UT III Mathematics

1
 Metric/English Equivalents
• 1 inch equals:
– 25.4 millimeters
– 2.54 centimeters
– 0.0254 meters
– 0.0000254 kilometers
• 1 millimeter equals:
– .03937 inches

2
 Velocity Equivalents for
Longitudinal Wave in Steel
• 5.85 km/sec
• 5.85 cm/sec x 105
• .585 cm/µsec
• 5850 meters/sec
• 230,315 inches/sec
• 2.3 inches/sec x 105
• 0.23 inches/µsec
3
 Metric Prefixes
kilometer 1,000 = 103
hectometer 100 = 102
decameter 10 = 10
meter 1=1
decimeter 0.1 = 10-1
centimeter 0.01 = 10-2
millimeter 0.001 = 10-3
4
 Transducer Q
Calculating Transducer “Q”

fc
Q=
f 2 − f1
Where:
fc = center frequency
f1 = frequency below fc at .7071 of maximum
f2 = frequency above fc at .7071 of maximum

5
 Transducer Q
Example
Calculate Transducer Q where:
fc = 5 MHz f1 = 2 MHz f2 = 8 MHz
fc
Q=
f 2 − f1

5 5
Q= = = .833
8−2 6
6
 Focussed Immersion
Calculating Radius of Lens Curvature
Focus calculations:

Where:
r = radius of lens
⎛ n −1⎞ curvature
r = Fw ⎜ ⎟ F = Focal Length
⎝ n ⎠ n = Index of Refraction
(ratio of lens velocity
to other sound media
velocity 7
 Focussed Immersion
Example
Calculate the Radius of Lens Curvature where:
F = 4 inches
plexiglas L 2.67
n= = = 1.79
⎛ n −1⎞ waterL 1.49
r = Fw ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n ⎠
⎛ 1.79 − 1 ⎞
r = 4⎜ ⎟ = 1.77 inches
⎝ 1.79 ⎠
8
 Focussed Immersion
Calculating Focal Distance in Water
Focus calculations:

Where:
r = radius of lens
⎛ n ⎞ curvature
Fw = r ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n −1⎠
F = Focal Length
n = Index of Refraction
(ratio of lens velocity
to other sound media
velocity 9
 Focussed Immersion
Example
Calculate the Focal Length in Water where:
r = 3 inches
plexiglasL 2.67
n= = = 1.79
⎛ n ⎞ waterL 1.49
Fw = r ⎜ ⎟
⎝ n −1⎠
⎛ 1.79 ⎞
Fw = 3 ⎜ ⎟ = 6.80 inches
⎝ 1.79 − 1 ⎠
10
 Focussed Immersion
Water Path to Obtain Specific Focal Depth
⎛ Vm ⎞
WP = Fw − ⎜⎜ Fm × ⎟⎟
⎝ Vw ⎠
Where:
WP = Water Path
Fm = Focal Depth in Material
Fw = Focal Length in Water
Vm = Velocity in Material
Vw = Velocity in Water 11
 Focussed Immersion
Example
Calculate the Water Path where:
Fm = .5”
⎛ Vm ⎞
Fw = 6.8” WP = Fw − ⎜⎜ Fm × ⎟⎟
Vm = 5.85 Km/sec ⎝ Vw ⎠
Vw = 1.49 Km/sec

⎛ 5.85 ⎞
WP = 6.8 − ⎜ .5 × ⎟ = 4.84
⎝ 1.49 ⎠
12
 Focussed Immersion
Focal Depth in the Test Material

Fm = (Fw − WP )
Vw
Vm
Where:
WP = Water Path
Fm = Focal Depth in Material
Fw = Focal Length in Water
Vm = Velocity in Material
Vw = Velocity in Water
13
 Focussed Immersion
Example
Calculate the Focal Depth in the Test Material where:
WP = 5”
Fw = 7”
Vm = NickelL (5.63 Km/sec)
F m = ( F w − WP ) Vw
Vm
Vw = WaterL (1.49 Km/sec)

