Structure May 2019 Magazine

STRUCTURE
NCSEA | CASE | SEI MAY 2019
MASONRY
INSIDE: Brooklyn Bridge 19

Mortar Compressive Strength 7
Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors 13
Temple Sherith Israel 22
SPECIALSECTION STRUCTUREsolutions 25
THE EXCEPTIONAL
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LeMessurier Calls on Tekla Structural
Designer for Complex Projects
Interoperability and Time Saving Tools
Tekla Structural Designer was developed specifically
to maximize collaboration with other project parties,
including technicians, fabricators and architects. Its
unique functionality enables engineers to integrate the
physical design model seamlessly with Tekla Structures
or Autodesk Revit, and to round-trip without compro-
mising vital design data.
“We’re able to import geometry from Revit, design in

Tekla Structural Designer and export that information
for import back into Revit. If an architect makes
geometry updates or changes a slab edge, we’ll send
those changes back into Tekla Structural Designer, re-
run the analysis and design, and push updated design
information back into Revit.”
Tekla Structural Design at Work:

The Hub on Causeway
Positioning a large scale mixed-use development next
to an active arena, a below grade parking garage, and
an interstate highway, and bridging it over two active
subway tunnels makes planning, phasing and
For over 55 years, “Tekla Structural Designer has streamlined our engineering paramount. Currently under construction,
LeMessurier has design process,” said Craig Blanchet, P.E., Vice Presi- The Hub on Causeway Project will be the final piece in
provided struc- dent of LeMessurier. “Because some of our engineers the puzzle that is the site of the original Boston Garden.
tural engineering are no longer doubling as software developers, it allows
services to architects, owners, contractors, developers us to focus their talents on leveraging the features of Despite being new to the software, LeMessurier
and artists. Led by the example of legendary structural the software to our advantage. Had we not chosen decided to use Tekla Structural Designer for significant
engineer and founder William LeMessurier, LeMessuri- to adopt Tekla Structural Designer, we would have portions of the project. “Relying on a new program for
er provides the expertise for some of the world’s most needed to bring on new staff to update and maintain such a big project was obviously a risk for us, but with
elegant and sophisticated designs while remaining our in-house software. So Tekla Structural Designer is the potential for time savings and other efficiencies, we
true to the enduring laws of science and engineering. not just saving us time on projects, it is also saving us jumped right in with Tekla Structural Designer. It forced
Known for pushing the envelope of the latest tech- overhead. us to get familiar the software very quickly.”
nologies and even inventing new ones, LeMessurier
engineers solutions responsive to their clients’ visions Efficient, Accurate Loading and Analysis “Tekla Structural Designer allowed us to design the
and reflective of their experience. Tekla Structural Designer automatically generates an bulk of Phase 1 in a single model,” said Barnes. The proj-
underlying and highly sophisticated analytical model ect incorporates both concrete flat slabs and compos-
An early adopter of technology to improve their de- from the physical model, allowing LeMessurier engi- ite concrete and steel floor framing. “Tekla Structural
signs and workflow, LeMessurier put its own talent to neers to focus more on design than on analytical model Designer has the ability to calculate effective widths
work in the eighties to develop a software solution that management. Regardless of a model’s size or com- based on the physical model which is a big time saver,”
did not exist commercially at the time. Their early appli- plexity, Tekla Structural Designer’s analytical engine said Barnes. “On this project, the integration with Revit,
cation adopted the concept of Building Information accurately computes forces and displacements for use along with the composite steel design features enabled
Modeling (BIM) long before it emerged decades later. in design and the assessment of building performance. us to work more efficiently. Adding the ability to do con-
crete design in the same model was a bonus because
While LeMessurier’s proprietary tool had evolved over we had both construction types in the same building.”
three decades into a powerhouse of capability, the
decision to evaluate commercial structural design “Tekla Structural Designer helped this project run more
tools was predicated on the looming effort required to “Tekla Structural Designer offers better efficiently, and in the end it was a positive experience,”
modernize its software to leverage emerging integration of multiple materials than said Blanchet.
platforms, support normalized data structure integra-
tion and keep up with code changes. we have seen in any other product.”
After a lengthy and thorough comparison of commer-

cial tools that would “fill the shoes” and stack up to the
company’s proprietary tool, LeMessurier chose Tekla “Tekla Structural Designer gives us multiple analysis
Structural Designer for its rich capabilities that ad- sets to pull from, which gives us lots of control. Most
dressed all of their workflow needs. According to Derek programs don’t have the capability to do FE and
Barnes, Associate at LeMessurier, ” Tekla Structural grillage chase-down. For the design of beam supported
Designer offered the most features and the best inte- concrete slabs, Tekla Structural Designer allows us to
gration of all the products we tested. They also offered separate the slab stiffness from the beam stiffness, so
us the ability to work closely with their development if we choose to we can design the beams without con-
group to ensure we were getting the most out of the sidering the influence of the slab. In the same model
software.” we can use a separate analysis set to review the floor
system with the beams and slab engaged,” said Barnes.
One Model for Structural Analysis & Design
From Schematic Design through Construction Docu- Barnes also shared similar benefits with concrete “Tekla Structural Designer provided the best fit
ments, Tekla Structural Designer allows LeMessurier column design. “Tekla Structural Designer does for our workflow compared to other commercially
engineers to work from one single model for structural grillage take-downs floor-by-floor, finds the reactions available software.”
analysis and design, improving efficiency, workflow, and applies them to the next floor. This allows us
and ultimately saving time. “Our engineers are working to view column results both for the 3-dimensional
more efficiently because they don’t need to switch effects of the structure as a whole and from the more
between multiple software packages for concrete and
steel design. Tekla Structural Designer offers better
traditional floor-by-floor load take-down point of view.
Doing both has always required significant manual Want to Evaluate
integration of multiple materials than we have seen in
any other product,” said Barnes.
intervention, but Tekla Structural Designer puts it all in
one place.” “We reduce the possibility for human error Tekla Structural Designer?
because with Tekla Structural Designer less user input
LeMessurier engineers use Tekla Structural is required,” said Barnes. “Tekla Structural Designer
Designer to create physical, information-rich models
that contain the intelligence they need to automate the
automatically computes many of the design parame-
ters, such as column unbraced lengths. The assump-
tekla.com/TryTekla
design of significant portions of their structures and tions made by the software are typically correct, but we
efficiently manage project changes. can easily review and override them when necessary.”
TRANSFORMING THE WAY THE WORLD WORKS

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Erratum EDITORIAL BOARD

Chair John A. Dal Pino, S.E.
FTF Engineering, Inc., San Francisco, CA
Tilt-Up Concrete Wall Anchorage Design chair@STRUCTUREmag.org
Jeremy L. Achter, S.E., LEED AP

In the April 2019 issue’s Northridge – 25 Years ARW Engineers, Ogden, UT
Later column, Figure 4 had text that was inadver- John Chrysler, P.E.
tently omitted. Here is the corrected graphic. The Masonry Industry Representative
online version has been updated. Erin Conaway, P.E.
AISC, Littleton, CO
Linda M. Kaplan, P.E.

Pennoni, Pittsburgh, PA
Charles “Chuck” F. King, P.E.

Urban Engineers of New York, New York, NY
PHOTO BY JEFF PETERS
Emily B. Lorenz, P.E.
Blend Labs at 500 Pine Street Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL
San Francisco, CA Jessica Mandrick, P.E., S.E., LEED AP
Gilsanz Murray Steficek, LLP, New York, NY
Jason McCool, P.E.

Robbins Engineering Consultants, Little Rock, AR
Brian W. Miller
Davis, CA
Evans Mountzouris, P.E.

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The DiSalvo Engineering Group, Danbury, CT
John “Buddy” Showalter, P.E.

American Wood Council, Leesburg, VA
Eytan Solomon, P.E., LEED AP

Silman, New York, NY
Jeannette M. Torrents, P.E., S.E., LEED AP

JVA, Inc., Boulder, CO
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4 STRUCTURE magazine
Contents M AY 2019
22 THE SEISMIC Feature

STRENGTHENING OF
TEMPLE SHERITH ISRAEL
By Terrence F. Paret, Gwenyth R. Searer,
and Sigmund A. Freeman
Temple Sherith Israel was subject to

the City of San Francisco’s ordinance
regarding assessment and upgrade of
all unreinforced masonry buildings found
to be seismically deficient. Structural
engineers employed a host of new
technologies, in concert with traditional
ones, to surmount technical challenges.
Columns and Departments

6 Editorial What’s the Plan? 66 Insights Horizontal End Wall Hooks
David R. Horos, P.E., S.E. By Craig Baltimore, Ph.D., S.E., and Rachel Chandler
7 Building Blocks Mortar Compressive Strength 67 Spotlight University of Connecticut

By Michael Reynolds, Fernando S. Fonseca, Ph.D., S.E., Theodore Moffett Downtown Hartford Campus
By David Adler, P.E.
10 Structural Forensics Reinforced

Masonry Construction In Every Issue
By Michael Schuller, P.E. 4 Advertiser Index
68 NCSEA News
13 Structural Practices Post-Installed Adhesive 70 SEI Update
72 CASE in Point
Anchors in Masonry
74 Resource Guide – Steel/CFS
By Mark Ziegler, P.E.
25 Special Section
16 Structural Performance Resiliency of Reinforced
Structural Clay Unit Masonry Construction STRUCTUREsolutions
By Steven G. Judd, S.E
Profiling STRUCTURE’s advertising partners – an
in-depth look at vendor products and services.
19 Historic Structures The Brooklyn Bridge
Masonry ~1860-2019 On the Cover Brooklyn Bridge in New York City lit up at night.
By Alice Oviatt-Lawrence See Historic Structures on page 19 for the article on this iconic Bridge.
Publication of any article, image, or advertisement in STRUCTURE® magazine does not constitute endorsement by NCSEA, CASE, SEI, the Publisher, or the Editorial Board, Authors, contributors, and advertisers retain sole responsibility for the content of their submissions.
M AY 2 019 5
EDITORIAL
What’s the Plan?
By David R. Horos, P.E., S.E., LEED AP
“What’s the Plan?” ~Anonymous

