CHAPTER 2- LESSON 1: PHYSICAL & SEXUAL SELF hermaphroditisim - having both ovarian and testicular

tissues
- scientifically speaking, we are controlled by out genetic
makeup (genotypes) and our sex chromosomes determine
the sex and secondary sexual characteristics genetic makeup PUBERTY - the stage where the reproductive organs of a
(genotype) person grows into its adult size and becomes functional

- unique characteristics of a person (e.g. eye color, blood 3 onset of puberty: -

type, hair textute)
Thelarce - the onset of breast development (budding of the
DEVELOPMENTAL STAGE OF REPRODUCTIVE STAGE breast) -

- it starts with the fertilization of egg cell. The fertilized egg menarche - first mestrual bleeding
creates a cluster of cells that will later on divide into an
andrenarche - the androgen-dependent changes that occurs
embryo that will form into a fetus
to a teenage male
- (6- 8 weeks) the reproductive structure of the fetus is in the
indifferent stage.

Erogenous Zones
INDIFFERENT STAGE - the reproductive structure of the fetus
for male and female are alike/similar - the gonads may applies to people of all genders and simply refers to the
develop into ovaries or testes, depending on the parts of the body that experience heightened sensitivity
chromosomes that the male parent will pass down. and/or signal sexual arousal of some kind.

- in the indifferent stage, the reproductive structure of the Human Sexual Behavior
fetus is consist of the mullerian duct (for female), wulffian
- any activity --solitary, between two person or in group--
duct (for male), gonads, and the cloaca
that include sexual arousal.
- female has xx chromosome while the xy chromosome.
Sexual Arousal - sexual excitement, sexual desire during or in
since the female parent has only xx chromosomes, she can
anticipation of sexual activity.
only pass down x chromosomes compare to the male parent
who can pass down either the x or why chromosome Two major factors of Human Sexual Behavior:

- if the fetus develops into a male, the gonads will develop 1. Inherited sexual response patterns - evolved as a means of
into testes which will produce testosterone (male hormone) ensuring reproduction.
that will cause the mullerian duct to degenerate.
2. Degree of restraints - other types of influence exerted by
- if the fetus develops into a female, the gonads will develop society in expression of his or her sexuality.
into ovaries that will cause the wulffian duct to degenerate
since the wulffian duct needs testosterone to develop .
Types of behavior:

Solitary Behavior
INTERVENTION WITH THE NORMAL PATTERN OF THE SEX
HORMONE PRODUCTION RESULTS TO DIFFERENT - involving one individual

ABNORMALITIES LIKE:
- Self gratification. Means self-stimulation that leads to

pseudohermaphoditism - the external genitalia does not sexual arousal, then sexual climax.

match the internal reproductive structure

- begins at or before puberty
- common to males, who perform acts of self-gratification Sexual climax may last for only a few seconds and after that
than females. we go into the last phase

- Becomes less frequent or is abandoned when sociosexual is 4. Resolution phase- this is where the Pulse and blood
available. pressure will be back to normal, Female physically capable of
repeated orgasm without the Intervening "rest Period"
Sociosexual Behavior
required by males.
- involving more than one individual

- May be either, Heterosexual behavior (male with female) or

Nervous System Factors
homosexual behavior (male with male or female with female)
• Petting - differs from hugging, kissing and generalized In the presence of a stimulus capable enough of

caresses of the clothe body. - may be done as an expression initiating a sexual response, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves

of affection or a source of pleasure. - preliminary to coitus transmit the sensory messages to the brain. The brain will
interpret then the body will response. After the
• Coitus - sexual intercourse, insertion of male reproductive
interpretation, the efferent cerebrospinal nerves receive
structure into female reproductive organ.
commands from the brain and send them to the muscles.

Premarital Coitus - intercourse between unmarried individual. Spinal Cord – serves as a great transmission cable.
Most common to teenagers. In modern western society, it is
Animal experiments show the two sexual response
tolerated but not encouraged.
patterns:

Marital Coitus - between married couple, considered as an 1. Mounting (masculine) behavior

obligation.
2. Mounted (feminine) behavior

Extramarital coitus - involving wives generally condemned Apart from brain – controlled sexual responses,
and if permitted, allowed only under exceptional conditions there are some reflexes, which are:

Post marital coitus - by separated, divorced or widowed 1. Erection and Ejaculation – for male

person. Almost always ignored. A behavior may be 2. Vaginal discharges and Lubrication – for
interpreted by society or individual as erotic depending on female
the context in which the behavior occurs. Consequently, the
A sexual problem, or sexual dysfunction, refers to a problem
apparent motivation of the behavior greatly determines its
during any phase of the sexual response cycle that prevents
interpretation.
the individual or couple from experiencing satisfaction from
the sexual activity.