Fm = (7 − 5 )
1.49
= .53"
5.63 14
 Acoustic Impedance Calculation
Acoustic Impedance Formula:

⎛ gm ⎞ ⎛ cm ⎞ ⎛ gm × 10 ⎞
3
ρ⎜ 3 ⎟
× V ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = Z ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cm ⎠ ⎝ μ sec ⎠ ⎝ cm − sec ⎠
2

Where:
ρ = Density
V = Velocity
Z = Acoustic Impedance 15
 Acoustic Impedance Calculation
Example
Calculate the Acoustic Impedance for steel in units of
gm × 103/cm2-sec, where:
ρ = 7.67 gm/cm3 V = .585 cm/μsec

⎛ gm ⎞ ⎛ cm ⎞ ⎛ gm × 10 ⎞
3
ρ⎜ ⎟ × V ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟ = Z ⎜
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ cm 3
⎠ ⎝ μ sec ⎠ ⎝ cm 2
− sec ⎠
16
 Acoustic Impedance Calculation
Solution:
⎛ 7.67 gm ⎞ ⎛ .585 cm ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ⎟ × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cm ⎠ ⎝ μ sec ⎠ ⎝
3
⎠
Cancel cm1 from denominator of density and numerator of
velocity; multiply numerator and denominator of velocity by 106

⎛ 7 . 67 gm ⎞ ⎛ 585 × 10 3
cm ⎞ ⎛ 4487 gm × 10 3
⎞
⎜ ⎟ × ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ cm ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ cm − sec ⎠17
2 2
sec
 Wavelength

λ=
V V V V
The following equation is used for calculating wavelength:

λ = ( mm ) =
Wavelength
f
Where:
λ = wavelength (mm)
f
V = velocity (Km/sec)
f = frequency (MHz) f
18
 Wavelength
Example
Calculate wavelength where:
f = 7.5 MHz V = TitaniumL(6.1 Km/sec)

V
λ=
f
6.1
λ= = 0.81mm
7.5 19
 Near Field
• The length of the near field can be
calculated from the following formula:

D × ff
22
D
NN== 4 × V
Where:
4 ×V
N = Near Field Length (mm) f = Frequency (MHz)
D = Crystal Diameter (mm) V = Velocity (Km/sec)

20
 Near Field
Example
Calculate the Near Field where:
D = ¾ inches f = 7.5 MHz V = TitaniumL

D ×f 2

N=
4 ×V
19.05 × 7.5 2
N= = 111.55mm = 4.39"
4 × 6.1 21
 Beam Divergence
• Beam Divergence can be calculated from
the following formula:

⎛ 1.22 × V ⎞
γ = arcsin ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ D× f ⎠
Where:
γ = Beam Divergence Angle f = Frequency (MHz)
D = Crystal Diameter (mm) V = Velocity (Km/sec)

22
 Beam Divergence
Example
Calculate the Beam Divergence where:
D = ¾ inches f = 7.5 MHz V = TitaniumL

⎛ 1.22 × V ⎞
γ = arcsin⎜ ⎟
⎝ D× f ⎠
⎛ 1.22 × 6.1 ⎞
γ = arcsin⎜ ⎟ = 2.99
0

⎝ 19.05 × 7.5 ⎠ 23
 Reflection

Formula for calculating reflected energy (RE):

⎛Z −Z ⎞
2

% RE = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ × 100
1

⎝Z +Z ⎠
2 1

where:
Z1 = impedance of material through which sound is traveling
Z2 = impedance of material sound strikes at the interface

Note: Due to the Law of Conservation of Energy,

Transmitted Energy = 100% - Reflected Energy 24
 Reflection
Example
Calculate the Reflected Energy where:

Z1 = Steel (4560) Z2 = Water (149)

⎛Z −Z ⎞
2

% RE = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟ × 100
1

⎝Z +Z ⎠
2 1

2
⎛ 149 − 4560 ⎞
%RE = ⎜ ⎟ × 100 = 87.74%
⎝ 149 + 4560 ⎠ 25
 Reflection

Formula for calculating reflected pressure (P)

