PROJECT

REPORT…..

Prepared by……..///////
sumit chauhan ……..//////

ROLL NO- 24807, ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING……//////

CONTENTS……
1. Introduction of hydropower….
2. Introduction of organization….
3. Introduction of hydroelectric project….
a. Schematic sketch of a hydroelectric project.
b. Power house major components.
c. Switchyard components.
4. Introduction of stage – 2 Parbati hydro electric Project.
a. Line diagram.
b. General information.
c. Major components.
5. Turbine introduction.
6. Introduction of tunnel boring machine.
INTRODUCTION ABOUT HYDROPOWER
INDIA is endowed with economically exploitable and viable hydro potential assessed to be about 84,000
MW at 60% load factor (1,48,701 MW installed capacity). In addition, 6780 MW in terms of installed capacity
from small, mini, and micro Hydel scheme have been assessed. In addition, 56 sites for pumped storage
schemes with an aggregate installed capacity of 94,000 MW have been identified. However, only 19.9% of
the potential has been harnessed so far.

Advantages of hydro power:

1) A renewable source of energy – saves scares fuel reserves.
2) Non - polluting and hence environment friendly.
3) Long – the first hydro project completed in 1897 is still in operation at Darjeeling is steel in operation.
4) Cost of generation, operation and maintenance is lower than the other source of energy.
5) Ability to start and stop quickly and instantaneous load acceptance/rejection makes it suitable to
meet peak demand and for enhancing system reliability and stability.
6) Has higher efficiency (over 90%) compared to thermal (35%) and gas (around 50%).
7) Cost of generation is free from inflationary effects after the initial installation.
8) Storage based hydro schemes often provide attendant benefits of irrigation, flood control, drinking
water supply, navigation, recreation, tourism, pisciculture etc.

Being located in remote regions leads to development of interior backward areas (education, medical,
road communication, telecommunication etc.)

Why hydro power project?

1) Renewable and non– polluting source of energy.
2) Inherent capability for instantaneous starting, stopping, load variations etc. and thus, help in
improving reliability of power system.
3) Best choice for meeting the peak demand.
4) Longer useful life and help in conserving scares fossil fuels.
5) Help in opening up of avenues for development of remote/backward area.

Limitations of hydro projects

1) Away from load centers, evacuation of power is big problem.
2) Environmental/ecological &rehabilitation/ resettlement problem due to submergence/ construction
activities.
3) Difficulty in investigation/ implementation due to remoteness of the area.
4) Long gestation period.
5) Lack of availability of long term finance.
6) Geological surprise resulting in the time and cost over runs.
7) Hydro projects suffer from production risks since the project is planned based on the historical data,
which may not occur in future.
ABOUT THE ORGANISATION
POWER SCENARIO IN INDIA
“WATER POWER FOR SUSTAINABLE SOCIO – ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND NATION BUILDING”
HYDRO POWER GREEN POWER:
POWER FROM EARTH- POWER FROM EARTH
.survival of mankind is totally dependent on natural resources but the incessant demands of development and
threatening the delicate ecological balance of planet earth. So far only,
Place to home human beings. Development has become the need of mankind while energy is key to
development, but fossil fuels are exhaustible and scarce in out country. In such an environment, hydropower is
environment friendly – green source of energy harnessed utilizing abundant and renewable water sources.
.NHPC is dedicated in harnessing vast hydropower potential of the country estimated to 150000 MW of which
nearly 18% has been developed by optimum utilization of natural resources.

INTRODUCTION ABOUT NHPC

1) Incorporated in the year 1975 with an authorized capital of RS.2000 millions.
2) Single largest hydro power utility in India with experience, expertise and capabilities to undertake
multidimensional activities such as planning, survey and investigation, design & engineering,
construction, operation and maintenance, renovation, modernization and updating of hydroelectric
projects, “concept of commissioning” endeavor.
3) Achievements include an installed capacity of 2175 MW, another 2370 MW under construction and
more than 20,000 MW under survey and investigation.
4) In terms of performance as per MOU signed with ministry of power, NHPC achieved a distinction of
eight successive “EXCELLENT” rating.
5) ISO – 9001 & ISO – 14001 certification for its operations at corporate office.