“Make no small plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood.” ~Daniel Burnham
“Plan the work and work the plan.” ~Jeff McCarthy, former Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP (SOM) Managing Partner
“Plans are of little importance, but planning is essential.” ~Winston Churchill
T hese are a few sayings and quotes that we have probably all heard
over the years. Some of us love planning, while others despise
it, and still others oscillate between the two. Either way, the time
a facilitator to help guide us through the effort. After presentations
to and discussions with the full board, we selected and engaged
Association Laboratory, Inc. We were interested in, and excited
has come for NCSEA to refresh our strategic plan. We undertook by, their focus on “fact-based advice, critical thinking, and creative
the most recent effort at the insights” as well as “peer-based
end of 2014, producing a plan industry research”; after all, what
in 2015; we created the plan engineer would not be attracted
before that in 2011. This recent to such research and data?
four-year pattern suggests that We then formed a steering
now is the time. committee and started collecting
During my tenure on the data, both on our peer organi-
SEAOI (Illinois) and NCSEA zations through Association
Boards of Directors, I have had Laboratory’s research, and
the fortune (or not) of partici- through an initial survey of the
pating in what will now be a steering committee itself. This
third strategic planning effort information will be used to
for a structural engineering organization. I have attempted to learn create a survey to be sent to a broader audience. All such prepara-
about vision and mission statements and found myself confused tion leads to a retreat in July, which will end with a draft strategic
multiple times by the varieties of jargon and formats associated with plan to be followed by the final plan. Association Laboratory will
strategic plans. While this by no means makes me an expert, my provide support for a year following the retreat to help, as needed,
experience leads me to approach our upcoming effort in ways that with decisions related to the implementation of the plan.
are markedly different from my previous efforts. At a little over 25 years old, NCSEA is still a relatively young organiza-
I now enter with cautious rather than unbridled optimism, and I tion. A number of member organizations (MO’s) predate our formation,
am more aware of how much work can be required to navigate the and ASCE was founded in 1852. NCSEA is continuing to mature
process successfully. This includes honest self-reflection, thorough and grow. We have attempted to select participants for the retreat that
engagement of diverse stakeholders, creative and visionary thinking, include a healthy mix of constituents, from a variety of MO’s, a variety
clear documentation and communication of the results, and – most of roles within NCSEA and MO’s, and related non-members, including
importantly – execution moving forward. I am also aware that the NCSEA staff, an MO Executive Director, and a vendor representative.
best intentions can fall short if even just one of the above is lacking. We expect this group to provide the creativity, vision, and diversity
That is not to say that a plan will not emerge, but rather that a plan of viewpoints necessary to identify both shortcomings and oppor-
may not be what it otherwise could be. Most of all, I will stick with tunities, as well as help to develop strategies and tactics – explaining
the adage, “you get out of it what you put into it.” the difference between those two would require another article – to
While not involved in NCSEA’s 2015 effort, I was encouraged to continue to move NCSEA forward. However, we are also looking
see that it included a mission statement focused on “representing and forward to receiving input from you as part of the upcoming survey
strengthening its Member Organizations.” This may seem obvious, and process. Please look for more information on the timing of the survey,
maybe even trivial, but it properly reflects NCSEA’s unique structure. once we finish developing it and make it available.
Comprised of 44 associations, NCSEA serves as an umbrella organiza- “Life is what happens to us while we are making other plans.” (Alan
tion for this diverse group which represents states as large as California Saunders, newspaper comic strip writer; not John Lennon, although a
or Texas and as small as Wyoming or Rhode Island. Thus, NCSEA will similar version is in his 1980 song, “Beautiful Boy”) I hope that this
always present unique challenges for developing a strategic plan. I have upcoming process will be my most successful involvement in strategic
observed the 2015 mission statement in action over the last few years at planning to date. If only I would make the time for such a rigorous
the annual Summit Delegate sessions, NCSEA’s periodic visits to MOs, personal strategic plan. Maybe I can tackle that four years
and ongoing activities such as the free monthly MO webinars. For from now. “If you don’t know where you are going, you’ll
these reasons alone, I would call the results of the 2015 plan a success. end up someplace else.” (Yogi Berra)■
Now is the time to continue to build on that success. Last year,
David R. Horos is Director of the Structural Engineering Studio at SOM
three board members worked with Al Spada, our Executive Director,
and also a member of the NCSEA Board of Directors.
to identify, solicit proposals and qualifications, interview, and select
building BLOCKS
Mortar Compressive Strength
By Michael Reynolds, Fernando S. Fonseca, Ph.D., S.E., Theodore Moffett
M ortar is specified by proportions or by properties. The pro-

portion method is simply a mortar recipe or certain volumes
of cementitious materials and aggregate combined with water that
gives a workable mix. Experience shows that if a specified recipe is
followed, mortar with certain performance characteristics is consis-
tently obtained. Sampling, testing, or measurement of properties in
the laboratory or in the field is not required of a proportion-specified
mortar.
The property method of specifying mortar allows for construction
flexibility but requires the mortar to have minimum average values
of certain mechanical properties, including compressive strength. The
values of the mortar’s mechanical properties, to be compared with the
minimum specified values, are determined through laboratory testing
according to the requirement prescribed in ASTM C270, Standard
Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry. Once the minimum
average values of the mechanical properties are obtained, the quantities
of cementitious materials and aggregates used in the preparation of
the laboratory mortar are converted to volumetric proportions for
making the mortar at the construction site.
Compressive Strength
A property-specified mortar needs first to be developed in the labora-
tory, through a trial-and-error procedure, to determine a mix that
meets the property specification of ASTM C270. Trial mixes must
be made from the materials to be used at the construction site as
specified in the project specifications and be prepared according to
the strict specifications outlined in ASTM C270. One of these strict
specifications is that water is added to obtain a flow of only 110 ±
5%. The amount of water to obtain such a flow is significantly smaller
than that used in the preparation of the mortar at the construction
site. Before construction begins, the mortar mix must go through
preconstruction testing evaluation. For preconstruction testing, the
mortar is mixed using the volumetric quantities of the materials to Figure 1. Cube vs. cylinder compressive strength.
be used in construction and must have a consistency similar to that
of the field mortar. To achieve such a field consistency, the amount but significantly lower than that obtained during the trial-and-error
of water added is significantly greater than that used during the mix development.
laboratory trial-and-error procedure to develop a suitable mortar mix. Compressive strength testing of mortar specimens, such as that used
During the preconstruction evaluation, the mortar is tested to establish during the trial-and-error development of the mix and preconstruction
baseline values for comparative evaluation of the field mortar. The and construction evaluations, establishes one of the characteristics of
values obtained during the mortar preconstruction evaluation shall hardened mortar. Field mortar compressive strength test values are
not be compared to the values obtained during the development of not representative of the actual compressive strength of mortar in
the mix because, most importantly, during the mix development, the the masonry wall and are not appropriate for use in predicting the
mortar is mixed to a drier consistency. During construction evaluation, compressive strength that would be attained by the mortar in the
mortar is tested to obtain values for comparison to the baseline values masonry. The measured compressive strength of a molded mortar
established during the preconstruction evaluation and to determine specimen is lower than that of the same mortar in the masonry,
batch-to-batch mortar uniformity. primarily due to differences in mortar water content and specimen
A property-specified mortar typically has three different values of shape. Mortar compressive strength is influenced by mortar water
average compressive strengths: one obtained during the trial-and-error content at the time of set. Because molded mortar specimens are
development of the mix according to ASTM C270, one obtained not in contact with absorptive masonry units and are not subjected
during preconstruction evaluation, and one obtained during con- to other mechanisms of water loss, they have a higher water content
struction evaluation. The values obtained during preconstruction than mortar in the masonry. Higher water content results in lower
and construction evaluations are expected to be similar to each other compressive strength. Specimen size and shape also affect compressive
M AY 2 019 7
Figure 2. Double punch test results.
strength. Cylinders and cubes exhibit different strengths even when among different masons. Variable water contents were therefore used
made from the same mortar mix, and the use of either specimen in this research to determine the degree to which the compressive
configurations yields lower strengths than what would be attained if strength of the mortar was affected.
a specimen having the same size and configuration of a typical mortar
Mixing Procedures
joint could be reliably tested. In addition, the mortar in a masonry
joint is in a state of stress different from that of the cylinder or cube The mortar utilized was prepared using the procedures listed in ASTM
specimen tested for their unconfined compressive strength. C305, Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement
Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency. This standard specifies the
apparatus to be used for mixing the mortar, as well as the temperature
Previous Research and humidity, and provides a step-by-step procedure. The introduction
As described above, the measured compressive strength of a molded of the material into the mixing bowl, however, was modified slightly to
mortar specimen is lower than the strength of the same mortar in accommodate the use of bagged mortar mix instead of raw materials.
the masonry. Research has been conducted to try to determine the After mixing the components of the mortar for the specified amount
compressive strength of in-situ mortar. In most of the cases, however, of time, a small mortar sample was used to perform a mortar flow
research was done to determine the compressive strength of the mortar test in accordance with ASTM C1437.
in existing historical structures, which typically were constructed with
Specimen Shapes and Sizes
weak mortars with very low compressive strength. To the knowledge
of the authors, no attempt has been made to determine a correlation Standard 2-inch mortar cubes and 2- × 4-inch cylinder specimens
between the compressive strengths of a laboratory mortar and an were used for compressive strength testing. According to ASTM
in-situ mortar because of the difficulties associated with obtaining C780, Standard Test Method for Preconstruction and Construction
undisturbed specimens from masonry and the lack of a standardized Evaluation of Mortars for Plain and Reinforced Unit Masonry, when
procedure for testing such specimens. the compressive strengths from cube and cylinder test specimens from
the same mix are compared, the cylinder compressive strength is
approximately 85% of the cube compressive strength. The first phase
A Pilot Research Program of testing was organized to verify the compressive strength disparity
The objective of the research presented herein was to determine between cube and cylinder specimens.
a correlation between the compressive strengths of mortar made In addition, cured cubes were cut to thicknesses of approximately
from the same mix but using different specimen configurations. ¼, 3⁄8, ½, 5⁄8, and 7⁄8 inch. These mortar slices were also used for
Several batches of mortars with different water content were mixed, compressive strength testing. The thicknesses used in this research
and molded specimens of different configurations were made for were selected to provide a wider range, even though bed mortar joint
compressive strength testing. thickness is typically specified as 3⁄8 inch with an allowable tolerance
of plus or minus 1⁄8 inch.
Materials
Both Type N and Type S mortar were used in this research. Pre-
blended mortar mix was used to make all mortar to mitigate
Compressive Strength of Cubes vs. Cylinders
ingredient variability. Mortars with six water content variations were made and a minimum
Water has an integral role in the compressive strength of mortar and is of seven specimens were cast from each mortar batch to compare
the sole determinant of fluidity. ASTM C1437, Standard Test Method the compressive strength of cubes and cylinders. The compressive
for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar, establishes a mortar flow test strength of the specimens was obtained according to the requirement
as the means of measuring the amount of water present in mortar and methodology outlined in ASTM C109, Standard Test Methods
paste. However, flow is seldom paired to a specific water content. for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars. The results
In the field, masons add water until a desired workable consistency of the compressive strength testing of the cubes and cylinders are
is achieved. Different preferences of mortar fluidity may even exist presented in Figure 1 (page 7).
Table of compressive strengths and corresponding compressive strength increase.
Compressive Strength (psi) Strength Compressive Strength (psi) Strength

