or at best selection from the exotic material. To enhance the
production of chickpea it is advocated that breeder should look for environmental specific
genotypes which are to be responsive to input intensive agriculture, capable of giving high
yield.
Keeping in view the above facts,this research work entitled “studies on correlation and direct
,indirect effect on chickpea”[Cicer arietinum L] were carried out conducted during rabi season
2019 at kargwa ji research farm. Institute of agriculture science ,Bundelkhand University
,jhansi . To fulfill the following objectives :
OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the correlation coefficient and path analysis of chikpea .
2. To identify the yield component through character association and path analysis.
3. To study the heredity genetic advance yield attributing among the various character.
REVIEW OF LITRETURE
Character association
Sidramappa et al.(2008) reported that seed yield had a high positive correlation with pods per
plant (0.779), plant height (0.637), number of branches (0.538), 100 seed weight (0.345),
reproductive period (0.342) and days to maturity (0.327).
Borate et al.(2010) recorded high heritability coupled with high genetic advance for grain
yield, plant height, dry matter, days to first flowering and days to maturity indicated high
additive gene effects.
Correlation and path analysis

Akhtar el al.(2011) studied the correlation (days taken to 50% flowering, plant height, number
of pods per plant, days taken to 90% maturity, 100 seed weight) were estimated in twenty
advance genotypes of chickpea collected from various sources along with one check variety
(Pb-2000) and revealed that significant and positive correlations were found between yield and
lOa seed weight, number of pods per plant and plant height.
Mehta et al. (2015) reported that days to maturity, plant height and primary branches per plant
were showed positive significant correlation coefficients with seed yield per plant.
Johnson et al. (2015) recorded thatbiological yield per plant and harvest index exhibited the
positive correlation coefficient with seed yield per plant.
Salgotra (2016) recordedthe highest direct and positive effect of plant height followed by
number of primary branches per plant, days to maturity, number of seeds per pod and 100 seed
weight on seed yield.
Shafique et al.(2016) recorded that maximum positive direct effect toward seed yield was
exerted by number of pods per plant.
Tiwari et al.(2016) observed that genotypic correlation coefficients were higher than
phenotypic correlation coefficients in most of the traits. Harvest index, 100-seed weight, seeds
per pod, number of effective pods per plant, total number of pods per plant, number of primary
branches per plant and plant height were the most important characters, which possessed
positive association with seed yield per plant.
Asterekiet al.(2017) indicated thatsignificant and positive correlations between seed yield and
number of pods per plant and harvest index in two years.
Agrawal et al.(2018) revealed that grain yield per plant was significantly and positively
correlated with number of primary branches, number of secondary branches, biological yield,
harvest index, 100 seed weight and days tomaturity, under normal sown condition. Under late
sown condition,grain yield per plant showed positive and significant association with
chlorophyll index,number of primary branches, total number of pods per plant, effective
podsper plant, biological yield, harvest index and 100 seed weight.
TECHNICAL PROGRAMME OF WORK

MATERIAL AND METHODS:
In this method used is RBD design and the experimental material is collected from NBPGR ,
New Delhi . 16 germplasm is used .The name of germplasm are shown below:
1. 9.
2. 10.
3. 11.
4. 12.
5. 13.
6. 14.
7. 15.
8. 16.
Using this layout showing for germplasm:
R1 R2 R3
SN. R1 R2 R3
1 V3 V5 V8
2 V6 V7 V12
3 V8 V11 V4
4 V2 V9 V1
5 V10 V16 V13
6 V4 V14 V5
7 V1 V4 V7
8 V11 V6 V11
9 V14 V2 V3
10 V9 V12 V16
11 V15 V1 V2
12 V12 V8 V10
13 V7 V15 V9
14 V13 V3 V14
15 V16 V10 V6
16 V5 V13 V15
Length-34.5 m
Width-7 m
No. Of replication each plot- 03
No.of genotype each plot- 16
Observations Recorded :
1.Days to 50 per cent flowering -
Number of days from sowing to the date when 50
per cent plants in each plot flowered was recorded and the
average number of days for 50 per cent flowering was
calculated.
2.Days of maturity -
The total numbers of days recorded from showing to maturity when 80% of the plants per plot
turned yellow and started drying at physiological maturity.
3.Number of pods per plant -
The total number of pods was counted from five randomly selected plants at maturity and
average was worked out.
4.Number of primary branches per plant -
Number of fruiting branches arising from the main shoot was counted at the time of harvest.
5.Plant height (cm) –
Plant height was measured from the ground level to the tip of the shoot and expressed in
centimeters at the time of maturity.
6.Pod length(cm) -
Pod lengths of the randomly selected plant were averaged to workout the pod length.
7.Number of nodules per plant -
All the randomly selected plants were uprooted with almost care to maintain maximum root
zone nodules present on the root were counted and averaged for recording the observation.
8.Number of secondary branches per plant -
Fruiting branches arising from primarybranches were recorded as secondary branches at the
time of harvest
9.Number of pods per plant -
.Total number of seed bearing pods per plant was counted at the time of harvest
10.Number of seeds per pod -
Number of seeds in pod was counted at random from each plant randomly selected plant and
was averaged
11.Harvest index ( % ) -
The biological yield (total dry matter after harvesting and sun drying ) and seed yield of each
plant was recorded in grams and the harvest index was calculated as:
11. 100 seed weight -
After threshing and cleaning the seed random sample of 100 seed were drawn from the seed
lot and weighted in grams.
12. Seed yield per plant -

At the time of harvesting ,all the pods of selected plant were thresed cleaned and their seeds
were weighed in grams and averaged .
REFERENCES
CANCI, H. and TOKER, C., 2008, Evaluation Of annual wild Cicer species for drought
and heat resistance under field condition. Genetic Resources & Crop
Evolution, 55: 243-247
GOVIL, J. N., CHAKRABARTHI, S. N. and SEN, B., 1981, Genetic variability and
correlation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). In: International SABRO
Congress, 4-8 May, 1981, Univ. Kabang soan, Malaysia.*
Kobraee S., Kayvan Shamsi, Behrooz Rasekhi and Saeed Kobraee. 2010. Investigation
of correlation analysis and relationships between grain yield and other
quantitative traits in chickpea. African J. of Biotechnology. 9(6)pp. 2342-
2348.
Vaghela, M. D., Poshiya, V. K., Savaliya, J. J., Davada, B. K. and Mungra, K. D. 2009.
Studies on character association and path analysis for seed yield and its
components in chickpea (Cicer arietinu L.) Legume Res., 32(4): 24-249.
Ali, Q. and Ahsan, M. 2012 . Estimation of Variability and correlation analysis for
quantitative traits in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).International journal for
Agro Veterinary and Medical Sciences,5(2), 194-200.
Anonymous, 2013 a. Area, production and productivity of chickpea, Project
Coordinators Report2012-2013 Kanpur, AICRP on chickpea, .
Dehal, I.B.,Kalia, R. and Kumar, B.,(2016) . Genetic estimates and path coefficient
analysis in chick 516 pea (Cicer arietinum L.) under normal and late sown
environments. Legume Research, 39(4) : 510-
Deshmukh, RB. And Patil, J.V. (1997). Genetic divergence in Chickpea. Aladras Journal.
84(11/12): 664-666.
Dev, A., Verma, P. and Kumhar B.L. (2017). Genetic character variability studies in desi
chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes.Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci
6(4):20-25.

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INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE

NAME OF STUDENT : SHUBHAM SINGH PARMAR

Correlation and path analysis

TECHNICAL PROGRAMME OF WORK

Using this layout showing for germplasm:

12. Seed yield per plant -

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