CAPITAL STRUCTURE

FINENTIAL PROFILE
1) An authorized share capital of Rs. 70,000 millions.
2) Government of India’s approval of increasing the authorized share capital of the corporation Rs.
1000,000 millions.
3) Investment base of over Rs. 155,000 Millions and paid up capital of Rs. 62,709 millions.
4) In terms of investment NHHPC is one of the TOP TEN companies of the country.
Future plans: road ahead
5) During the X five year plan, hydro capacity addition of 4357 MW.
6) Tentative allocation of Rs. 322260 millions by planning commission for X five year plan: an increase of
500% in comparison to IX five year plan.
 PERFORMANCE
1) Registered net profit of Rs. 4, 709 millions (2001-2002), highest ever profit made since its inception.
2) Sales turnover of Rs. 13,496 millions (2001-2002).
3) Declare a dividend of Rs.500 million (2001-2002) generated 8912.29 MU (2001-2002)
4) Generated 8912.29 (2001-2002)

CORPORATE VISION
A world class, diversified & transnational organization for sustainable development of hydro power &
water resources with strong environment conscience.

CORPORATE MISSION
1) To achieve international standards of excellence in all aspects of hydropower and diversified business.
2) To execute & operate projects in cost effective, environment friendly and socio – economically
responsive manner.
3) To foster component, trained & multi – disciplinary human capital.
4) To continually develop state – of –art technologies through innovative R&D and adopt best practices.
5) To adopt the best practices of corporate governance & institutionalize value based management for a
strong corporate identity.
6) Revised MoA signed with Govt. of arunachal Pradesh for implementation of 3000MW Dibbing
multipurpose project, 750 MW twang –II project by NHPC.
7) DPR of 520 MW Test Stage – IV project in Sikkim submitted to CEA for accord of TEC.
8) Govt. sanction accorded for the 330 MW kishanganga project in Jammu & Kashmir.
9) MoU signed with Govt. of Manipur for implementation of 66 MW loktak downstream projects by
NHPC in joint venture with Govt. of Manipur. Ministry of environment and forest has accorded pre –
construction activities on the project.
10) Environment clearance has been accorded by ministry of environment and forest for 195 MW Kotli
Bhel-1A, 320MW Kotli Bhel – 1B, 120 MW Vyasi projects, all in uttarakhand and 1000MW Pakal Dul in
Jammu & Kashmir.
11) Implementation enterprise resources planning (ERP) of IFS AB, Sweden across the organization.
12) Achieved 100% revenue realization Rs. 2270 crore.
13) Name of company has been changed from national hydroelectric power corporation Ltd. To NHPC
Limited.
14) NHPC has been conferred Mini Ratna status by the Government of India.
 HYDRO ELECTRIC PROJECT
CONCEPT OF MODERN HYDRO POWER PLANT
Hydropower is a renewable, economic, non polluting and environmentally being source of energy.
Hydropower stations have inherent ability for instantaneous starting, stopping and load variation and
hence best choice for meeting peak demand.
The Hydropower Projects have long life extending over 50 years and help in conserving scares fossil
fuels. They also help in opening new avenues for development of remote and backward areas.
TYPES OF POWER STATION.
DEPENDING UP ON THE PRIME MOVER THE POWER STATIONS ARE CLASSIFIED AS:
1. THERMAL POWER STATION.

A generating station which converts heat energy of coal combustion in to electrical energy is known as a
steam or thermal power station.
2. DIESEL POWER STATION.

A generating station in which diesel engine is used as a prime mover for the generation of electrical
energy is known as a diesel power station.
3. NUCLEAR POWER STATION.

A generating station in which nuclear energy is converted in to electrical energy is known as a nuclear
energy is known as a nuclear power station.

In nuclear power Station, heavy element such as uranium (u235) or thorium (Th232) is subjected to
nuclear fusion in a special apparatus known as a reactor.