Flow Flow
Type N Mortar 3
⁄8-inch-Thick Increase Type S 3
⁄8-inch-Thick Increase
(in) (in)
Cube Specimen (%) Mortar Cube Specimen (%)
5.1 3541 4731 34 4.8 3073 7481 143
5.8 2111 4316 104 6.3 2056 5539 169
6.6 1419 4337 206 7.5 1794 4310 141
7.1 1304 3408 161
The results show small discrepancies as the expected compressive each mortar flow; these values were obtained from the interpolation
strength of the Type N mortar with 5.6-inch flow appears to be slightly of the values presented in Figure 2.
lower, the compressive strength of the Type S mortar with 5-inch flow The Table also shows the percentage increase in compressive strengths
appears to be slightly higher, and the cube compressive strength of for cube mortar specimens compared to a 3⁄8-inch specimen. For all
the Type S mortar with 5-inch flow appears to be slightly higher. In cases, except for Type N mortar with a 5.1-inch flow, the compressive
general, the results indicate that as the flow increases, attributable to strength more than doubled when comparing cube strength to the
water content increases, the compressive strength decreases. Average test typical mortar joint 3⁄8-inch-thick specimen strength.
results indicate that the cylinder compressive strength is approximately These results have significant implications related to the compres-
73% and 65% of the cube compressive strength for Type S and Type N sive strength of mortar in a masonry assembly. During construction
mortar, respectively. The smaller compressive strength of the cylinders evaluation, the mortar is tested and a compressive strength value
was expected due to their higher slenderness ratio and the probability is determined. The obtained value should, however, not be used
of a greater number of flaws and failure planes due to their greater size. to make any judgment of the mortar compressive strength in the
Although the ratios are slightly smaller than that given in ASTM C780, masonry assembly. If, however, the mortar compressive strength in
the values are similar to that obtained by other researchers (Elwell and the masonry assembly is erroneously compared to that of the mortar
Fu 1995, Parsekian et al. 2014). tested during construction evaluation, the research results presented
herein confirm that the compressive strength of the standard mortar
cube will be significantly lower than the compressive strength of
Compressive Strength of Thin Mortar Specimens the in-situ mortar. The reasons are (a) the cubes are thicker yielding
There is no ASTM standard to determine the compressive strength lower compressive strengths; (b) the cubes are cured in non-absorbent
of mortar specimens extracted from a masonry assembly. The molds having higher water content and therefore lower compressive
Double Punch Test (DPT), however, has been used to determine the strength; and (c) the cubes are tested under unconfined compression
compressive strength of thin mortar specimens. The DPT determines which results in lower compressive strength.
the compressive strength of thin mortar specimens by means of
compressing the center area of the specimen with steel rods. The
DPT allows for some simulation of mortar joint confinement. The
Conclusions
DPT involves the use of two steel rods tapered at the ends to create a The following conclusions are made from the research presented:
circular loading surface with a ¾-inch diameter. The rods or punches 1) Water content affects the compressive strength of mortar.
compress both sides of a layer of mortar. 2) Specimen shape influences the compressive strength
Each type of mortar used three variations of water content, and two of mortar.
batches were made for each water content. In most cases, the two 3) Specimen thickness influences the compressive strength
batches with the same water content yielded nearly identical mortar of mortar.
flows, and they were simply combined. However, in one instance, The results presented show that a 3⁄8-inch in-situ mortar joint will
despite careful measurements, a batch of the Type N mortar did not have significantly greater compressive strength over a cube
produce similar flows, so they were kept separate. Several 2-inch specimen made of the same mortar and tested according to
mortar cubes were cast: some tested according to ASTM C109 and prescribed ASTM standards.■
some sliced to thicknesses of approximately ¼, 3⁄8, ½, 5⁄8, and 7⁄8 inch
for double punch testing. The online version of this article contains references.
Results of the Double Punch tests are shown in Figure 2. The results Please visit www.STRUCTUREmag.org.
clearly show that the thickness of the specimen affects the compressive
strength of the mortar and, for the results presented herein, the
compressive strength increased with decreased thickness. There is a Michael Reynolds is a Graduate Student at Brigham Young University,
small increase in compressive strength from the 5⁄8-inch to the 7⁄8-inch Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He participated in the
mortar research project. (michael.reynolds457@gmail.com)
specimens since the 7⁄8-inch specimens are thicker than the diameter
of the puncher. Another general observation is that compressive Fernando S. Fonseca is a Professor at Brigham Young University,
strength increases with the decrease of mortar flow, or decreased Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. Dr. Fonseca supervised
water content. The small discrepancies observed for Type N are due the mortar research project. (fonseca@byu.edu)
to normal variations of mortar testing (Jessop and Langan 1979). Theodore Moffett is a Graduate Student at Brigham Young University,
The Table shows the compressive strengths of the cubes that were Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering. He participated in the
tested for comparisons to the DPT results. Also presented are the mortar research project. (tedadora@gmail.com)
approximate compressive strengths of a 3⁄8-inch-thick specimen for
M AY 2 019 9
structural FORENSICS
Reinforced Masonry Construction
Nondestructive Evaluation Methods
By Michael Schuller, P.E., FTMS, FAPTI
R einforced masonry is used throughout the United States as a cost-effective and

desirable building form for commercial, residential, institutional, and industrial
construction. Reinforced masonry is a form of composite construction where the masonry
units resist compressive stress and internal reinforcement resists tensile stress developing
primarily from flexure and shear actions. Vertical and horizontal reinforcement is placed in
hollow cells of concrete or clay masonry units (Figure 1), or within internal spaces of multi-
wythe masonry wall systems. The reinforced masonry system relies on cementitious grout,
encapsulating reinforcement for bond, to transfer stresses as a composite system. Masonry
walls may be fully grouted with all internal spaces filled. In many parts of the U.S., it is more
common to have partially-grouted construction with grout placed only at reinforced cells. Figure 1. Reinforced concrete masonry construction.
Nondestructive evaluation (NDE) methods are based on the concept construction. Methods range from localized measurements to global
of interpreting how different forms of energy interact with the material techniques. Some approaches are non-contact, but most require
being evaluated. NDE techniques use energy from many parts of the close-up access to the wall surface for rolling antennae or coupling
electromagnetic spectrum to evaluate masonry materials, including small transducers to the masonry.
visible light, x-ray radiation, infrared emissions, and microwaves.
Stress wave energy is also used for some nondestructive methods,
introduced into masonry as a mechanical hammer tap or an energy
Sounding
pulse from an ultrasonic transducer. Energy is reflected, absorbed, or Sounding methods introduce sonic stress waves by tapping with a
otherwise altered as it passes into, through, or out of a masonry wall, hammer and listening to the sound generated (Figure 2). The method
and interpreting the material’s effect on that energy gives an indication is effective for locating near-surface spalls and hollow areas and, if the
of masonry properties, geometry, and condition. correct sounding hammer is used, grouted masonry cells. Sounding
Reinforced masonry construction is evaluated for several reasons. over voids gives off a dull, low-frequency sound, whereas a higher-
• Determining construction geometry, wall thickness, and pitched ringing is heard at solid areas. Different sized hammers are
thickness of individual wythes used depending on the substrate hardness and density, and the depth of
• Locating internal metals including horizontal and vertical the expected void space. For concrete masonry construction, a mason’s
reinforcement, anchors, pipes, and conduit hammer, ball-peen hammer, or ball bearing welded to a metal rod work
• Identifying solid-grouted areas and voids well for locating grouted and hollow cells (Figure 2).
• Determining grouted areas for locating
post-installed anchors
• Evaluating distress such as cracks or spalls
X-Ray Imaging
Evaluation information is used for structural analy- For decades, x-ray imaging was the nondestruc-
sis, to guide repairs, and to help understand the tive method of choice for evaluating internal
causes of distress. conditions of masonry and other construction.
Two-dimensional x-ray images provide a snapshot
of internal conditions, showing reinforcement,
Diagnostic Methods unit cross webs, grout, and internal voids. High-
In its simplest form, existing construction can be power x-ray sources required to penetrate massive
evaluated by opening destructive probes to visually masonry wall sections are hazardous to humans,
examine internal conditions. Fiber optic borescopes and the method has mostly fallen out of favor in
and videoscopes, inserted into small-diameter holes recent years for other, safer, methods.
drilled into mortar joints, provide a less destruc-
tive approach for visually observing internal wall
conditions.
Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity
Figure 2. Sounding hammer used to locate
Nondestructive methods are attractive because hollow and grouted cells in concrete The speed at which high-frequency ultrasonic
they do not disfigure or otherwise harm masonry masonry construction. stress waves travel through walls provides a direct
Figure 3. Ultrasonic waves travel through grouted cells and around hollow cells, altering the Figure 4. Ultrasonic imaging equipment used here to determine
apparent wave velocity (left). With the impact-echo method (right) waves reflect off the back solidity of a reinforced clay masonry column.
wall face at solid-grouted areas and reflect off the face shell at empty cells.
indication of material density and dynamic modulus, and may for use with concrete, and most devices have a maximum detection
be correlated with compressive strength. Waves travelling around depth of 4 to 6 inches for common reinforcement sizes.
internal voids and cracks give an apparent change to straight-line
velocity, thereby indicating internal anomalies (Figure 3). The
approach for locating internal voids or solid-grouted cells involves
Surface Penetrating Radar
placing ultrasonic transmitters and receivers on opposite wall faces, More commonly known as “ground penetrating radar” for its
coupled to the wall with low impedance gel or rubber pads. Greater use with archeological investigations, surface penetrating radar
measured velocities indicate solid, high-density material, whereas used for masonry NDE uses an antenna mounted in a small,
low velocities are recorded at areas with internal voids, cracks, or hand-held cart that is rolled over the wall surface (Figure 6).
delaminations. Pulse velocity techniques provide a local measure Electromagnetic waves in the microwave frequency range are
and require access to both wall faces to acquire a series of point-by- generated thousands of times each second; these waves propagate
point velocity measurements. into the wall and are reflected at interfaces between materials
with varying electrical properties. Waveforms are displayed on
the processor screen for analysis and interpretation. The method
Ultrasonic Imaging is highly sensitive to internal metals and voids and is commonly
Imaging systems developed for use with concrete construction are used to map reinforcement, wall thickness, grouted cells, void
also used to identify solid grouted construction (Figure 4), internal spaces, and separations within masonry walls. Lower frequency
cracks, voids, spalls, and delaminations in masonry construction. The antennae provide greater penetration depth to locate reinforcement
method uses an ultrasonic array system with an external processor to at 16 inches or greater; high-frequency antennae provide better
develop a 2-dimensional representation of internal conditions based resolution of internal conditions. Microwave energy is absorbed
on arrival times of reflected pulses. The system is automated and (attenuated) by internal moisture and salts, limiting the usefulness
provides for assessment, in a matter of seconds, of areas approximately of the method in these conditions.
4 inches by 8 inches.
Infrared Thermography
Impact-Echo Infrared images are acquired by special cameras that measure heat energy
Low-frequency stress waves, generated with an impactor, travel into emitted from wall surfaces in the infrared range. The method is a non-
masonry and are reflected at internal discontinuities (Figure 3). contact, global approach permitting rapid evaluation of large regions. In
Knowing the characteristic stress wave velocity, the depth to a a state of heat flux, differences in surface temperature represent materials
discontinuity is calculated based on the time and frequency of reflected with different emittance values, density, heat capacity, and/or thermal
waveforms. The method is useful for locating voids in grouted masonry
construction and member thickness. Originally developed for use with
concrete construction, equipment can be used for masonry evaluation,
but the interpretation is complicated by stress wave reflections off
nearby mortar joints.
Pachometer
A pachometer, sometimes called a cover meter or metal detector,
generates an electromagnetic field with a hand-held search head
(Figure 5). Ferrous and non-ferrous conductive materials in the vicinity
interact with the electromagnetic field to indicate the location, depth,
and size of the embedded metal. These devices are most commonly
used to locate reinforcement in concrete construction and are also Figure 5. Locating vertical and Figure 6. Surface-penetrating radar
used to locate structural reinforcement, joint reinforcement, and horizontal masonry reinforcement with equipment in use to locate reinforcement
veneer anchors in masonry walls. Equipment sensitivity is optimized a pachometer. and grout in clay masonry construction.
M AY 2 019 11
Figure 7. Concrete masonry construction: reinforcement located with pachometer scanning is shown as dashed lines in the left image; infrared image (right) shows internal
grouted cells as cooler zones.
conductivities. Thus, wall surface temperature is affected by internal

voids, spalls and cracks, and varying material density. Heat energy must
Verification and Validation
be traveling into or out of wall surfaces for successful imaging. Good Interpreting NDE data requires experience and professional judgment,
images are generated when internal building temperature is regulated and some level of verification and proof testing is necessary to validate
to provide a minimum temperature differential of 20 to 30ºF across results. Multiple techniques are often used in the same area as a form of
the wall section. Alternatively, active heating using solar radiation or a verification, and conditions requiring expensive repairs should always be
bank of infrared lights is used to provide a state of heat flux. The infrared confirmed. For example, voids detected using radar scans could
image in Figure 7 was taken after 3 hours of direct sunlight. Hollow be verified using ultrasonic or infrared imaging and evaluated
areas heat rapidly and show as high-temperature zones; grouted cells visually using a videoscope inserted into the void space.■
have greater thermal mass and show as cooler areas. Infrared images
are also used to detect wall moisture; damp walls transmit heat energy Michael Schuller is President of Atkinson-Noland & Associates, a consulting
at a greater rate than dry walls, and moisture evaporation at the wall engineering firm specializing in masonry materials and structures.
face tends to have a localized cooling effect. (mschuller@ana-usa.com)
CTP HalfPgStruct30619.qxp_Layout 1 3/6/19 11:23 AM Page 1