⎛ Z 2 − Z1 ⎞
%RP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ Z 2 + Z1 ⎠
where:
Z1 = impedance of material through which sound is traveling
Z2 = impedance of material sound strikes at the interface
26
 Reflection
Example
Calculate the Reflected Pressure where:

Z1 = Steel (4560) Z2 = Water (149)

⎛ Z 2 − Z1 ⎞
%RP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ Z 2 + Z1 ⎠

⎛ 149 − 4560 ⎞
%RP = ⎜ ⎟ = −93.67%
⎝ 149 + 4560 ⎠ 27
 Reflection

Formula for calculating transmitted pressure (T)

⎛ 2Z2 ⎞
%TP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ Z 2 + Z1 ⎠
where:
Z1 = impedance of material through which sound is traveling
Z2 = impedance of material sound strikes at the interface
28
 Reflection
Example
Calculate the transmitted pressure where:

Z1 = Steel (4560) Z2 = Water (149)

⎛ 2Z2 ⎞
%TP = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × 100
⎝ Z 2 + Z1 ⎠

⎛ 2 × 149 ⎞
%RP = ⎜ ⎟ = 6.33%
⎝ 149 + 4560 ⎠ 29
 Minimum Delay Path
Minimum Delay Path Calculation
DP Vdp
=
M Vm
Where:
DP = Delay Path (Immersion or Delay Line
M = Material Thickness
Vdp = Delay Path Velocity
Vm = Material Velocity
Note: A margin (e.g. .25”) must be added to DP to shift 30
water multiple to the right of the material back reflection
 Minimum Delay Path
Example
Calculate the minimum delay path where:

M = 4” DP Vdp
Vdp = WaterL (1.49 Km/sec) =
Vm = SteelL (5.85 Km/sec)
M Vm
DP 1.49
= = 1.02"
4 5.85
1.02" +0.25" ( m arg in ) = 1.27" 31
 Snell’s Law
• Snell's Law defines the relationships
between incident and other sound beams:

sin
sin Velocity Velocity
=
=
incident incident
incident incident
sin Velocity
refracted refracted

sin Velocity
refracted refracted

32
 Snell’s Law
Example
Calculate the Incident Angle where:
V1 = Acrylic Plastic (2.67 Km/sec)
V2 =Steel T (3.23 Km/sec) Refracted Angle = 700
sin Velocity
incident
= incident

sin refracted
Velocity
refracted

sin 2.67
= = 50.97
incident
0
0

sin 70 3.23 33
 Snell’s Law
Example
Calculate the First Critical Angle where:
V1 = Acrylic Plastic (2.67 Km/sec)
V2 =Steel L (5.85 Km/sec)
sin Velocity
incident
= incident

sin refracted
Velocity
refracted

sin 2.67
incident
= = 27.16 0

1 5.85 34
 Snell’s Law
Example
Calculate the Second Critical Angle where:
V1 = Acrylic Plastic (2.67 Km/sec)
V2 =Steel T (3.23 Km/sec)
sin Velocity
incident
= incident

sinrefracted
Velocity
refracted

sin 2.67
incident
= = 55.75 0

1 3.23 35
 Decibel Calculations
Formula for Converting Decibels to Ratios

dB
= log
XX ::1 1= anti anti
dB log
20 20

36
 Decibel Calculations
Example
Calculate the Amplitude Ratio for 14 dB:

dB
X : 1 = anti log
20

14
x : 1 = Anti log = 5 : 1
20
37
 Decibel Calculations
Formula for Converting Ratios to Decibels

A
dB = 20 log
1

10
A
2

38
 Decibel Calculations
Example
Calculate the dB equivalent of 25:1:

A
dB = 20 log
1

10
A
2

25
dB = 20 log = 28 dB 10
1
39
Test Cycle Length Calculation

Formula for Calculating Test Cycle Length:

1,000,000 μ sec
Test Cycle Length =
prf

Where:
prf = pulse repetition frequency (rep rate)

40
 Test Cycle Length Calculation
Example
Calculate the Test Cycle Length where the prf is 500 Hz :

1,000,000 μ sec
Test Cycle Length =
prf
1 ,000 ,000
Test Cycle Length = = 2 ,000 μ sec
500
41
 Detectability Calculation
Half-Wavelength Formula for Detectability:

λmax = 2d
Where:
λmax = maximum wavelength
d = diameter of equivalent flat-bottomed hole

42
 Detectability Calculation
Example
Calculate the maximum wavelength for detecting a 2 mm.
diameter flat-bottomed hole in steel :

λmax = 2d
λmax = 2(2) = 4mm
43
 Detectability Calculation

Calculate the minimum frequency needed for

detectability where:
V
λmax = 4 mm
f =
V = SteelL (5.85 Km/sec) λ
5.85
f = = 1.46 MHz
4 44
 Calculations
for Weld Inspection

45
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• V-Path
• Leg Length
• Skip Distance
Note: It is necessary to first mark the
transducer beam index point and then
determine refracted angle in order to
perform these calculations.
46
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• V-Path: the angular v-shaped sound path
traveled by the sound beam from the sound
entry point on the test object to the opposite
surface and back again to the entry surface.
– Calculation is necessary for determining range
scale prior to angle beam distance calibration.

47
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating V-Path:
2t
V − Path =
cos β
Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

48
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate the V-Path where:
t = 2 inches
β = 70º
2t
V − Path =
cos β
2(2 ) 4
V − Path = = = 11.7
cos 70 .342 49
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• Leg Length: the angular sound path traveled
by the sound beam from the sound entry
point on the test object to the opposite
surface (1/2 V-Path).
– Calculation necessary for determining in which leg
the discontinuity was intercepted

50
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating Leg Length:
t
Leg Length =
cos β
Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

51
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate the Leg Length where:
t = 2 inches
β = 70º
t
Leg Length =
cos β
2 2
Leg Length = = = 5.85
cos 70 .342
52
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• Skip Distance: the surface distance
across one full V-Path.
– Calculation necessary for determining the
extent of scanning during weld inspection.

53
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating Skip Distance:

Skip Dis tan ce = 2t × tan β

Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

54
 Preliminary Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate the Skip Distance where:
t = 2 inches
β = 70º

Skip Dis tan ce = 2t × tan β

Skip Dis tan ce = 2(2 ) × tan 70 = 4 × 2.7475 = 10.99
55
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• Surface Distance
• Defect Depth

56
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• Surface Distance: The distance along the
test material surface from the sound entry
point to the point directly above the point of
sonic impact on the reflector.

57
Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating Surface Distance:

Surface Dis tan ce = sin β × Soundpath

Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

58
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate Surface Distance where:
t=2“
β = 70º
Sound Path = 5”

Surface Dis tan ce = sin β × Soundpath

Surface Dis tan ce = sin 70 × 5 0

Surface Dis tan ce = .9397 × 5 = 4.69

59
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
• Depth: Distance of the reflector
beneath the test surface.
Depth in 1st Leg

Depth in 2nd Leg

60
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating Defect Depth (1st leg)

Depth(1 Leg ) = cos β × Soundpath

st

Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

61
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate Defect Depth where:
t=2“
β = 70º
Sound Path = 5”
( )
Depth 1st Leg = cos β × Soundpath
Depth = cos 70 × 5 0

Depth = .342 × 5 = 1.71 62

 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Formula for calculating Defect Depth (2nd leg)