4. TIDAL POWER STATION.

This utilizes the potential hydraulic power originating from the tidal cycle of the sea.
4. WIND POWER STATION.

Wind Power plants utilizes K.E of wind to generate electricity. A turbine and a generator convert the
energy from the wind to mechanical and the electrical energy. Wind power is one of the most promising
and cost effective renewable energy technologies available today.
6. HYDRO ELECTRIC POWER STATION.
A hydropower generating station utilizes the potential energy of water at a high level for the generation
of electrical energy. These power stations are generally located in hilly areas where dams can built
conveniently and large water reservoir can be obtained.
*The power capacity of a hydropower plant is primarily the function of two variables.
- (flow rate expressed in cubic meter per second)
- The Hydraulic head, which is the elevation difference the water falls in passing through the plant.
SCHEMATIC SKETCH OF A HYDRO
POWER PLANT……

A TYPICAL HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANT COMPRISES OF:

1. DAM.
A dam is a barrier which stores water and creates water head. Dams are built of concrete or stone Masonry
earth or rock fill.
2. SPILLWAY.
There are times when the river flow exceeds the storage capacity of reservoir. Such a situations arises during
heavy rainfall in the catchment area. In order to discharge the surplus water from the storage reservoir in to
the river on the down-stream side of the dam, spillways are used. These are constructed of concrete piers on
the top of the dam.
3. HEAD WORKS.
The head works consist of the diversion, structure at the head of an intake. They generally includes booms and
racks for diverting floating debris strikes for by passing debris and sediments and valve for controlling the flow
of water of turbine. The flow of water in to and head work should be as smooth as possible to avoid head loss
and cavitations. For this purpose, it is necessary to avoid sharp corners and abrupt contraction or enlargement.
4. SURGE SHAFT
Open conduits leading water to the turbine require no protection. However, when closed conduits are used,
protection become necessary to limit the abnormal pressure in the conduits is always provided with a surge
tank. A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank (open at the top) in which water level rises or falls to reduce the
pressure swings in the conduits.
5. PENSTOCK.
These are closed conduits which carry water to the turbines and are generally made of reinforced, concrete or
steel. Concrete penstocks are suitable for low heads (<30m) as greater pressure causes rapid deterioration of
concrete. The steel penstock can be designed for any head. The thickness of the penstock varies with the head
of working pressure.
6. POWER HOUSE.
The power house consists of building houses, generator and turbine along with various associated auxiliaries
including control and protection equipments of generating units.
7. TAIL RACE.
For discharging water after the generation of electricity in the power house, a tail race channel or tail race
tunnel is required.
8. SILT FLUSHING ARRANGEMENT
It is a process by which cleanliness of water is done from silt. This is done by different methods like hydra gate
system is used & with the help of desilting chambers & gantry crane.
9. DRAINAGE GALLERY
It is a gallery where a no. of points are taken for measurement of discharge level of water with the help
instrument called son meter.
10. VALVE HOUSE
Valve is a mechanical device to control and regulate the flow of fluid in a system. In hydro electrical power
station valves are an integral part. It is a passive element which requires a power supply for its operation.
These valves are essential for safety, maintenance and guiding mechanism for power generation system.
Various types of valves are:
1) Spherical valve. 3) gate valve
2) Butterfly valves. 4) Needle valve etc.

Power house major components:

1. Main inlet valve:
Main inlet valve is used for controlling water level comes in turbine section as well as water pressure.
These valves are essentials for safety, maintenance, and guiding mechanism for power generation system.
These valves are derives by servo motors & oil pressure unit. These valves are also consisting a bypass
valve which is operating first and than main inlet valve. Generally used are butterfly & spherical valves.
2. OIL PRESSURE UNIT:
Oil pressure units are used to derive main inlet valve and nozzles operation. For nozzle operation opening
of jet through which water comes and strike to the buckets of a turbine.
3. COLLING PUMPS:
Cooling pumps are used for cooling of stator where armature windings are installed. These cooling pumps
also used for cooling of bearings of shaft.
4. AIR COMPRESSOR UNITS:
These units are used for maintaining pressure for oil pressure unit. And these are also used as a break for
stopping of machines joined with shaft.
5. EXCITATION TRANSFORMERS:
These transformers are used as an excitation device for operations of different electrical equipments used
in power house are servomotor, oil pressure unit cooling pumps.
11KV/190V
Thyristors are used to convert this 190V AC to 110 DC.
6. TEMPERATURE GAUGE PANELS:
Temperature gauge panels are used for measuring temperature of field windings and every slots of
rotor. RTD & DDT are used for this measuring of temperature.
RTDs are resistance temperature detector. These are temperature sensors that exploit the predictable
change in electrical resistance of some materials with changing temperature.
7. Battery banks: In a power house
battery banks is a very necessary device. Battery banks consist different DC voltage supply for
 different purpose. E.g. in NHPC 220v DC supply for excitation. 48V DC supply for communicating &
24V DC for relays purpose.
8. AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
It is used for better voltage regulation so there is less fluctuations between receiving
End voltage and sending end voltage. So losses become less in quantity.
9. EHG-ELECTRO HYDRO GOVERNOR:
Electro hydro governor are used for drive of governor under which deflectors of
Different nozzles & opening of nozzles occur.

10. TURBINE ROOM:

Turbine room consist a turbine which is a combination of runner, nozzles & deflectors.
When water strike to the runner. Runner start to rotate and due to this shaft will also rotate.
11. GENERATOR ROOM:
Generator room is that room where generator is installed. Generator is used to convert
Mechanical energy of a shaft in to an electrical energy. Generator is a combination of rotor and stator.
Rotor consists of field winding and stator consist of armature windings.
12. EOT CRANE:
EOT crane is electric overhead crane. It is used to carry a very heavy weights.
13. BUSDUCT:
Bus duct is used to carry output of generator and take them to step up transformers.
14. HEAT EXCHANGER:
Heat exchanger is used to hot water comes from cooling of stator windings in to cold water. It is installed
in tunnel where cold water comes from turbine is flowing.
15. FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM:
Fire protection system is used to control over fire when fire takes place in power house.
16. DRAINAGE SYSTEM:
Drainage system is connected with MIV pipe it is used to take water away from pipe if problem exist in
turbine section.
17. CONTROL ROOM:
Control room consist SCADA system which controls all equipments & machines installed in power house
from one common room called control room.

Switchyard components:
1. CIRCUIT BREAKER:
It is used to breaking the circuit when short circuiting takes place. It is a protection device. different types
of circuit breakers are air circuit breaker, oil circuit breaker, vacuum circuit breaker.
2. ISOLATOR:
It is a mechanical device capable of opening or closing a circuit under condition of no load or negligible
current.
3. EARTHING SWITCH:
Earthing or grounding is the term used for electrical connection to general mass of earth. Earthing
switches are used for earthing.
NECESSITY OF EARTHING:
1) It safe human life.
2) It safe all machines through which overhead lines come from lightning.
3) It makes line voltage constant.
4. CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:
They are small transformer, intended to supply low values of current to measuring instruments, protective
relays, and other similar devices. These are used where the current or voltage is too high to be handled
directly by the instruments.
5. POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS:
They are used for supply of low voltage, usually 110 V, for the use of instrument and protective device
where the main voltage is not suitable for direct application to the instruments.
6. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS:
High voltage surges are caused in electrical systems by lightning, switching operations and other
disturbances. these surges can result in flash over’s over line insulators and insulation puncture resulting
in line outage and damage to equipment unless dissipated to ground with the help of lightning arresters.
The arresters are designed to offer low resistance to surge at the same time blocking the power frequency
follow current.
7. BUS BAR:
Bus bars are an arrangement in which all electrical equipments used in a switchyard is connected. These
are made up of aluminium.
8. RELAY PANEL:
If a protective device acts directly on the holding latch of a switch or a circuit breaker, it is known as
“release device”. If it opens or close an auxiliary circuit is called a relay. Release devices are used in
manually operated switches and breakers, while relays are used in solenoid operated breakers.
STAGE-II
STAGE II (800MW)

THE PROJECT…

The Parbati Hydroelectric Project (Stage-II) is a run-of-the-river scheme proposed to harness hydro potential of

the lower reaches of the River Parbati. The proposed scheme is ‘inter basin transfer' type. The river is

proposed to be diverted at Village Pulga in Parbati valley and the Power House shall be located at village Suind

in Sainj Valley. Thus, a gross head of 862 m between Pulga and Suind will be utilized for generating 800 MW

power. The diverted discharge of the river Parbati has been further augmented by diverting the discharge of

various nallahs falling along the HRT alignment.