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structural PRACTICES
Post-Installed Adhesive Anchors in Masonry
Practical Installation Considerations
By Mark Ziegler, P.E.
T he use of adhesive anchors is a common method of forming

attachments in both existing concrete and masonry base materi-
als. They are widely used for structural connections, including steel
reinforcement embedments, mounting non-structural components,
equipment anchorage, and other miscellaneous hardware. The popu-
larity of adhesive anchors in construction practice necessitates an
opportunity to discuss, encourage, and promote good installation
practice when these products are utilized.
There are important aspects that can directly influence proper instal-
lation practice of adhesive anchor systems in masonry and minimize
potential issues that may arise surrounding their use and service in
the field. Key considerations include:
• Masonry base material type and installation location
• Anchor system selection and preparation Injecting adhesive into drilled holes in masonry to make an anchor connection.
• Hole drilling and drilled hole cleaning
• Adhesive system, installation, and curing
• Special inspections and proof loading on site
Anchor System Selection and Preparation
For any adhesive anchoring application, product selection that is
suitable for the masonry base material type and environment is
Base Materials and Installation critical. For example, some products are not suitable for both solid and
Adhesive anchors rely on the bond formed to the inside of a drilled hollow masonry applications because they may not work effectively in
hole and the transfer of loads locally into the masonry base material. conjunction with screen tubes in locations with open cells, cavities, or
Understanding the type, condition, and capability of masonry relative significant voids. Select a product with a current product evaluation
to the anchorage is significant. Installers and users should have a report from a recognized approval body (e.g., the International Code
working knowledge of the material prior to any physical anchorage. Council’s Evaluation Service, ICC-ES) for the masonry base material
Site testing may be appropriate where the wall strength at planned whenever possible. This provides an additional level of product testing
anchorage locations is unknown. and qualification, ongoing third-party quality control inspections, and
Masonry block and brick are found in a variety of sizes and shapes a requirement for the manufacturer to provide installation instructions
(depending upon the age and location of a building) and both hollow with each adhesive unit package.
and solid styles. Mortar strength, consistency, and conditions can vary Consider the temperature impact of base material and adhesive
significantly in existing structures, especially in older walls exposed to during installation. Epoxy based formulas typically have a minimum
the elements. The combination of masonry components, including application temperature of 40°F to 50°F while ‘acrylic’ or hybrid
grout for solid filled Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU) members, is formulas can be used in colder weather with lower temperature limits.
critical to the behavior of the composite member and ultimately has Masonry base materials that are too cold for the adhesive will prevent
a significant influence on the anchorage strength. the adhesive anchors from curing properly or not curing at all. Practical
Installation of adhesive anchors, common in solid block or brick, limits of the dispensing and mixing of the adhesive should be clearly
may be in the face, end, or top of the wall. In hollow base materials, understood at both low and high temperatures. Adhesive products
anchors may be installed through the face of material into the cavity that are too cold or not conditioned to a minimum temperature will
section provided the adhesive is suitable for use with screen tubes. be difficult or impossible to dispense/mix. Very warm environments
The screen tubes hold the adhesive in place before installation of the can cause adhesive products to have short working times and cause
steel anchor element (i.e., threaded rod or rebar). Anchoring locations some products to become runny unless they are specifically formulated
in the mortar joint are also possible; however, additional care should to have good standing behavior at high temperatures.
be taken depending on the masonry wall type. Mortar joints of Most current adhesive anchor systems have a maximum shelf
hollow CMU walls and most vertical joints of CMU walls are only life between 9 months and 2 years, depending on manufacturer
required to be mortared the depth of the face shell. Consequently, and chemistry. Expired product should never be used unless the
these locations should generally not be used for anchoring unless the manufacturer is willing to provide proof or certify the material is
product manufacturer has specific data and installation instructions still acceptable for use.
for these locations. Similarly, joint locations in the top of masonry In any case, the product manufacturer should be consulted concerning
walls can be problematic and should be approached with caution if the capabilities and limitations of the adhesive anchor product if the
considered for anchorage. available information is not clear.
continued on next page
M AY 2 019 13
Hole Drilling and Cleaning Installation and Curing
The drilling method can have an influence The selected manufacturer’s adhesive anchor
when drilling holes in masonry materi- system is essential to the success of the instal-
als. Installers most commonly will use a lation. System components typically include
rotary hammer drill (i.e., percussion drill- the following:
ing) to create holes in the base material. • The adhesive: multiple use cartridges
For solid base materials, this is standard or foil packs; single-use-capsules are
practice and does not introduce any issues. less common but available
However, in hollow base materials or very • Mixing nozzles/Dispensing tools
weak substrates, rotary-only drilling may (for injection type systems)
be considered or required to limit any • Hole cleaning equipment
potential damage to the masonry from • Injection and/or placement accessories
percussion drilling (e.g., unreinforced Today's most popular adhesive anchor sys-
masonry [URM] walls undergoing seis- tems are injection systems. These systems
mic retrofits). Drilling that causes excessive allow for flexibility in anchor sizes, embed-
spalling on the backside of hollow cavities ments, and allow for multiple uses.
can reduce the effectiveness of the adhe- A supplied mixing nozzle for the adhesive
sive anchor connection due to the reduced must be used and attached to the cartridge or
material thickness. foil pack before use. These nozzles proportion
The masonry drill bit size must meet the adhesive and provide a simple delivery
ANSI requirements and follow the rec- method into the drilled holes. Although
ommendations and requirements of the Bonding rebars into grouted concrete masonry walls. mixing nozzles for these injection systems
manufacturer’s published installation can look very similar, they should only be
instructions (MPII). Adhesive anchor used with the recommended system (e.g., do
diameters generally range from 3⁄8 inch to ¾ inch in masonry. not use Brand X mixing nozzle with Brand Y adhesive). The installer
Corresponding drill bit diameters can range from 7⁄16 inch to 1 inch should make sure mixing elements are inside the nozzle before using.
depending on the product and whether or not adhesive anchors are If the mixed adhesive hardens in the mixing nozzle (when the work-
being used in conjunction with screen tubes (which require larger ing time of the product is exceeded), a new mixing nozzle will be
holes to accommodate the screens in hollow materials). Typical necessary. A new mixing nozzle should be used with every cartridge
embedments into masonry wall faces range from approximately 3 change. Mixing nozzles should not be modified unless directed by
to 6½ inches in solid materials depending on the width of the wall, the product manufacturer.
although deeper embedments are possible for top of wall anchorages. Before inserting a threaded rod or rebar into the drilled hole, the
Embedments into hollow materials can vary greatly depending on embedment depth should be marked on the anchor. This practice
the material, geometry, and availability of screen tube lengths in helps the installer verify that the steel element was installed to the
the selected diameter. necessary embedment during and following installation. The threaded
Prior to adhesive installation, it is critical that the holes be clean rod or rebar must be clean, straight, and free of mill scale, rust, oil,
and free of dust, debris, ice, grease, oil, or other foreign material. and other coatings (other than zinc) that may impair the bond with
Traditionally, holes are cleaned following drilling using a method of the adhesive.
blowing or vacuuming the holes, then using an appropriately sized Cartridges or foil packs should be used with and properly loaded
brush to scour the sides of the hole, and then blowing or vacuuming into the recommended dispensing tools. Adhesives must be properly
the holes again (a.k.a., blow, brush, blow). More recently, hollow drill mixed to cure and achieve the manufacturer’s published properties.
bit systems have been introduced that allow installers to automati- For new cartridges and nozzles (and prior to dispensing adhesive
cally clean the holes during the drilling process with no further hole into the drilled hole), separately dispense some adhesive through the
cleaning required. However, these systems should be monitored for mixing nozzle and verify that the adhesive is a consistent mixed color
effectiveness, especially in conditions where the masonry drilling (reference published product instructions for specifics).
locations are wet or saturated because drill bits can clog during use During the adhesive injection, cleaned holes are typically filled
in these conditions. approximately one-half to two-thirds full of the mixed adhesive
Adhesive anchor system (dispensing tool, cartridge adhesive and mixing nozzle components shown).
for installations in solid masonry materials. Start the injection
from the bottom or back of the anchor hole and slowly withdraw
the mixing nozzle as the hole fills to avoid creating air pockets or
voids. Screen tubes are completely filled in hollow materials. Use
a nozzle extension with the mixing nozzle if the bottom or back
of the anchor hole/screen tube is not reached with the mixing
nozzle only. Following this, the clean threaded rod or reinforc-
ing bar is pushed into the anchor hole, while turning slightly to
ensure positive distribution of the adhesive, until reaching the
embedment depth. Completely fill the annular gap at the masonry
surface following the insertion of the steel element. Remove any
excess adhesive at the masonry surface and wipe clean any exposed
Screen tubes for hollow masonry base materials (e.g. open cells, cavities).
threads that have been fouled with adhesive. The excess adhesive
on the masonry surface or threads may hamper installation after
the adhesive hardens. and size, and general requirements of acceptance. Proof loading
Adhesives must be allowed to cure for the full specified curing time requirements should be determined by the design professional
prior to applying any load (reference published curing times for responsible for the anchorage and may vary depending upon the
the selected product). Anchors should not be disturbed, torqued, specifics of location and connection detail. Also, if proof load-
or loaded until the adhesive is fully cured. After full curing of ing is used, the possible consequences should be considered for
the adhesive anchor, a fixture or attachment can be made to the cases where an anchor fails during the proof load test, especially
anchor. For torqued anchors, the maximum torque allowed for since a large percentage of anchors are installed horizontally into
the diameter and embedment into the masonry substrate must masonry walls.
not be exceeded. This can vary considerably depending on the
product and whether the masonry application is solid or hollow.
Applying excess torque can damage or cause bond failure of the
Conclusion
adhesive to the substrate. Installation issues with adhesive anchor systems in masonry can be
avoided with sufficient knowledge, proper training, and good practice.
Special Inspections and Proof Loading Understanding and following the manufacturer’s published installation
instructions, as well as using recommended equipment and accessories
Special inspections have been used for years to help ensure a basic for the application, is critical. Special inspections are an effective qual-
level of knowledge and competence by the actual installation person- ity control tool and should be strongly considered, even if not required.
nel. Section 1704 of the International Realizing the practical application and
Building Code (IBC) requires periodic limitations of adhesive anchor systems
special inspections for adhesive anchors can improve the user experience, make
in masonry building construction. The the installation process more efficient,
special inspector is expected to be on the and improve the long-term
job site initially during anchor instal- performance of the connec-
lation and must verify that the anchor Threaded rod and reinforcing bars (typical steel anchor elements). tion during service.■
installation complies with the manufac-
turer’s published installation instructions and code evaluation report,
as applicable, by the local authority having jurisdiction (AHJ). Mark Ziegler is Technical Director for DEWALT anchoring and fastening
Special inspectors need to verify and document important infor- systems. He has served as a Past President of the Concrete and Masonry
mation such as anchor type, size and dimension, masonry type Anchor Manufacturer’s Association and is actively involved with several
and strength, drill bit size, anchor spacing and edge distances, working groups which address connections and fastening systems in
embedment, and adherence to the manufacturer’s published instal- construction. (mark.ziegler@sbdinc.com)
lation instructions. For any significant change in site conditions,
installation personnel, adhesive anchor system, etc., or for
ongoing installations over an extended period of time, the
special inspector should make supplemental periodic inspec- Demos at www.struware.com

tions to reconfirm the correct handling and installation of the
selected product. Wind, Seismic, Snow, etc. Struware’s Code Search program calculates these and
Proof loading can also be considered for use as a supplemen- other loadings for all codes based on the IBC or ASCE7 in just minutes (see online
video). Also calculates wind loads on rooftop equipment, signs, walls, chimneys,
tal tool to help verify proper adhesive anchor installations in trussed towers, tanks and more. ($250.00).
masonry. This is especially true if the existing base material is
CMU or Tilt-up Concrete Walls Analyze solid walls for out of plane loading and
questionable in materials or strength, or if it varies significantly panel legs next to or between openings by automatically calculating loads to the wall
depending on location. Proof loading involves the application leg from vertical and horizontal loads at the opening. ($75.00 ea)
of a predetermined amount of tension to an installed anchor Floor Vibration Program to analyze floors with steel beams and/or steel joist.
without causing any damage to it or the surrounding base mate- Compare up to 4 systems side by side ($75.00).
rial. The essential components of a proof load requirement are Concrete beam/slab Program to provide bending, shear and/or torsional reinforcing.
size and type of anchors to be tested, the percentage of each type Quick and easy to use ($45.00).
and size to be tested, proof loads to be applied for each type
M AY 2 019 15
structural PERFORMANCE
Resiliency of Reinforced Structural Clay
Unit Masonry Construction
By Steven G. Judd, S.E.
I t is common to overlook Structural Clay Units (SCU) as a

viable, and often more desirable, solution during discussions
of structural masonry. It seems that the default solution to most
structural masonry design challenges is Concrete Masonry Units
(CMU). Unfortunately, in many instances, this is due to lack of
information. There are some areas of the U.S. and Canada, and
some individual practitioners, who are unfamiliar with SCU as
a viable structural solution. If properly evaluated, practitioners
may find that SCU is the best structural masonry solution to
satisfy the design criteria/demand. Figure 1. Reinforced cavity wall.
of seismic codes in the 1970s. In response to many large west coast