Depth(2 Leg ) = 2t − (cos β × Soundpath )

nd

Where:
t = plate thickness
β = refracted angle

63
 Defect Location Calculations
for Weld Inspection
Example
Calculate Defect Depth where:
t=2“
β = 70º
Sound Path = 7”

( )
Depth 2 nd Leg = 2t − (cos β × Soundpath )
Depth = 2 × 2 − (cos 70 × 7 ) 0

Depth = 4 − (.342 × 7 ) = 1.61

64
 Rotation Problem
Example
Calculate per-cent beam overlap for a transducer scanning
200 inches/minute along the length of a bar turning at 100
rpm, with a beam width of 5” on the bar surface:

65
Solution:
1. Calculate how far the transducer indexes laterally per
rotation:
Feed Rate
= Indexing / Rotation
Rotation Speed
200in / min
= 2in / rev
100rev / min
2. Calculate % of beam overlap:
Beamwidth − Indexing
× 100 = % Overlap
Beamwidth
5in − 2in / rev
× 100 = 60% Overlap 66
5in
 Wraparound Problem

Example
What is the maximum pulse repetition rate that could
be used without risking wraparound when testing a 20
foot long steel bar using longitudinal waves?

67
Solution:
1. Convert velocity from Metric to English units:

cm / μ sec
= inches / μ sec
2.54 cm / inch
.585 cm / μ sec
= .2303 inches / μ sec
2.54 cm / inch
2. Convert shaft length to round trip sound travel
distance:

shaft length × 2 = round trip distance

20 feet × 2 directions = 40 feet ( round trip ) 68
3. Convert sound travel distance from feet to inches:
feet ×12 inches / foot = inches
40 feet ×12 inches / foot = 480 inches
4. Calculate minimum required test cycle duration
needed to cover the sound travel distance:
Sound Travel Dis tan ce
= Test Cycle Duration
Material Velocity
480 inches
= 2084 μ sec( test cycle )
.2303 inches / μ sec
5. Calculate rep rate corresponding to test cycle
length:
1 sec
= Re p Rate
Test Cycle Length
1 ,000 ,000 μ sec( 1 sec)
= 479.84reps / sec 69
2084 μ sec
 Immersion/Rep Rate Problem

DATA:

Scanning speed: 10 cm/sec

Rep rate (pulses/sec): 1000
Sound path to test surface: 20 cm.
Test material: Al 250
Flaw depth: 2 cm.
Beam width at flaw: 2 cm.
Flaw diameter: 0.3 cm.
No. of echoes to trigger gate 3

1. How far will the transducer travel during the time that it takes a single sound pulse to
make one round trip from the transducer surface to the flaw and back
to the transducer surface?

2. How far will the search tube traverse along the length of the forging between
synchronizer pulses?

3. How many pulses will strike the flaw?

4. How far must the transducer travel for the gate to be triggered? 70
 Problem #1
How far will the transducer travel during the
time that it takes a single sound pulse to make
one round trip from the transducer surface to
the flaw and back
to the transducer surface?

71
Solution:
1. Calculate water path travel time:
Water Path × 2( round trip )
= Water Travel Time
Water Velocity
20 cm × 2
= 268.45 μ sec
.149 cm / μ sec
2. Calculate metal path travel time:
Metal Path × 2( round trip )
= Metal Travel Time
Metal Velocity
2cm × 2
= 6.3 μ sec
.635cm / μ sec
3. Calculate total sound travel time:
Water Travel Time + Metal Travel Time = Total Travel Time
268.45 μ sec+ 6.3 μ sec = 274.75 μ sec 72
4. Calculate transducer scanning speed:
Scanning Speed (cm / sec)
= Scanning Speed (cm / μ sec)
1,000,000( μ sec/ sec)
10cm / sec
= .000010 cm / μ sec
1,000,000 μ sec/ sec

5. Calculate transducer travel distance:

Sound Travel Time × Scanning Speed = Transducer Travel
274.75 μ sec× .000010cm / μ sec = .0027 cm

73
 Problem #2
How far will the search tube traverse along the
length of the forging between synchronizer
pulses?

74
Solution:
1. Calculate test cycle length:

1,000,000 μ sec
= Test Cycle Length
Pulse Rate
1,000,000 μ sec/ sec
= 1,000 μ sec/ cycle
1,000cycles