Line diagram of project:

LOCATION & COMMUNICATION…..

The Project is located in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh on National Highway No. 21. The nearest rail head

Kiratpur Sahib is about 190 Km. from the Project. There is a air strip at Bhuntar town which is situated at
confluence of rivers Beas and Parbati. The road distance from Bhuntar to dam site and power house is about

51 Km. 41 Km. respectively.

GEOLOGY…..

The Project lies within Lesser Himalaya and is characterized by highly rugged topography. The Project area lies

in four distinct rock formations namely Kullu. Manikaran, Banjar and Larji. These rock formations are separated

by intervening thrusts like Kullu. Kandi and Garsa etc. The dam complex lies in Gneisses and Schist whereas

power house will be constructed in metasediments and metabasics. The head race tunnel will pass through a

variety of rocks. Viz...Gneisses. schist, quartzite and phyllites.

PROJECT UNDER CONSTRUCTION

(Adit at Shilagarh)
General information about Parbati hydro electric project:
1) Full reservoir level el. 2198.00 m.
2) Minimum draw down level el. 2185.00 m.
3) Max tail water level el. 1331.00 m.
4) Gross storage 6.83 MCM.
5) Max gross head 863 m.
6) Max neat head 845 m.
7) Design and rated head 789 m.
8) Turbine type - pelton type.
9) Installed capacity – 800 MW.
10) No. units and size – 4 units of 200 MW each.
11) Generation voltage – 13.8 KV.
12) Transmission voltage – 400 KV.
13) Highest transmission voltage – 420 KV.
14) Types of power house – surface type.
15) Type of switchyard – gas insulated switchgear.
16) GSU transformer – 82 MVA, 1-PHASE 50 Hz.
17) A.C Power – 415/240 V + - 10%, 50 Hz.

Elevation levels:
1) Starting concerting – el. 1324.75 m.
2) Cooling water sump – el. 1325.75 m.
3) C/L of turbine – el. 1335.00 m.
4) Turbine floor – el. 1338.00m.
5) Generation floor – el. 1342.60 m.
6) Transformer floor – el. 1346.00 m.
7) GIS floor – el. 1355.55 m.

Water conductor system:

1) Intake with stop log, and head gate and thrash screen – 3 no. of 3.7 dia.
2) Head raise tunnel up to surge shaft – 1 no. 6 m dia. Length approx 31.321 km.
3) Surge shaft – 1 no. underground 17 m dia. And 130 m height.
4) Bifurcation and penstock – 4 no. penstock with 2.5 m dia. And length 146.25 m
long.
5) Power house – surface type.

Electrical components:
1) Main inlet valve – 4 no.
2) Turbine – 4 no.
3) Excitation transformers – 4 no.
4) Generator – 4 no.
5) Transformers – 14 no.
6) Bus duct
7) Governor – 4 no.
8) GIS – 420 KV.
9) 220 V DC and 48 V DC systems.

Salient features:
1) State – H.P.
2) District – Kullu
3) River – Parbati ( a tributary of river Beas )
4) Dam – near village Pulga.
5) Power house – near village Suind.