History seismic events up through the 1970s, building codes in California and
Reinforced clay masonry use dates to the 1800s where it was typically the western United States changed to mandate that all loadbearing
used to hold large ornate Terra Cotta pieces onto masonry buildings. masonry buildings be reinforced and tied to the foundation and the
In 1813, reinforcement was proposed by Mark Isambard Brunel roof. The concept of a two-wythe reinforced cavity wall coupled with
to reinforce a masonry chimney which was under construction in SCR brick led to the development of hollow reinforceable brick,
England at the time. Its first significant use was the Brunel-designed which is the principal reinforced SCU used today: two brick faces
Thames Tunnel which began in 1825 – a successful construction of a separated by reinforced grout cells – a scaled-down version of the
30-inch-thick (762 mm), 50-foot-diameter (15.24 m) tube buried 70 grouted cavity wall (Figure 2).
feet deep (21 m) under the famous river that bisects London, England.
Another early use came in 1875 with the construction of the
seven-story Palace Hotel in San Francisco, California. The hotel
Resiliency
was comprised of three-foot-thick solid brick walls with iron bands To understand the resiliency provided by reinforced SCU masonry,
spaced every few feet, forming a “basket” that completely encircled the one must understand the manufacturing process of the clay units.
facility. The hotel is one of the very few large buildings that survived Brick is a natural product principally comprised of clay, shale, and
the 7.9 (Richter) magnitude (est.) 1906 San Francisco earthquake. sand in various proportions. Other minerals (barium, chromate,
It was not until the 1920s and 1930s that serious research was manganese) are added to modify/broaden the color palette and
performed (initially in India, and later in the United States) on which also, consequently, modify the strength. Water is added to
the properties of loadbearing, grouted, and reinforced clay brick the pulverized dry clay mix to create a stiff plastic consistency, similar
masonry and engineering procedures were developed to create thin- to modeling clay, so that the clay mix can be pushed through dies or
ner masonry elements. The first reinforced clay brick systems used pressed into molds. After the clay is extruded through the die and
reinforced cavity construction; two wythes separated by a grouted trimmed to size, the column of brick is cut to the pre-fired size. In
and reinforced cavity space (Figure 1). The international use of some facilities, the clay is dried in a separate process to help reduce
reinforced masonry in the early 20th century was initially driven by stress cracking from the firing process. Whether pre-dried or not,
the lack of suitable (ductile) structural steel and the cost of wood the clay units are then fired in kilns at temperatures around 2100°F
(for forming reinforced concrete). Reinforced masonry became the (1149° C), near the vitrification temperature of clay, creating a very
standard material for construction of public and important private hard, strong, durable, mostly inert product. As fired, the net unit
buildings, plus bridges, retaining walls, storage bins, and chimneys compressive strength ranges from 9,000 psi (62 MPa) upwards of
(back to the original proposed use). 18,000 psi (124 MPa), depending on the clay mix, the unit profile,
In 1952, the Structural Clay Products Institute (SCPI) developed and the firing process. As one can see, the clay units are many times
the “Structural Clay Research” (SCR) brick. This brick was intended stronger than CMU units that are generally around 2,500 psi (17.2
to be used as a loadbearing wall replacement to wood framing. This MPa) to 3,500 psi (24.1 MPa), perhaps up to 6000 psi (41.4 MPa)
was unreinforced clay masonry, common before the introduction for high strength CMU concrete mixes.
The high strength of the clay units used storm shelters. FEMA grants will not
in grouted and reinforced walls produce a cover the cost of aesthetic enhance-
very high-strength, resilient wall system. ments, like brick veneer, but FEMA will
This SCU wall system can accomplish cover the cost of reinforced SCU used
many goals and accommodate many as the primary structure. This approach
design challenges, including resistance maintains the brick aesthetics with costs
to fire exposure, extreme wind, wind- covered by the FEMA storm shelter grant
driven projectiles, ballistic impact, and (75% FEMA/25% local jurisdiction).
seismic forces. SCU walls can solve design challenges
in tornado and hurricane-prone areas.
Fire Resilience
Potential SCU uses include essential
The kiln temperatures used to fire the Figure 2. Structural Clay Unit. facilities, hospitals, schools, fire stations,
brick are higher than the temperature police stations, emergency generator
used to fire-test reinforced SCU wall assemblies for fire resistance. enclosures, hardened spaces, and tornado and hurricane shelters as
The UL-935 rating requires wall assemblies to be preloaded in com- good uses for reinforced SCU.
pression and held at a temperature of 2000° F (1093° C) for four
Projectile Resilience
hours, then sprayed with water at 45 psi (2.16 kPa) for 5 minutes.
Eight-inch (203 mm) reinforced SCU walls (unreinforced vertical Tests have shown that 6-inch (152 mm) and 8-inch (203 mm) solid
cells filled with grout or insulation) are UL 935 rated for 4-hour fire grouted SCU walls effectively resist penetration of projectiles, unlike
resistance. Thinner walls, or partially unfilled walls, meet shorter fire typical brick veneer walls. The standard tornado projectile test – a
duration ratings. Fire-rated walls used for safe rooms, property-line 15-pound (6.8 kg), 10-foot-long (3.0 m) 2x4 (51mm x 102mm)
walls, fire-rated demising walls, and building separation walls are ideal traveling at 100 mph (161 kph) – results in the projectile shattering
uses for reinforced SCU. when striking the face of a reinforced and grouted SCU wall, leaving
In the past several years, two different multi-family, multi-story no discernable damage (Figure 3, page 18). This projectile resistance
apartment buildings caught fire in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In the first capacity complies with the prescribed criteria for tornado shelters for
case, the building was a typical multi-level wood framed facility. The community and residential safe rooms as contained in FEMA P-361,
fire started in one unit and spread to all the units, displacing around a Safe Rooms for Tornadoes and Hurricanes. An added benefit is that the
dozen families. In the second case, the multi-story apartment facility high strength, reinforced SCU wall system can more easily develop
was constructed of SCU and the fire was contained in one unit, high capacities for fasteners used to secure window frames, door
displacing only one tenant. Homes and other residential buildings frames, and louvers. Due to these two factors, tornado shelters, hur-
have a distinct advantage in consideration of accidental fires and ricane shelters, and hardened rooms are good uses for reinforced SCU.
wildfires. According to an article written by Christopher Williams
Ballistic Impact Resilience
for THE NEST website, houses with brick or masonry construction
are often less expensive to insure than wood-framed houses, due, in The high kiln-firing temperatures of the clay produce materials that
part, to their increased capacity to resist fire. come close to becoming an impermeable fused mass, like igneous rock.
Extreme Wind Resilience continued on next page
Large areas of the United States can have
tornado driven winds as high as 250
mph (402 kph). This equates to service-
level-design wall pressures of around 117
psf (5.6 kPa) for single-story facilities.
Reinforced SCU walls can efficiently

resist this intensity of direct pressure. As
an example: a 6-inch-thick (152 mm),
12-foot-tall (3.6 m) reinforced SCU wall,
supporting 1500 plf (2232 kg/m) roof
loads at a 1.5-inch (38 mm) eccentricity,
can resist the 117 psf (5.6 kPa) direct
wind design pressure perpendicular-to-
face. A similar height CMU wall would
have to be 8 inches (204 mm) thick to
provide the equivalent axial and bending
wall capacity. This example shows that
reinforced SCU walls save space and use
less grout (due to smaller grout cells),
which can save construction cost and
increase leasable space.
FEMA grants are often used by small
communities to fund construction of
M AY 2 019 17
The Los Angeles Police Department, Devonshire Station, is a reinforced
SCU facility that survived the 6.7 (Richter) magnitude 1994 Northridge
California Earthquake intact and was reportedly used as an emergency
service coordination center immediately after the temblor. The facility
is located 3.0 miles (4.8 km) from the epicenter of that event.
Blast Resilience
Blast resistant reinforced SCU exterior walls were used for the
United States Federal Courthouse in Covington, Kentucky.
Reinforced SCU walls produce almost infinite redundant load
paths, which is essential for providing the capacity to withstand
blast damage without total collapse. Reinforced structural walls
tend to arch over openings and redistribute load paths as a natural
Figure 3. Shattered projectile after hitting SCU wall. consequence of their construction. The high strength associated
with reinforced SCU allows embedded items (connections) to
Self-performed preliminary ballistic testing proves grouted SCU is an develop high strength in the wall system, which is essential for blast
effective barrier to ballistic impact. In general, typical handgun munitions resistant connection design of the wall to the primary structure.
only pock the surface of the brick. Rifle munitions can do more damage, These characteristics make reinforced SCU an excellent choice for
but, up to certain large calibers, do not penetrate the wall. This capability facilities that require blast resistance, such as judicial facilities,
to resist ballistic impact can be effective in protecting occupants in schools, embassies, emergency response facilities, high-value diplomat
libraries, workspaces, and many other at-risk facilities. residences, and military facilities.
Seismic Resilience
Typical high-strength clay units can produce a very strong and resilient
Other Considerations
wall for resistance to high in-plane shear loads and high axial loads, When compared to reinforced CMU, a reinforced SCU wall can be
at a higher capacity than the same thickness CMU wall systems. constructed higher for any given wall thickness and applied load,
Typical design prism strengths for CMU range from 1900 psi to 2500 or can generally be thinner for a given wall height and applied
psi; typical design prism strengths for SCU range from 3500 psi to load. Thus, reinforced SCU provides for more efficient space use;
4000 psi. This higher prism strength means thinner walls of SCU less space is devoted to the wall system. Interior 10-inch (254
can be used to generate the capacities/resistance needed as compared mm) SCU bearing walls (f´m = 4000 psi [27.58 MPa]) have been
to CMU. This capability makes reinforced SCU a good choice for designed with heights up to 44 feet [13.4 m] (without bracing or
primary lateral force resisting masonry systems – bearing wall and pilasters). A CMU wall (f´m = 2500 psi [17.24 MPa]) would have
shear wall buildings. In some ways, reinforced SCU can be considered to be 12 inches [305mm] thick to work with the same amount of
as “left-in-place concrete formwork,” providing high in-plane wall reinforcement as that 10-inch [254 mm] SCU wall. Consequently,
strength with a durable, classic finished surface. Unlike structural clay
less interior space may be required for the structural wall using SCU,
tile, which is restricted for use in some high seismic areas, structuralmaking it a good choice for large volume spaces such as garages,
clay brick can be used in any seismically active region. pools, auditoriums, ballrooms, and water treatment plants.
The firing process drives out all latent
moisture from the clay, so clay masonry
does not shrink after it is fired. Clay
masonry will expand over time, to a small
Post-Tensioning.org degree, as the clay absorbs ambient atmo-
spheric moisture. Clay masonry wall
systems tend to “tighten up,” enhanc-
Technical Information ing moisture impermeability over time.

