Experiment Instructions

TM 630 Gyroscope
 TM 630 Gyroscope
03/97
All rights reserved G.U.N.T. Gerätebau GmbH, Barsbüttel, Germany

TM 630
Gyroskop
Gyroscope
104
20.4
-1
Drehzahl / Speed m
in
-1
ed in
Drehzahl / Spe m Drehzahl
On
Drehzahl
On Speed
Off
Speed
Off
cession
Präzession/Pre
scope
Gyroskop/Gyro

Experiment Instructions

Please read and follow the instructions before the first installation!

Publication-No.: 914.000 00 A 630 12 03/04

 TM 630 Gyroscope

Table of Contents
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1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2 Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

2.1 Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
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2.2 Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

3 Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Precession of a gyro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.2 Determining the moments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Experiments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.1 Performing the experiment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4.2 Experimental verification of the gyroscopic laws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

5 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.1 Technical data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

5.2 Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.3 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1
 TM 630 Gyroscope

1 Introduction

The TM 630 gyroscope is used to demonstrate

the properties of guided gyros.
The unit can be used to investigate the moments
03/97

of the gyro effect. In practice, these moments

generate often significant bearing forces, which
need to be taken into account in the design of
machinery (edge milling, pivot of wheel sets and
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ship propeller shafts etc.).

Conversely, guided gyros are used as stabilising
elements for ships, single-rail track vehicles etc.
Due to its simple, compact and clearly laid out
Fig. 1.1: Guided gyro design, the unit is suitable both for demonstration
of the effect and for student experimentation.
The digital display of rotational speeds and the
simple measurement of moments by means of a
balance bar with a rider permit the experiment to
be evaluated easily and precisely.

1 Introduction 1
 TM 630 Gyroscope

2 Unit description

2.1 Function

3 2 7 1 4 5 6 The core of the unit is a driven centrifugal mass

03/97

A (2), supported in a rocker (1).

This centrifugal mass together with the drive motor
(3) form the guided gyro.
The balance bar (4) with the slider weight (5) and
the precision weights (6) are attached to the exten-
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sion of the gyro axis.

A
The rocker is pivot-borne around the axis A, and
Fig. 2.1: Gyro setup can rock back and forth between the stop limits (7).
The sliding of the weight (5) creates a moment
B
around the axis A on the gyro.

The complete system is in turn also pivot-borne

around the vertical axis B. By means of a second
motor (8) and the belt drive (9) the setup can be
B
driven around the vertical axis .
The power supply to the gyro motor is provided by
10 11 9 8
way of two carbon brushes (10) and slip rings (11).
Fig. 2.2: Sectional drawing

Each of the two motor speeds can be adjusted

steplessly with a 10-speed potentiometer (12). The
14
speeds are displayed in rpm on the digital tacho-
meter (13).
24.0 104 TM630 The apparatus can only be started up when the
Gyroskop

Drehzahl / Speed min-1 Drehzahl / Speed min-1

Gyroscope
protective hood (14) is located in its retaining ring.
Drehzahl Drehzahl

Important!
On On

Speed Speed
Off Off

Gyroskop/Gyroscope Präzession/Precession

When the forced cut-off has been triggered by

raising the protective hood, the motor must be
13 12 13 12
restarted.
Fig. 2.3: Total view

2 Unit description 2
 TM 630 Gyroscope

2.2 Safety

DANGER!
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Danger of injury from rotating parts!

Always operate the unit with the protective
hood!
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IMPORTANT!
Ensure the grub screw (1) of the
1 2 3 4 slider weight (2) on the balance bar (3) is correctly
tightened.
Counter-lock the precision weights (4)!
Weights may otherwise work loose and fly off.