Hydrology:
1) PARBATI RIVER:
Catchment area at diversion dam – 1155 sq. km
Snow catchment – 971 sq. km
Max observed discharge – 369.1 cumec

2) JIGRAI NALLAH:
Catchment area at diversion site – 42 sq. km
Snow catchment – 21 sq. km

3) HURLA NALLAH:
Catchment area at diversion site – 34 sq. km
Snow catchment – 9.5 sq. km

4) JIWA NALLAH:
Catchment area at diversion site – 180 sq. km
Snow catchment – 54 sq. km

5) DIVERSION TUNNEL:
Length – 270 m long and 7.5 m dia
Diversion discharge – 512 cumec
6) DIVERSION DAM:
Height and type – 91 m high, concrete gravity dam.
Dam top – el. 2200 m

7) SPILLWAY:
Type – office type
No. of bays – 3
Design flood discharge – 1850 cumec.

8) RESERVOIR:
Gross storage – 6.83 Mcum
Fetch of reservoir – 1.8 km

9) INTAKE TUNNEL:
Size and type – 3 no., 3.7 m D – shaped concrete lined.
Length – 146 m, 168 m, 198 m
Design discharge – 48.30 cumec

10) FEEDER TUNNEL:

Size and type – 3 m dia., D – shaped
Length – 4259 m

11) HEAD RACE TUNNEL:

Size and type – 6 m dia. Horse shoe for DBM portion. And 6 m dia. For TBM portion
Length – 31230 m
Design discharge – 116 cumec

12) SIZE AND LENGTH OF ADIT:

ADIT NO. RD OF HRT LENGTH OF ADIT
Inlet adit 56 350 m
1. 6237 385 m
2. 19205 600 m
3. 21135 420 m
4. 28331 390 m
5. 30890 470 m
TOTAL 2615 m

13) VALVE HOUSE:

Size and type – 8 m * 12 m * 63 m, butterfly valve
No. and dia. Of valve – 2 no. 3.5 m dia. each
14) PRESSURE SHAFT:
Main no. and type – 2 no. circular, steel lined.
Dia. And length – 3.5 m, 1947 m long each
Branch no. and type – 4 no. circular, steel lined.
Dia. and length – 2.50 m, 926 m long each

15) POWER HOUSE COMPLEX:

Type and capacity – surface, 4 * 200 MW
Size and m/c hall – 23.5 m * 39.7 m * 123 m
Types of turbine – pelton vertical axis
Max. gross head – 862 m
Design head – 789 m
Transformers – 1 phase
Types of switchyard – 400 KV , gas insulated switchgear with double bus bars.

16) TAIL RACE CHANNEL:

Size and length – 4.5 m * 4.5 m * 60 m

17) ENERGY GENERATION:

Installed capacity – 800 MW
Annual energy generation in 90% dependable year – 3108 MW
18) COST (AT DEC – 01 PRICE LEVEL):
Cost of civil and elec. Work – 3100.75 cr.
Interest during construction – 818.84 cr.
Total – 3919.59 cr.
POWER HOUSE...
The proposed surface power house is located on the right bank of River Sainj near Village Sainj at about 200 m

downstream of the confluence of River Sainj and Jiwa Nallah. The power house shall have an installed capacity

of 800 MW with four generating units of 200 MW each. Short Tail Race Channels shall discharge the water

from Power House to river Sainj.

COST...

The estimated cost for construction of Project is worked out to be Rs. 3708.66 crore +US$11.774 million

(1US$=Rs 45.50) at August 2000 price level.

BENEFITS...

The Project is planned to be operated as a peaking power station. A: 800 MW installed capacity the Project will

generate 3108.66 million units of Power in 90% dependable year. The construction of the Project will bring

social & economic development in the region. Rv10reover facilities like infrastructure. Education Medical and

reemployment will get boost with the execution of the Project.

MAJOR COMPONENTS
1. DIVERSION DAM

An 85 m high. 113 m long, concrete gravity dam is proposed near village Pulga across Parbati

River to divert 145cumec of water. The reservoir will have a live storage capacity of 3.09 Mcum with gross

storage capacity as 6.83 Mcum. This diurnal storage will be sufficient to run power station at full capacity for 4

hours in a day even during lean flow period. The spillway section consisting of three bays is designed to pass a

maximum probable flood of 1850 cumec. Further it is planned to divert the discharge of Jigrai Nalla located

just downstream of Pulga diversion dam into the reservoir for augmentation.
2. INTAKE STRUCTURE AND DESILTING ARRAGEMENT

The proposed intake structure is located on the left bank of Parbati River just upstream of Pulga diversion dam

to cater to a designed discharge of 145 cumec. For trapping suspended silt particles carried by river, an

underground Desilting chamber is proposed to be constructed at the end of approach tunnels.