In addition to the resiliency discussed
Case Studies
above, grouted SCU provides: good
Committee Opportunities sound transmission control; the benefits
Events of thermal mass (thermal dampening and
Networking temperature lag); and a finished brick face
without the need for adding brick veneer.
Certification Reinforced SCU should be considered
Membership a versatile, resilient, and high perform-
ing structural wall system to
apply to many structural
design challenges.■
Steven G. Judd is Technical Director at

Interstate Brick/H.C. Muddox.
(steven.judd@interstatebrick.com)
historic STRUCTURES
The Brooklyn Bridge Masonry ~1860-2019
By Alice Oviatt-Lawrence
T he landmark Gothic-Revival massive

granite towers of the Brooklyn Bridge,
with their arrays of cable-and-stay structural
scheme, developed in the usual way for its era.
Commercial East River shipping and ferry
operators in the 1860s protested when they
foresaw that if the East River Bridge in New York
City, proposed by John Roebling (b.1806), was
built, it would undercut their highly profitable
river businesses. The flourishing river interests
organized and put political pressure on the War
Department to thwart the proposal.
Concurrently, a hard freeze of the East River
in 1866-7 shut down all waterway transport,
demonstrating the economic advantages of a
bridge. In resolving the case in 1869, a Federal Cradling: Ammann DWG (left); Author’s photo today as built (right).
ruling stipulated that any future East River
bridge constructed could not interfere with Soils, Masonry Tower are 102 feet by about 170 feet surmounted
surface river traffic, no pier components could Foundations by a 15-foot-thick grillage (Brooklyn) or a
extend beyond pier vertical edges, and the deck 22-foot-thick grillage (New York), comprised
must be raised to 135 feet above mean high The stable sub-foundations are of high bearing- of nine courses of 12- by 12-inch yellow-pine
water. The Roebling office, aided by architect quality on solid strata. At the Brooklyn tower, timber (48 pounds per cubic foot); all are
William Hildenbrand, made the required 1860s borings established gneiss at elevation -97 encased in several-feet-thick, well-compacted
minor design changes to proceed with the feet, topped by 45 feet of solid-enough strata Rosendale-cement concrete.
nearly 6,000- foot-long suspension bridge. The on which to establish the tower foundation These components support the solid masonry
1597-foot-long center span is flanked by two (bottom of the caisson). On the New York tower-base pedestals, measuring about 59 feet
930-foot-long side-spans, with the approaches side, the concrete-filled caisson rests on hard by 140 feet by 20 feet high (Brooklyn), and
making up the difference in length. materials over bedrock encountered at variable 47 feet high (New York), measured from the
Roebling died in mid-1869, leaving design elevations of -75 to -90 feet below mean high water line to the top of the timber grillages.
drawings complete for the world’s longest water. Early post-construction reports noted The pressure at the bottom of the foundation
span bridge (completed 1883) with its great no discernable settlement over the years, and is 5½ tons per square foot (t/sf ) (Brooklyn)
tonnages of granite and limestone, and Othmar Ammann, in a 1945 technical report, and 6¾ t/sf (New York). Masonry base (ped-
the nation’s first use of nascent galvanized noted that the towers at their tops were only estal) pressure on the timber grillage is 9¼ t/sf
crucible steel cable wire in a bridge (SEAoNY. 5
⁄8 inch out of plumb. (Brooklyn) and 10½ t/sf (New York).
org\publications V22, N3. 2017). His son, Caisson technology in the United States This pressure is increased 8 percent by the
Washington Roebling (b.1837), was advanced from placing airlocks outside the superstructure weight. Concrete is 1: 2: 3
appointed later that year as Engineer-in-Chief air chamber to placing the airlock inside the (cement-sand-gravel) (Brooklyn) and 1: 2:
to build the bridge. air chamber – an idea James B. Eads pat- 4 for New York.
ented in 1869 for the St.
Louis Bridge, after visits
to England and France
Towers and Stone Details
to study foundation con- Above the deck rise the buttressed double-
struction advancements arches. The buttresses are additive elements
there. Roebling learned to the three-shafts-with-pointed-arch tower
of the new technology, structure. The towers ascend to a reentrant
but only in time to apply spandrel, water table, and entablature under
it to the Manhattan-side the summits of 316 feet (Brooklyn) and 350
caisson construction in feet (New York). The New York tower is
1871. slightly larger than the Brooklyn tower.
The caisson-founda- The towers above the floor are rock-face,
tions, built by Webb & random-ashlar granite [153 pounds per cubic
Bell Construction and foot (pcf )], whereas below the water line they
Collingwood Transverse Plan Section 1877. weighing 7000 tons each, are limestone (calcium carbonate) protected
M AY 2 019 19
ranging from 17 feet thick at the grillage to
10½ feet thick at high water.
Engineering Theory and

Design Assumptions
Theoretical engineering analysis was far from
understood in the 19th century. Engineers at
the time continued to strongly favor test-
ing by loading, rather than by the emerging
elastic limit calculations which were con-
sidered by most, if not all, contemporary
engineers to be unreliable “complications.”
Graduating from Berlin’s Royal Polytechnic
School in 1826, John Roebling benefited
from the advanced German engineering
schools, first established in the early 19th
Etching of anchorage under construction.
century. While engineering work was largely
empirical, he likely studied with or under
from rainwater dissolving the carbonates. many of the leading contributors to the pool
Granite is a textured, granular, igneous, and of knowledge on strength of materials and
anisotropic rock. Roebling carefully specified very early theory of structures, while also
a natural rock face surface on fine-granite set knowing of progress made in France’s Ecole
off by a 1½-inch chisel or ax-crafted draft- Polytechnique, which would have included
cut perimeters, a light color and no flaws. Louis Marie Henri Navier’s (b.1785) and
Thousands of loads were shipped by sea from others’ calculations on the thrust of arches.
the quarries after being split by drill holes and Arch theory was understood via geomet-
wedges, and the corners, ends, and rough- ric solutions since c.1700. In Roebling’s
axed beds well squared by pitching chisels. era, engineers and mathematicians proved
Rosendale cement was applied in all of the graphically that the pressure line and the Ammann DWG underfloor at tower masonry-wire nexus.
½-inch flush mortar joints. The Roebling resistance line are two different curves. With
office provided templates for each stone. The this background, John Roebling devised sev-
best quarry and stone-cutting workers were eral interesting structural innovations:
required for the precise squared bed and sides
Cable Cradling for Arch Equilibrium
handwork; emerging early machine technol-
ogy for hammer and chisel tooling was not To attain equilibrium, compressive loads such
high quality until c. 1900. as statically indeterminate arches must contain
The towers at the arch faces, arch intrados, the line of thrust within the masonry section.
and spandrels are smooth peen-hammered However, the Brooklyn Bridge tower’s arch
or pecked to contrast with the rusticated line of thrust would be 2½ feet outside of
surfaces of the adjacent buttresses. The arch the outer shafts except that, as Washington
Author’s photo today as built.
surround on each transverse face displays a Roebling commented in 1877 of his father’s
complex and striking saw-tooth stonework design: “The main outer cables, when drawn in 10-inch steel or heavy iron bars longitudinally
design, set in relief. The pointed arches have laterally, modify its position to such an extent into and through the tower masonry, termi-
a radius of about 46 feet measured from the as to throw its position six inches inside of that nating in eye-bars exterior to each tower near
springing plane, with the extrados and intra- point, a condition of the utmost stability.” John the corner where adjustments to wires in plane
dos non-concentric. The towers are slightly Roebling had conceived of a mechanism to with the main and land-span’s underdeck
battered from the water line to the tower “cradle” the main cables. Additionally, in the lateral-resistance truss are made.
top. Tower tops of 53 x 106 feet are 271 feet days of empirical design, Roebling assumed
Cable Ends to Anchorage Attachments
above mean high water and 159 feet high that cradling the four main 15¾-inch-diameter
above the roadway. The keystones, of about cables, along with the over-floor and under- The massive anchorages weigh 60,000 tons each
11 tons weight each, are also smooth pointed floor trusses and the tremendous weight of the and rest on sandy strata which, after construc-
with three-inch drafts cut to a depth of three cables (3600 tons, 53% of superstructure dead tion, settled into a stable state. The limestone
inches. The tops of the pointed arches are weight), would help to resist lateral forces. blocks, with a bearing capacity of about 625 t/sf,
117 feet above the roadway. are trimmed in white granite at corner quoins,
Lateral Force Resistance Mechanism
The towers have a factor of safety of 2½; arch voussoirs, and cornices. John Roebling
the cable’s safety factor is 6. Current live Iron bars are embedded flat across each tower’s specified high-quality limestone with a bold
loads include at least 120,000 vehicles, 4000 transverse face near the top of the tower to rock-face surface and a maximum 3-inch projec-
pedestrians, and 3000 bicycles per day. Towers reinforce tower resistance to various forces. tion, the same as for the towers above the deck.
weigh about 79,000 tons (Brooklyn) and Also, just below the floor at 119 feet above The anchorages, which rise over a four-foot-
97,000 tons (New York) with wall thicknesses mean high water, Roebling inserted 2- by deep timber grillage, were bolted and grouted
Ammann DWG-anchorage mechanism, chains, anchor plate (left); HAER 1982 pix as built (right).
for a tight seal, then filled with the same stone beds for the saddles, and tower tops, according to HAER (Historic American
Rosendale cement-concrete as the towers. steam-powered hoists raised granite stones Engineering Record) – was recently replaced
From both anchorage bases of about 129 x weighing nine tons or more, each, by way of with pre-cast, concrete-filled steel grid panels.
119 feet, there is a straight batter of ½-inch lewising each stone. Each stone would have Some approach under-deck arch block exte-
per foot rise over about 85 feet elevation to 4½-inch-deep mortises drilled into it, into rior walls are undergoing reinforced concrete
114 x 117 feet at the top. which the counterpart tenon in the lewis device infill rehabilitation.
John Roebling used his 1846 patent for would fit, to grip the stone for lifting. Three Parts of the east-facing wall-element of the
Rows of Anchoring Suspension Chains to hundred and fifty feet of 1½-inch steel hoisting original unreinforced load-bearing lime-
Cables, invented for the Cincinnati Bridge ropes, powered by steam (sometimes danger- stone Brooklyn anchorage, which contained
over the Ohio River and enlarged for the ously oscillating from engine cycles), raised continuous vertical through-cracks, are also
Brooklyn Bridge. On the interior floor, four the stones for derricks to place into position. being infilled with reinforced concrete to
cast iron anchor plates, at 23 tons each and The stones of the anchorages, weighing up to improve structural strength. Similar cracks
well weighted down by 650 cubic yards of six tons each, were hoisted and set by balance exist in the south wall of the longitudinal
granite stone, secure chains of parallel rows derricks; over that weight, derricks were tied to stairwell from the over-floor pedestrian
of pin-connected wrought iron anchor bars. lewis holes and gaps in the completed stone- walk to the street below. The use of modern
The bars rise in a curved quadrant to attach work. The cast iron saddles and saddle plates materials and methods to replace original
to the cable ends at about eight feet under the by themselves weighed 182 tons. construction in flagship historic structures
deck level. Wrought iron was selected, after requires careful scrutiny and consideration
testing of that era’s early steel exhibited no of preservation principles. Another modern
physical advantages over that of iron.
Arch Blocks action is the application of sealant, which
Arcades of arched construction, with exterior is sprayed periodically on the piers and
faces of rusticated stonework trimmed with tower parapets.
Construction voussoirs of contrasting stone, run longitudi- Considering that the Roeblings, with
Rail tracks conveyed bridge components to nally under the floor of the long approaches their wire manufacturing business, likely
sites from the waterfront. To build the arches, landside of both anchorages. Here, John intended to celebrate – or at least empha-
Roebling devised income-producing size – the inherent engineered applicability
interior spaces intended for hous- of the wire elements over the masonry itself,
ing, shops, or offices within the arch the combination of the tower’s basic, hardy,
blocks. Today, mostly vacant, all are base-shaft-capital scheme, juxtaposed with
under rehabilitation, managed by a the network of delicate-appearing structur-
collaboration of state and federal agen- ally-interlaced wire, produced the
cies, after vault cracking discovered in powerful, continuing presence of
2010 affected installation of a remote the Brooklyn Bridge today.■
monitoring system. Fiber-optic sensors
tracked structural movement, vibra- The online version of this article
tions, and thermal data, after which a contains references. Please visit
safety program was initiated. www.STRUCTUREmag.org.
Ongoing Condition Alice Oviatt-Lawrence is Principal of