Physiology of Human Sexual Behavior Sexual dysfunction generally is classified into four categories:
Desire disorders —lack of sexual desire or interest in sex
1. Excitement Phase- It is caused by Increase of Pulse and
Arousal disorders —inability to become physically aroused or
Blood pressure, and this where the arousal of both male and
excited during sexual activity
female. In this phase Swelling of Extensible Body parts is
present. Orgasm disorders —delay or absence of orgasm (climax)

2. Plateau Phase- It is the brief Duration, if the stimulation Pain disorders — pain during intercourse

continues an orgasm may occur.

Causes of Sexual Problem

3. Sexual Climax- It is marked as a feeling of abrupt, and it

releases the intense pleasure of both male and female.
Physical causes — Many physical and/or medical conditions - Increase in vaginal discharge caused by an inflamed womb
can cause problems with sexual function. These conditions (cervix)
include diabetes, heart and vascular (blood vessel) disease,
- Pain when urinating - Pain during sex - Pain on the lower
neurological disorders, hormonal imbalances, chronic
abdomen
diseases such as kidney or liver failure, and alcoholism and
drug abuse. In addition, the side effects of some medications, - Pain, discharge or bleeding in the anus On Men: -

including some antidepressant drugs, can affect sexual Discharge (white, cloudy or watery) from the penis

function.
- Pain when urinating - Swelling testicles - Bleeding in the

Psychological causes — These include work-related stress anus Treatment:

and anxiety, concern about sexual performance, marital or

- Short course of antibiotics Effect on Newborn/Unborn:
relationship problems, depression, feelings of guilt, concerns
(means the mother is infected)
about body image, and the effects of a past sexual trauma.
- Can affect the eyes and cause pneumonia

SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES

- are infections transmitted from an infected person to an

uninfected person through sexual contact. GONORRHEA

- can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites. - cause by bacteria called "Neisseria Gonorrhoeae" - infects
both men and women
CHLAMYDIA - cause by bacteria called "Chlamydia
Trachomatis" - most common to young people (15-24 years old) - affects
the genital, rectum and throat
- usually has no symptoms, however, if it isn’t treated early it
can spread to other parts of your body and lead to long-term Ways to get infected:

health problems. - Engaging in vaginal, anal or oral sex

- Increases risk of getting HIV - causes serious permanent Symptoms: For Women:
damage to a woman's reproductive system
- Increased vaginal discharge
- can cause ectopic pregnancy (pregnancy outside the womb).
- Burning sensation when urinating
Ways to get infected:
- Vaginal bleeding between periods
- Sex without condom
For Men:
- Sharing of sex toys (aren't washed or covered with a new
condom) - Discharge (white/yellow/green) from the penis

- Your genital come into contact with your partner's genital - Painful or swollen testicles

- Come in contact with infected semen or vaginal fluid - Burning sensation when urinating

Symptoms: SYPHILIS

On Women: - cause by bacteria called "Treponema Pallidum"

 - penetrate into the lining of the mouth or genital area - death of the fetus in up to 40% of infected pregnant women
(stillbirth/death after birth)
- if left untreated, will undergo different clinical stages with
characteristic signs and symptoms occuring 21 days after - if the infected baby survive he/she is still at risk for serious
infection. problems including seizures and development delays
Treatment: - Penicillin through intramuscular injection (3
doses at weekly intervals)
PRIMARY STAGE - formation of a painless ulcer called
Chancroid
"Chancre" (contains the infectious bacteria and can lasts
from 3-6 weeks) - Is caused by infection with the bacterium
Haemophilus ducreyi. It attacks tissue in the genital
SECONDARY STAGE - occurs weeks to months after
area and produces open sore. It may also spread
Symptoms: »Skin rash - not itchy and can appear on any part
from skin-to-skin contact with an infected person.
of the body including sores inside the mouth, vagina or anus
The symptoms may vary in women and men, but
but oftentimes found on the palms of the hands and soles of
typically they begin four to seven days after
the feet
exposure. Men may notice a small, red bump on
»Condyloma lata (gray/whitish patches of skin) - appears on their genitals that may change to an open sore
warm and moist areas such as armpit, mouth and groin. within a day or two. Women may develop four or
»Fever more red bumps on the labia, between the labia and
anus, or on the thighs It is curable if it is treated
»Enlarged lymph nodes
early.
»Fatigue
Human Papillomavirus
»Weight loss
- It is the most common sexually transmitted infection
»Hair loss in the United States. Over 40 distinct HPV types can