2. Calculate transducer travel distance between pulses:

Test Cycle Length × Scanning Speed = Transducer Travel
1,000 μ sec × .000010cm / μ sec = .01cm / cycle

75
 Problem #3
How many pulses will strike the flaw?

76
Solution:
1. Calculate the width of sound beam which will permit
full reflection from the flaw:

Beam Width − Flaw Diameter = Full Echo Beam Width

2cm − .3cm = 1.7cm

2. Calculate the time required for the sound beam to scan

across the flaw:
Full Echo Beam Width
= ScanningTime Across Flaw
Scanning Speed
1.7cm
= 170,000μ sec
.000010cm / μ sec
77
3. Calculate the number of test cycles (and thus the
number of pulses) that can occur while the sound beam
scans across the flaw:

Time Across Flaw

= No. of Pulses Hitting Flaw
Test Cycle Length
170,000 μ sec
= 170cycles ( pulses ))
1,000 μ sec/ cycle

78
 Problem #4
How far must the transducer travel for the gate
to be triggered?

79
Solution:
1. Having already determined the transducer travel
distance between pulses (one test cycle), above, calculate
transducer travel distance while enough pulses occur to trigger
the gate*.
Cycles to Trigger Gate × Xducer Travel / Cycle = Xducer Travel
3 cycles (echoes ) × .01cm / cycle = .03cm

* NOTE: Gates on ultrasonic instruments are designed to

trigger only after a certain minimum number of signals are
received. This is to ensure that the gate is triggered by actual
reflectors, rather than isolated extraneous signals such as
voltage spikes in the power line. 80
 Angle Beam Testing
of Thick Wall Pipe
Formula for calculating refracted angle needed for
sound beam axis to graze the pipe bore:
⎡ ⎛ 2t ⎞⎤
θ = arcsin ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
Where:
⎣ ⎝ D ⎠⎦
θ = Refracted Angle
t = Pipe wall thickness
D = Pipe diameter 81
 Angle Beam Testing
of Thick Wall Pipe
Example
Calculate refracted angle needed for sound beam
Calculate the required refracted
axis
angletowhere:
graze the pipe bore, where:
t = 3”

⎡ ⎛ 2t ⎞⎤ D = 16”
θ = arcsin ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥
⎣ ⎝ D ⎠⎦
⎡ ⎛ 2(3) ⎞⎤
θ = arcsin ⎢1 − ⎜ ⎟⎥ = 38.68
0

⎣ ⎝ 16 ⎠⎦
82
 Angle Beam Testing
of Thick Wall Pipe
Formula for calculating pipe thickness that can be
inspected for a specific refracted angle and pipe
outer diameter:
D × (1 − sin θ )
t=
Where:
2
θ = Refracted Angle
t = Pipe wall thickness
D = Pipe diameter
83
 Angle Beam Testing
of Thick Wall Pipe
Example
Calculate the pipe thickness where:
θ = 450
D × (1 − sin θ ) D = 18”
t=
2

t=
(
18 × 1 − sin 45
= 2.64"
0
)
2
84
 Offset Distance Calculation
Formula for calculation of the offset distance required to obtain a
given refracted sound beam in tubing or round bar stock:

⎛ D Vw ⎞
L = ⎜⎜ × ⎟⎟ sin θ
⎝ 2 Vm ⎠
Where:
L = Transducer offset from tube centerline
D = Diameter of tube or bar
θ = Refracted angle
Vw = Water velocity
Vm = Material Velocity
85
 Offset Distance Calculation
Example
Calculate the offset distance where:
D = 6”
⎛ D Vw ⎞ θ = 200
L = ⎜⎜ × ⎟⎟ sinθ Vw = 1.49 Km/sec
⎝ 2 Vm ⎠ Vm = 5.85 Km/sec

⎛ 6 1.49 ⎞
L=⎜ × ⎟ sin 20 = .2613
0

⎝ 2 5.85 ⎠
86