Preservation Enterprises – an international
and Rehabilitation architectural-engineering research and historic-
The original approach-decking used building analysis organization. She serves on
Arch block interior with vault transverse and longitudinal in the superstructure – the nation’s the SEAoNY Publications Committee.
symmetrical and asymmetrical through-cracks, revealing second use of rolled structural steel (strucBridge@aol.co.uk)
various forces acting on the load bearing structure. sections in a bridge superstructure,
M AY 2 019 21
Figure 1. Sherith Israel exterior. Courtesy of David Wakely. Figure 2. The sanctuary of Sherith Israel. Courtesy of Bruce Schneider.
the Seismic Strengthening of

Temple SheriTh iSrael By Terrence F. Paret, Gwenyth R. Searer, and Sigmund A. Freeman
E
arthquake engineering professionals generally recognize that unreinforced masonry buildings of most vintages pose a
significant risk of collapse in strong earthquakes. Cognizant of this, the City of San Francisco enacted an ordinance that
required assessment, and either upgrade or demolition, of any such building within the jurisdiction found to be deficient
regardless of its historic, cultural, or aesthetic significance. Sherith Israel was one such building. The story of how it was literally
saved from the wrecking ball by diligently treating seismic safety and historic preservation objectives with equal priority, and
by employing a host of new technologies in concert with traditional ones to surmount technical challenges, is described herein.
is capped by a steel-framed, zinc-clad, 60-foot-diameter drum and

Temple Sherith Israel a dome that rises to roughly 100 feet above the sanctuary floor and
Constructed in 1904, Temple Sherith Israel was designed by Albert naturally lights the sanctuary interior.
Pissis, a prominent San Francisco engineer/architect trained at Ecole Surviving the “Great 1906 Earthquake” with only modest damage to
des Beaux-Arts, and is on the National Register of Historic Places cornices, gable end wall masonry, and interior plaster, Sherith Israel
(Figure 1). The ornately painted interior of its vast sanctuary is one of temporarily served as the Hall of Justice following the collapse of
the last surviving mural interiors by turn-of-the-century artist Attilio San Francisco City Hall in that event. Archival records indicate that
Moretti. The sanctuary space is framed by large opalescent stained-glass the south gable end wall detached from the roof framing, sufficient
windows designed by Albert Pissis’s brother, Emile (Figure 2). The to require rebuilding of the masonry in that area. Also, existing
building also houses one of the last surviving Murray Harris organs. conditions indicated that out-of-plane movement of two other gable
The vast sanctuary and the room in which the machinery and pipes end walls resulted in permanent relative displacement between the steel
for the organ are housed together occupy more than 90 percent of “outrigger” beams and the end walls, resulting in local cracking and
the plan area of the building, which created a significant challenge partially dislodged brick where the beams were partially withdrawn
for establishing seismic improvements. from their bearing. Thus, the ground shaking during 1906 was
The building shell consists of thick, multi-wythe brick masonry bearing apparently strong enough to initiate, but not complete, a failure
walls that rise to roughly 75 feet at the gables and are clad with Colusa sequence commonly observed in masonry buildings with gable end
sandstone. The east, west, and south walls are articulated in plan and walls. Nonetheless, the comparison between its behavior and that of
incorporate large corbelled arch substructures that span over large other large URM buildings in the neighborhood at the time suggests
openings and provide out-of-plane stability. The north wall is nearly that Sherith Israel is a more competent building than many of its
planar, without significant openings or ornamentation. The sanctuary unreinforced brethren.
Design Philosophy
Subject to San Francisco’s ordinance, and having an assembly usage,
Sherith Israel was required to meet more stringent seismic upgrade
requirements than ordinary structures. The congregation solicited engi-
neering concepts to satisfy the ordinance; however, the concepts relied
on brute force interventions that supplanted rather than supplemented
the inherent strengths of the existing structure and did not defer at
all to the historic character of the building. The proposed massive
concrete shear walls, heavy structural steel bracing, and replacement
of existing wood diaphragms with concrete and metal deck systems
would have largely destroyed the very historic characteristics of the
property that the congregation cherished. Figure 3. Stress-strain curves developed from testing of nitinol subassemblies.
Employing these strengthening techniques in this structure was
counterproductive in another important respect: they would have
destroyed the beneficial dynamic separation between in-plane and
out-of-plane modes of the masonry walls that was key to the structure’s
superior performance during the 1906 earthquake. That separation
resulted from the very flexible diaphragms and open sanctuary inte-
rior that allowed the seismic mass associated with out-of-plane wall
behavior to respond at spectral accelerations well off the spectral
plateau. Elimination of that separation would have required more
lateral resistance than the extant masonry walls could provide without
supplementation. Although these commonly employed strengthening
concepts all could have been engineered to satisfy the ordinance, by
discounting the inherent strengths of the existing structure, radically
altering its original dynamic characteristics, and needlessly disrupting Figure 4. View of nitinol fuses as installed in the attic of Sherith Israel
historic integrity, the concepts were all rendered infeasible with respect
to preservation, cost, and the desires of the congregants. a steel reinforcing bar in the hole, and filling the hole with grout – in
In contrast, preservation of this behavior would eliminate the need effect reinforcing the unreinforced masonry. The reinforcement was
for supplementation of story shear strength and was made a design not numerically relied on to provide supplemental masonry shear
priority, second only to the goals of preserving the historic fabric of strength. The primary goal of the center cores was to preclude uncon-
the building and complying with the City’s seismic requirements. In trolled cracking and separation of the masonry, thereby reducing the
California, the California Historical Building Code (CHBC) is permit- likelihood of large blocks of masonry dislodging and increasing the
ted to be used for qualified historic properties. In recognition of the toughness of the bearing wall system. Due to the sensitivity of the
special conditions encountered in dealing with archaic materials and historic finishes, the coring was accomplished without water, primar-
construction, the CHBC contains fewer prescriptive requirements ily from the roof, which required threading cores as long as 75 feet
and provides broad discretion for the use of alternate materials and down through the masonry and also anchoring the reinforcement
methods of construction. Based on the provisions in the CHBC, the into a new perimeter bond beam at the roof.
prior performance during the 1906 earthquake was used to bench- In the case of Sherith Israel, roughly 20 percent of the more than
mark the strengths and weaknesses of the structure. A number of 6,000 linear feet of cores that were installed were horizontally-oriented.
alternate strengthening methods were identified which, as part of the These cores were used to stitch masonry corners together and to control
overarching “do no harm” project philosophy, could be installed with “unfolding” of the walls at plan articulations. A polymer grout was
little or no disruption to the structure’s character-defining features. engineered specifically for the project to match the stiffness of the
In the end, the sanctuary was left undisturbed, despite it occupying masonry, reduce shrinkage, reduce thermal cracking, reduce cost,
the vast majority of the building plan. Everything visible in Figure 2 and prevent damage to water-sensitive interior plaster finishes. The
is original; other than some localized repairs to correct prior water polymer binder in the grout also impregnates the adjacent porous
damage, this post-retrofit photo is indistinguishable from the pre- masonry materials as it bleeds, improving integrity in the process.
retrofit condition of the sanctuary.
Octagonal Tension Ring
Gable end walls are known to be susceptible to out-of-plane failures
Seismic Strengthening Techniques in relatively modest ground motions and, in the 1906 event, out-of-
Avoiding disruption to the extraordinary historic character of Sherith plane gable end wall failure at the south wall was underway. To reduce
Israel required a creative approach that utilized state-of-the-art mea- the vulnerability of the gable end walls, an octagonally-configured
sures, in concert with more traditional interventions like a roof level tension tie system with super-elastic nitinol “fuses” was added in the
bond beam and floor-to-wall ties that could be surgically installed. attic to promote re-centering and control out-of-phase, out-of-plane
behavior of the gable end walls and the main arches that support them.
Center Cores
Nitinol is a super-elastic, temperature-dependent, shape memory/
To improve the overall integrity of the bearing walls, center-cored nickel-titanium alloy. Its use on this project is believed to be the first
reinforcement – which the designers viewed as “integrity steel” – was use of nitinol for seismic resistance in North America. Nitinol’s pri-
added to the unreinforced masonry. The center core technique gener- mary use is in medical devices for which it can be engineered to provide
ally involves coring a hole within the unreinforced masonry, installing precisely specified properties, depending on the device. The project’s
M AY 2 019 23
structural engineers selected an significant folds, this wall is far more prone to out-of-plane instability
off-the-shelf product that pro- than the other perimeter walls, as evidenced by the inclined cracks that
vided the desired properties were caused by the 1906 earthquake and remain visible in several adjacent
within the normal temperature perpendicular plaster walls. Four reinforced concrete pilasters with unusual
range of the attic – fully recover- capabilities and geometries were designed for the north wall (Figure 5)
able strain to roughly five percent to supplement its stability.
to assist in re-centering and a The pilasters were necessary to preclude the north wall falling outward
“yield stress” of approximately from the building toward the north, but a typical pilaster designed
80 ksi at a strain of 1 percent to preclude northward instability would also stiffen the wall against
– and identified a technology southward displacement. Restraint against southward displacement was
for installing it within the bal- judged to be undesirable because, when the building displaces toward
ance of the tension tie system. the south during an earthquake, the stiffened north wall could be torn
Prototypes of the nitinol subas- free from the structure. To provide the necessary support against north-
sembly were subjected to testing ward instability while permitting southward movement, the pilasters,
in laboratories to confirm that dimensioned to approximate the plan articulations in the other three
these “fuses” would perform as exterior walls, were designed to uplift when the building moves to the
intended. Figure 3 shows the south and the base of each pilaster was designed to freely translate by
stress-strain curve of the nitinol. supporting it on a “rocking block”.
In many ancient houses of
Figure 5. Pilaster end supported on Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Catenary
rocking block in north alley. Courtesy
worship around the world, ten-
of Charley Stern. sion ties traverse the sanctuary To address a portion of the north wall masonry with an excessive span-
interior. However, in this case, to-thickness ratio between the above-described rocking pilasters that
passage of the tension ties through the murals on the interior dome was not accessible for center-coring, a horizontal strip of sandstone
and across the sanctuary interior was judged to be too disruptive. To veneer was temporarily removed to install a “catenary” of fiber-
circumvent the sanctuary interior completely, a “tension ring” concept reinforced polymer (FRP). This FRP catenary was anchored to the
was implemented using steel Dywidag rods that run parallel to and nearby compression-only pilasters and concealed within the veneer’s
hang from each of the eight original riveted plan-octagonal structural mortar bed, thus reinforcing the masonry out-of-plane and allowing
steel trusses that support the main drum and dome. The structural it to span horizontally between pilasters.
steel nodes of the octagonal tension ring are the reaction points for
Backup Support for Plaster
loading by the nitinol fuse assemblies, which are comprised of small-
Ceiling Framing
diameter nitinol wires in a loom-like support structure (Figure 4)
that was designed to be lightweight, easy to fabricate and install, and To reduce the likelihood of collapse of the heavy plaster vaulted and
easy to anchor to the masonry. domed ceilings over the sanctuary, backup support for the ceilings
was achieved by conversion of gable roof rafters into trusses. This was
Compression-Only Concrete Pilasters
accomplished via the addition of threaded rod tension members in the
The north elevation of Sherith Israel, hardly visible from the street and attic, across the gables, and by addition of secondary suspension wires
facing a narrow walkway that is required for emergency exiting, is a that connect the ceiling framing to the newly formed roof trusses.
mostly solid, mostly planar, four-wythe thick masonry wall. Without Relative to the incremental safety they provided, these additions were
incredibly cost-effective with respect to both materials and labor
required to convert the gables to trusses and to add the hanger wires.
Figure 6 shows a schematic cut-away diagram highlighting some
of the strengthening measures that were taken during the project.
Conclusions
More than one hundred years after the Temple Sherith Israel resisted the
1906 earthquake with relatively minor structural damage, the building
has undergone an extensive historic renovation and seismic strengthening,
meeting San Francisco’s upgrade requirements for unreinforced masonry
buildings and precluding the need to abandon and demolish the structure.
Key, from a structural standpoint, were the efforts taken to understand the
inherent positive seismic characteristics of the building and the framework
of the California Historical Building Code, which permits legal
recognition of alternate materials and construction in historic
preservation projects. ■
All authors are employed by Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates, Inc. in the
San Francisco office.
Terrence F. Paret is a Senior Principal. (tparet@wje.com)
Gwenyth R. Searer is a Principal. (gsearer@wje.com)
Figure 6. Schematic cut-away diagram showing some of the strengthening Sigmund A. Freeman is a Senior Principal. (sfreeman@wje.com)
measures that were implemented. Courtesy of ELS Architecture and Urban Design.
STRUCTURE
solutions
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STRUCTURE solutions
SIMPSON STRONG-TIE
PROFILE
Choosing Resiliency: Lessons from Hurricane Michael
By Doug Allen, P.E.
R esilience, or resiliency: The capacity to recover quickly from