3. HEAD RACE TUNNEL

A 31.380 Km. long. 6 m dia tunnel has been proposed on the left bank of Parbati to carry a design discharge of

116 cumec. Water from Manihar, Pancha, and Hurla and Jiwa nallah flowing above HRT alignment will be

diverted into the HRT through a rock shaft for augmentation of power generation. The construction of tunnel

will be carried out by five construction adits by deploying modern tunneling equipments like Tunnel Boring

Machine (TBM), Rock Bolting Jumbos, Drilling Jumbos, etc.

HYDRAULIC TURBINE
Hydraulic (water) turbine are machine that convert hydraulic energy in to mechanical energy. This conversion
is possible in hydro power plant (HPP).
-after that this mechanical energy is convert in to electrical energy by electrical generator or synchronous
generator or hydraulic generator.

5. TURBINE USED – IMPULSE TURBINE

PELTON WHEEL – (4 NO.)

IMPULSE TURBINE :-

The impulse type depends for its operation wholly on velocity and impact of water directed against
buckets fixed around the rim if a turbine wheel.
The potential energy of water at high head is converted in to the kinetic head in the form of velocity which
is utilized to drive the turbine. The pelton wheel belongs to this category. The buckets are cast from
special wear-resistant steel.
The no. of buckets (Z) for a pelton wheel in terms of jet ratio (m) is given by empirical formula
Z=0.5 m +15
-IMULSE TURBINES are normally used for high heads above 150m but where discharge is less, these are
used for lower heads also.

DIAGRAM OF PELTON TURBINE

 The main
parts of
Pelton
turbine are:
1. Nozzle and

flow Regulating

Arrangement

2. Runner with

Bucket

3. Casing

4. Breaking jet

FUNCTION:
The water flows along the tangent to the path of the runner. Nozzles direct forceful streams of water against a
series of spoon-shaped buckets mounted around the edge of a wheel. As water flows into the bucket, the
direction of the water velocity changes to follow the contour of the bucket. When the water-jet contacts the
bucket, the water exerts pressure on the bucket and the water is decelerated as it does a "u-turn" and flows
out the other side of the bucket at low velocity. In the process, the water's momentum is transferred to the
turbine. This "impulse" does work on the turbine.
For maximum power and efficiency, the turbine system is designed such that the water-jet velocity is twice the
velocity of the bucket. A very small percentage of the water's original kinetic energy will still remain in the
water; however, this allows the bucket to be emptied at the same rate it is filled, (see conservation of mass),
thus allowing the water flow to continue uninterrupted. Often two buckets are mounted side-by-side, thus
splitting the water jet in half . This balances the side-load forces on the wheel, and helps to ensure smooth,
efficient momentum transfer of the fluid jet to the turbine wheel. Because water and most liquids are nearly
incompressible, almost all of the available energy is extracted in the first stage of the hydraulic turbine.
Therefore, Pelton wheels have only one turbine stage, unlike gas turbines that operate with compressible fluid.

5.PENSTOCK :
A penstock is a sluice or gate or intake structure that controls water flow, or an enclosed pipe that delivers
water to hydraulic turbines and sewerage systems. It is a term that has been inherited from the technology of
wooden watermills.
INTRODUCTION OF TUNNEL BORING
MACHINE…….
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) is a machine used to excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a
variety of rock strata. They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. Tunnel
diameters can range from a meter (done with micro-TBMs) to 19 meters. Tunnels of less than a meter or so

in diameter are typically done by horizontal directional drilling rather than TBMs.

Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting (D&B) methods. A TBM has the
advantages of not disturbing surrounding soil and producing a smooth tunnel wall. This significantly reduces
the cost of lining the tunnel, and makes them suitable to use in built-up areas. The key disadvantage is cost.
TBMs are expensive to construct, difficult to transport and require significant infrastructure. A Robbins TBM is
complex in its design, yet relatively simple in concept. The front of the TBM is a rotating cutter head that
matches the diameter of the tunnel. The cutter head holds disc cutters (ranging from 11" to 20" in diameter)
which are positioned for optimal boring of the given rock type. As the cutter head turns, hydraulic propel
cylinders push the cutters into the rock. The transfer of this high thrust through the rolling disc cutters creates
fractures in the rock causing chips to break away from the tunnel face.

A unique floating gripper system pushes on the sidewalls and is locked in place while the propel cylinders
extend, allowing the main beam to advance the TBM. The machine can be continuously steered while gripper
shoes push on the sidewalls to react the machine's forward thrust. Buckets in the rotating cutter head scoop
up machine for removal from the tunnel. At the end of a stroke the rear legs of the machine are lowered, the
assembly for the next boring cycle. The grippers are extended, the rear legs lifted, and boring begins again.
TBM DESCRIPTION
A tunnel boring machine (TBM) typically consists of one or two shields (large metal cylinders) and trailing
support mechanisms. At the front end of the shield is a rotating cutting wheel. Behind the cutting wheel is a
chamber where, depending on the type of the TBM, the excavated soil is either mixed with slurry (so-called
slurry TBM) or left as is. The choice of TBM type depends on the soil conditions. Systems for removal of the soil
(or the soil mixed with slurry) are also present.

Behind the chamber there is a set of hydraulic jacks supported by the finished part of the tunnel which push
the TBM forward. The action here is much like an earthworm. The rear section of the TBM is braced against
the tunnel walls and used to push the TBM head forward. At maximum extension the TBM head is then braced
against the tunnel walls and the TBM rear is dragged forward. Behind the shield, inside the finished part of the
tunnel, several support mechanisms which are part of the TBM are located: dirt removal, slurry pipelines if
applicable, control rooms, and rails for transport of the precast segments. The cutting wheel will typically
rotate at 1 to 10 rpm (depending on size and stratum), cutting the rock face into chips or excavating soil
(muck). Depending on the type of TBM, the muck will fall onto a conveyor belt system and be carried out of
the tunnel, or be mixed with slurry and pumped back to the tunnel entrance. Depending on rock strata and
tunnel requirements, the tunnel may be cased, lined, or left unlined. This may be done by bringing in precast
concrete sections that are jacked into place as the TBM moves forward, by assembling concrete forms, or in
some hard rock strata, leaving the tunnel unlined and relying on the surrounding rock to handle and distribute
the load.
TBM Machine Features
All Robbins TBM machines are equipped with:

 A custom-designed rotating cutter head matched to the geologic conditions to ensure smooth,
efficient boring
 Large-diameter high-load capacity disc cutters to penetrate the rock efficiently
 A large-diameter main bearing and bull gear assembly specially designed for high-thrust applications
in underground conditions
 Robbins' unique floating gripper system for continuous steering capability
 Hydraulically actuated side and roof supports to stabilize the cutter head by minimizing cutter wear
 Laser target steering for tunnel accuracy
 Steel dust shield to maintain a seal between the tunnel and the cutter head, trapping dust in the
cutter head for removal by scrubber through the main beam
 Efficient belt conveyor inside the main beam transfers muck from the cutter head to the rear of the
TBM
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
No endeavor however small can be successful accomplished without the concrete efforts of all concerned. I

was fortunate in being given full co-operation & help whenever I sought it in the course of my training.

I express my sincere thanks to Mr. Sanjay Sharma (HR manager) who accepted me as a trainee in NHPC & for

taking keen interest in my training.

I have no appropriate words to express my sense of gratitude to Mr. Dev Kumar (electrical engineer) under

whom I was placed during the training tenure. I must admit that Mr. R. S Verma (Deputy Manager of electrical

department) also gave me their guidance without which my training would not have been rich and fruitful.

I owe a special thanks to all the executives Supervisors & Staff of various departments for their co-operation &

making my training period a valuable & pleasant experience for me.