»Headaches infect genital tract. You can get HPV by having

vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has the
»Muscle aches
virus. It is most commonly spread through vaginal or
anal sex. It is usually harmless and goes away by
itself, but some types can lead to cancer or genital
TERTIARY STAGE
warts. There’s no cure for HPV.
- occur 10-20 years after
Herpes Simplex Virus
- can cause damage to any number of organ system (e.g.
- Is among the most prevalent of sexually transmitted
damage to brain, nerves, eyes, heart, liver, blood vessels,
infections. There are two types of herpes it is HSV-1
bones and joints) and can be fatal.
or oral herpes and HSV-2 or genital herpes. Both
Symptoms: - problems with movements - gradual loss of sight kinds can make sores pop up on and around your
- Dementia - paralysis and numbness - alteration in vulva, vagina, cervix, anus, penis, scrotum, butt,
neurological function inner thighs, lips, mouth, throat, and rarely, your
eyes. There’s no cure for herpes, but medication can
ease your symptoms and lower your chances of
NEONATAL/CONGENITAL SYPHILIS (Syphilis infected giving the virus to other people even though herpes
pregnant woman)
 can sometimes be uncomfortable and painful, it’s  ovulation is when a matured egg is released
not dangerous. from the ovary.
 the most fertile days are the 3 days leading up
Trichomonas Vaginalis
to and including ovulation.
- It is typically found in sexually active patients.  by 12-24 hours after ovulation, a woman is no
Transmission occurs predominantly via sexual longer able to get pregnant during
intercourse and it doesn’t matter if a man ejaculates menstrual cycle because the egg is no longe
or not it can be spread just through contact. in the fallopian tube.
Infection is more common in women than in men.  fertile means capable to produce offspring.
Older women are more likely than younger women
to be infected with trichomoniasis. 3. Basal Body Temperature
 indicates the woman's temperature at rest.
 before and during ovulation, BBT falls at
Natural Methods of Contraception
0.5°F.
The natural family planning methods do not involve any  a slight decrease in BBT followed by a gradual
body chemical or foreign body introduction into the human increase can be a sign that a woman has
body. People who are very conscious of religious belief are ovulated.
more inclined to use the natural way of birth control and
others follow natural methods because they are more 4. Cervical Mucus Method
cost-effective.  the change in cervical mucus is the basis of
this method.
1. Abstinence
 cervical mucus pertains to vaginal discharge
 not having sexual intercourse with a partner.
or fluid or gel-like discharge from cervix.
 prevents semen from coming into contact
 during ovulation, the cervical mucus is
with vagina.
copious, watery, thin, and slippery and
 only birth contol method that is 100%
can stretch up until 1 inch.
effective.
 full sexual abstinence includes not engaging in
5. Symptothermal Method
any sexual intrecourse of any kind (vaginal,
 combination of Basal Body Temperature and
anal, and orals sex)
Cervical Mucus Method.
 outercourse refers to sexual activity that
 a woman takes note of the BBT and changes
cannot lead to pregnancy (e.g. oral sex,
in her cervical mucus; she should abstain
anal sex, dry humping with clothes on,
from coitus 3 days after a rise in her
masturbation, massage, and kissing)
temperature or on the 4th day after the
peak of mucus change.
2. Calendar Method
 also called Rhythm Method
6. Ovulation Detection
 using this to predict oculation can be
 requires urine sample of woman.
inaccurate especially if your cycle is
 uses an over-the-counter kit; the kit can
irregular.
predict ovulation through the surge of
 it helps you determine the best days to have
or avoid unprotected sex.
 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) that happens 8. DIAPHRAGM It is a circular, rubber disk that fix the cervix
12-24 hours before ovulation. and should place before coitus. It should be fitted by
 urine testing usually begins two days prior to physician, and should remain in place for 6 hours after coitus.
the expected day of ovulation. 

9. CERVICAL CUP It made of soft rubber and fitted on the rim

of the cervix. It could stay in place for not more than 48 hrs.
Conclusion
10. MALE CONDOMS A latex or synthetic rubber sheat that
It might seem frustrating and time consuming but it is
is placed on the erect male reproductive organ before
an essential step toward achieving pregnancy. By these
penetration into the female reproductive organ to trap the
methods, one can detect some problem and can correct
sperm during ejaculation.
those problems by treatment. Also, it can increase the
chances of successful pregnancy. 11. FEMALE CONDOMS Made up of latex rubber sheaths
that are pre-lubricated with spermicide. Usually bound by
two rings.
Artificial Methods
12. SURGICAL METHOD The vas deferens is then tied,
1. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES Also known as PILL, it contain cauterized, cut or plugged to block the passage of the sperm.
synthetic estrogen and progesterone.

2. TRANSDERMAL PATCH A patch that contains estrogen

and progesterone. One patch every week for three weeks on
the following areas: upper outer arm, upper torso, abdomen
or buttocks. At the fourth week no patch is applied.

3. VAGINAL RING It is a silicon ring that inserted into the

female reproductive organ and remains there for three
weeks.

4. SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS A two rod-like implants that

inserted under the skin of a female during menses or on the
seventh day of her menstruation.

5. HORMONAL INJECTIONS It causes changes in the

endometium and cervicalmucus and can help prevent
ovulation.

6. INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) A small, T-shaped object

containing progesterone that inserted into the uterus. It
prevent fertilization. The device can be effective for 5 to 7
years.

7. CHEMICAL BARRIERS Spermicides, cream, and vaginal gel

are used to cause the death of sperms before they can enter
to the cervix.