2 Unit description 3
 TM 630 Gyroscope

3 Theory

3.1 Precession of a gyro

When a guided gyro is set in rotation, its centre

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axis retains its planar position, since no torques

are acting on the gyro.
The gyro is forced to rotate around the vertical axis
D _ k B. It is observed that the axis of the gyro pivots
L
around the horizontal axis A in addition to the
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_L forced rotation.
_D
L
A The rotating gyro has a certain angular momentum
F vector L _ k, for which the direction is given by the
B direction of rotation of the gyro body. With the
assumed direction of rotation, the momentum vec-
_ k points to the right in the direction of the gyro
tor L
Fig. 3.1: Guided gyro
axis. As a result of the forced torque D, of which
the vector is vertical, the gyro acquires an additio-
nal angular momentum L _ D, which joins with the
angular momentum vector L _ k in the way shown to
form the resulting angular momentum vector L _.
The gyro axis then moves in the direction of this
resulting angular momentum: the gyro drops.
This movement of the gyro under the influence of
an external force is termed the precession of the
gyro.

3 Theory 4
 TM 630 Gyroscope

3.2 Determining the moments

For the gyro shown, guided with ωF, the angular

momentum theorem states
y

ïe
_x 0 0 ï
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B
_s
dL ï ï
wF __F x L
=ω _ s = ïe
_ y ωF ωF Jyï = e
_ x ωF ωe Jz = M
__S = M
__x
we dt ïe ï
_ 0 ωe Jz
x ï z ï
A

z
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wF or for the bearing forces in A and B

Mx
Fig. 3.2: Determination the moments FBy = − FAy =
l

3 Theory 5
 TM 630 Gyroscope

4 Experiments

In the following experiments the correlation estab-

lished in Chapter 3.2 is proven by experimentation.
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4.1 Performing the experiment

Removing the transport protection

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2 1 - Loosen both M6 hexagon socket screws (1).

- Remove the red safety block (2).

Fig. 4.1: Removing the transport protection

Precision adjustment of the balance bar
- Release the slider weight by loosening the
grub screw.

- Push the slider weight onto the rocker.

- Tighten the slider weight.

- Unscrew the precision weights and adjust

them until the balance bar is aligned horizon-
tally.
- Counter-lock the precision weights.

Fig. 4.2: Precision adjustment of balance bar

4 Experiments 6
 TM 630 Gyroscope

Adjusting the slider weight

- Release the slider weight by loosening the
grub screw.
r
- Set the desired radius r (max. 95 mm).
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- Tighten the grub screw.

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Fig. 4.3: Adjusting the slider weight

Performing the measurement

- Place the protective hood (1) in the retaining
1 ring.
- Turn the two speed potentiometers (2+3) to
zero.
- Switch on the motor for the gyro (precession)
(switch 4).
- With the speed potentiometer (3) run up to
24.0 104
TM 630 the desired rotational speed.
Gyroskop
Gyroscope

Drehzahl / Speed min-1 Drehzahl / Speed min-1 - Switch on the motor for the frame (gyrosco-
pe) (switch 5).
On Drehzahl On Drehzahl

Speed Speed
Off Off

Gyroskop/Gyroscope Präzession/Precession

- With the speed potentiometer (2) increase

the rotational speed until the balance bar (6)
5 2 4 3 6
is horizontally aligned.
Fig. 4.4: Measurement - Make a note of both rotational speeds.

4 Experiments 7
 TM 630 Gyroscope

4.2 Experimental verification of the gyroscopic laws

In the experiments the slider weight is set to vario-

us radii (r = 25 mm, 50 mm, 75 mm, 95 mm).
The mass of the slider weight (m = 65.6 g), the
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acceleration due to gravity g, and the radius r of

the slider weight produce the moment MW dictated
by the balance bar:
m
MW = m ⋅ g ⋅ r = 0.0656kg ⋅ 9.81 ⁄s2 ⋅ r = 0.6435N ⋅ r
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This moment MW is counteracted by the gyrosco-

pic moment, causing the balance bar to be lifted to
the horizontal position.
The theoretical gyroscopic moment Mk is calcula-
ted from the rotational speed of the frame nF, the
rotational speed of the gyro ne and the mass
moment of inertia of the gyro Jz (Jz = 375 cm2g)
as follows:
2π 2π
MK = ωF ωe Jz = n ⋅ n ⋅ 0.0000375 kg m2
60 F 60 e

The measurement and calculation results are

compared in the following table.

4 Experiments 8
 TM 630 Gyroscope

Experimental verification of the gyroscopic laws

Radius r Moment MW Rotational Rotational Moment MK Deviation

in m in Nm speed of gyro speed of frame in Nm in %
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ne in rpm nF in rpm
0.025 0.0161 2600 15.8 0.0169 5.0
0.025 0.0161 2950 14.1 0.0171 6.2
0.025 0.0161 4220 9.3 0.0161 0.0
0.025 0.0161 6650 5.5 0.0150 -7.3
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0.050 0.0322 2500 32.0 0.0329 2.2

0.050 0.0322 3180 24.1 0.0315 -2.2
0.050 0.0322 4210 17.7 0.0306 -5.2
0.050 0.0322 6690 11.1 0.0305 -5.6
0.075 0.0483 4130 29.0 0.0492 1.0
0.075 0.0483 5080 22.6 0.0473 -2.1
0.075 0.0483 5800 20.8 0.0496 2.7
0.075 0.0483 6746 17.4 0.0483 0.0
0.095 0.0611 2350 62.6 0.0605 -1.0
0.095 0.0611 3720 40.5 0.0619 1.3
0.095 0.0611 4540 32.0 0.0597 -2.3
0.095 0.0611 6679 22.7 0.0623 2.0

The graph on the following page once again rep-

resents the theoretical and measured gyroscopic
moment curves.
The measurement results very clearly demonstra-
te the theoretical moment curve.

4 Experiments 9
 TM 630 Gyroscope

100

90

Measured values for M=0.0611Nm

80
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Measured values for M=0.0483Nm

70 Measured values for M=0.0322Nm
60 Measured values for M=0.0161Nm

50
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40

30

20 M=0.0611Nm
M=0.0483Nm
10 M=0.0322Nm
M=0.0161Nm
0
0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

6500

7000
ne
[rpm]

Fig. 4.5: Gyro moment curve

4 Experiments 10
 TM 630 Gyroscope

5 Appendix

5.1 Technical data

Physical parameters
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Slider weight mass: 65.8 g

Slider weight radius: 0 - 95 mm
Adjustable moment: 0 - 61.1 Nmm
Gyro moment of inertia: 375 cm2g
Gyro rotational speed: 1000 - 6000 rpm
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Frame rotational speed: 5 - 63 rpm

Gyro rotational speed measurement

(precession)
Display: 8 digit LCD
Resolution: 0000

Frame rotational speed measurement

(gyroscope)
Display: 8 digit LCD
Resolution: 00.0

Dimensions:
WxL xH 420x435x280 mm
Weight: 22 kg
Power supply: 230 V ~ / 50 Hz
Alternatives optional,
see tpye plate

5 Appendix 11
 TM 630 Gyroscope

5.2 Symbols

D: Torque Nm
_ x,e
e _ y, e
_ z: Unity vectors of the Cartesian
coordinates system
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F: Motive force N
Fy: Scalar component of the force N
g: Acceleration due to gravity m/s2
Jz: Mass moment of inertia
referred to z-axis m2kg
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l: Bearing gap m
_:
L Angular momentum, resulting
_ D:
L Angular momentum, forced Nm
_Lk: Angular momentum, calculated Nm
_ S:
L Angular momentum vector Nm
ne: Rotational speed of gyro rpm
nF: Rotational speed of frame rpm
m: Mass kg
Mk: Moment, gyro Nm
__s:
M Torque vector around
centre of gravity Nm
Mw: Moment, balance bar Nm
__x:
M x-component of the torque vector Nm
P: Motive force N
r: Radius m
t: Time s
ωe: Self-rotation rev/s
ωF: Angular velocity,
guidance system rev/s

5 Appendix 12
 TM 630 Gyroscope

5.3 Index

A
Angular momentum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Angular momentum theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
B
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Balance bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6
Bearing force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
C
Carbon brush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
D
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Drive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
G
Gyro, guided . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Gyroscopic moment, theoretical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
M
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Measurement result . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Moments, determining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Momentum vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
P
Performing the experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Precession . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Precision weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6
S
Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Slider weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2, 6
Slip ring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
T
Technical data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Transport protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
U
Unit description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

5 Appendix 13