difficulties; toughness. The ability of a substance or object to
spring back into shape; elasticity.
In the wake of recent hurricane seasons, the theme of structural resiliency
has resurfaced with renewed urgency. Hurricanes pose a triple threat of
high winds, substantial rain, and storm surge. Extreme weather cost the
nation nearly $100 billion in damage during 2018. Accordingly, aware-
ness has risen within affected and surrounding coastal regions regarding
their communities’ existing structural resilience ratings.
In the days after Hurricane Michael made landfall, survey teams began
to quantify the destruction as a first step to recovery. News report-
ers gravitated toward the stark contrast between the structures still energy use or environmental impact. Expected life is often approximated
standing and the surrounding devastation. One such example is the for the water heater, furnace, AC unit or shingles, but rarely is the struc-
much-publicized Sand Palace on Mexico Beach. This juxtaposition raised tural soundness discussed as an area of value. This is likely because of the
many questions: What made this structure so resilient? What were the buyer’s implicit trust that the structure has been built to the latest build-
differences between this structure and the others? How much did those ing codes and that the codes will suffice to ensure the occupants’ safety
differences cost? Were they differences in design, in construction, or in the event of a natural disaster. However, building codes are intended
both? Was this added measure of resilience known prior to the storm? merely to provide life safety in the event of a design-level natural disaster;
Structural Extreme Events Reconnaissance (StEER) Network, a this does not imply that the structure and its furnishings will survive the
group focused on research of structural performance in extreme disaster in usable condition. Additionally, older buildings designed and
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events, deployed prior to Hurricane Michael making landfall and built to superseded codes are typically less resilient because they have
were very instrumental in the damage assessment process. StEER was not benefited from later code provisions developed in response to the
strategic in setting up towers to measure the storm’s wind speed along lessons of more recent catastrophes or the latest research.
its forecasted trajectory, and they used color-coded maps identifying Just as we have instituted a 5-star crash rating system for vehicles,
the different demographic of houses by their year of construction many people think it’s time for estimated performance metrics or
and their implied vulnerability. It quickly became obvious that many ratings for what is usually the largest investment of our lives. As we
of the structures were in older communities and were built in the build the communities of our future generations, city planners and
1960s and 1970s. Consistent with the havoc caused by Hurricane engineers are trying to find the perfect balance between cost and
Harvey in 2017, many older structures exposed to high wind were resiliency. Too often, however, the focus is on the short-term versus
significantly, if not totally, damaged or destroyed. the life cycle of the building.
Considering the devastation wrought upon families that lost their One example of this added measure of resiliency is provided by
homes or business, I wonder how such a catastrophe would affect me. the IBHS through their FORTIFIED Home™ program. Would
So often when we are buying homes, realtors speak to the aspects of the you pay an additional $5,000 to level up the resiliency of one of
house that are associated with value, aesthetic features such as granite your biggest investments? What if, due to the increased resiliency,
countertops or hardwood flooring, or features that reduce the building’s you also received reduced insurance premiums to help offset the
additional costs? Habitat for Humanity often builds their structures
to the FORTIFIED Home standards. A small cluster of Habitat
homes that were located in the path of Michael performed very well,
proving that the effort and minimal added cost make the difference.
As we rebuild our communities and recognize the value of resiliency,
we can make choices that have lasting effects. In the coming years, I
expect to start hearing from realtors about the genetic makeup, the
skeleton, the structure of the homes and businesses they are selling.
I expect the marketplace to start allowing more room for resiliency
decisions, along with metrics that quantify resiliency to the consumer
of new construction or retrofit options. As an engineering community,
we have the responsibility and opportunity to continue to evolve,
educate, and support the built environment – comprising our homes,
schools and workplaces, and the supporting infrastructure alike.
Whether you are an engineer, builder, or homeowner, our High-
Wind Solutions page has resources to help you protect structures
against high-wind events. Visit strongtie.com/highwind.
26-SS STRUCTURE solutions

The only clip
proven to perform
in full-scale testing.
The new SCS seismic clip doubles the

in-plane capacity of other bypass clips.
The innovative SCS seismic bypass framing connector from
Simpson Strong-Tie is engineered for either slide-clip or fixed-clip
applications in high-seismic areas. Backed by our real-world,
full-scale cyclic testing, the SCS seismic clip delivers the
highest seismic loads in the industry.
Trust the value-engineered SCS seismic connector for your next
project. Visit go.strongtie.com/scs or call (800) 999-5099.
© 2019 Simpson Strong-Tie Company Inc. SCS18-E

STRUCTURE solutions
ADHESIVES TECHNOLOGY CORPORATION

PROFILE
A New Future for Code Compliant Anchoring Adhesives
A Legacy of Innovation
Adhesives Technology Corporation (ATC) was founded in
1978 and, within 10 years of its inception, changed the com-
mercial anchoring adhesives industry with its introduction of
ULTRABOND 1, the first ever dual component epoxy system to
fit in a standard caulking tool. This cartridge-based delivery system
was often imitated and remains a staple in the anchoring adhesive
industry to this day. In the decades to follow, ATC’s continued
dedication to strategic innovation has allowed for sustained growth,
culminating in its 2018 alliance with Meridian Adhesives Group.
A calculated approach to an evolving industry has provided ATC
with a unique perspective, and the result is likely to change the
industry yet again. ULTRABOND HS-1CC, first-ever code approved anchoring epoxy in bulk,
specified by GEC Engineering for use in critical infrastructure applications by
What’s Changing? JB James Construction to repair the Lake Pontchartrain Causeway Bridge in
Louisiana. Courtesy of Navin75 via Flickr.com.
Historically, individual states have maintained their own approval
lists for adhesive anchoring materials for use on infrastructure merger of the two construction sectors, ATC began a 4-year devel-
projects, while structural projects have been regulated according opment effort to create the adhesive anchoring epoxy known today
to IBC/IRC guidelines and require anchoring products certified as ULTRABOND HS-1CC, a high-performance anchoring epoxy
by ICC or IAPMO, ensuring higher performance and quality that would satisfy the requirements of both commercial construc-
ADVERTORIAL
standards as defined in ACI 355.4. In January 2018, however, the tion and infrastructure specifiers. In 2017, ATC began independent
FHWA announced that all post-installed adhesive anchors used and statewide testing of its new, domestically produced flagship
in Federal-Aid projects must be tested to ACI 355.4 and designed product, and in 2018 received a structural building code compliant
to ACI 318. This is a critical regulatory change that has effected approval report (ICC ESR-4094). Through this printing, HS-1CC
significant change in DOT regulations across the country. Add is included on authorized materials lists in 31 of the 40 states that
to that the executive order signed in January 2019 that mandates, maintain such lists, and remaining states are pending.
“the use of goods, products, and materials produced in the United
Finally, a Solution
States,”1 on infrastructure projects utilizing federal funds, and
suddenly designers and contractors are faced with the necessity to ULTRABOND HS-1CC’s patent-pending technology makes
find a domestically manufactured product that meets or exceeds it the first and only anchoring adhesive approved by ICC in both
IBC/IRC requirements, whether they are designing a high-rise cartridge and bulk dispensing systems. It boasts the highest average
building, a tunnel, or a bridge. bond strength of any anchoring epoxy on the market today and
is made in the USA. This is why, shortly after receiving its ICC
Speaking of Bridges…
report, HS-1CC was specified as the anchoring epoxy for the Lake
According to the most recent Report Card issued by American Pontchartrain Causeway bridge project in Louisiana (targeted to
Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) in 2017, America’s infrastructure begin in mid-2019), making it the first project ever to utilize a
rates a D+ on a scale from A-F. Almost 40% of the nation’s bridges code approved anchoring epoxy delivered via bulk dispensing
are at least 50 years old and, in 2016, over 56,000 were deemed pumps for better economy, speed, and lower environmental impact.
structurally deficient. Estimates to repair these bridges top $120 Whether the need is for high volume bulk dispensing for roadway
billion. In 2015, ATC began exploring the role its products could dowels, higher performance for critical structural connections, high
play in addressing the needs of designers and contractors as they short-term temperature resistance (up to 205°F), or underwater
carry out this immense scope of work. installation, a single product can be specified. For projects where
Traditionally, the highest performing adhesive anchoring products environmental concerns require a product which is drinking water
have been manufactured primarily by European companies. They safe, nonylphenol and lead-free, and packaged in bulk for reduced
have produced them almost solely in cartridges, neglecting the bulk environmental impact, ULTRABOND HS-1CC will meet those
application needs of contractors and designers focused on higher requirements as well. After 40 years, Adhesives Technology continues
volume infrastructure work common in the U.S. This forced these to innovate, and its latest creation promises to be the new standard
designers and contractors to choose between performance and ease on jobsites into the foreseeable future.
of use and, in many cases, between domestic and foreign adhesives.
Taking all of this into consideration and foreseeing an inevitable 800-892-1880 | atcinfo@atcepoxy.com | www.atcepoxy.com
www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/executive-order-strengthening-buy-american-preferences-infrastructure-projects
1

WHY SPECIFY ANYTHING LESS THAN
THE WORLD’S STRONGEST
ANCHORING EPOXY
NEW ULTRABOND HS-1CC DELIVERS SUPERIOR VALUE AND PERFORMANCE TO HILTI RE 500 V3
ULTRABOND HS-1CC is the world’s first and only anchoring epoxy formulated
to be IBC/IRC code compliant in both bulk and cartridge dispensing systems.
It also happens to be the world’s strongest anchoring epoxy for use in dry, ESR-4094
damp, water-filled and submerged holes. MH61032
ULTRABOND HS-1CC is the preferred choice for infrastructure and construction projects all across
the country. Not only is it made in the USA, it is included on Departments of Transportation authorized
materials lists in 31 of the 40 states that maintain such lists, and remaining states are pending.
For more information, visit atcepoxy.com/HS-1CC.
450 EAST COPANS ROAD POMPANO BEACH, FLORIDA 33064 USA | 1.800.892.1880 | WWW.ATCEPOXY.COM
HILTI IS A REGISTERED TRADEMARK OF HILTI AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT CORPORATION.
STRUCTURE solutions
STRONGWELL
PROFILE
S trongwell has been developing pultruded structural composites
for over 60 years. These composite products are used in more
than 30 market sectors and in a broad range of applications, includ-
protection. A small work crew completed the entire renovation in less
than four weeks, including the installation of all HS Armor panels,
drywall, paint, trim, new entryways, and updated electrical wiring.
ing: industrial platforms, skyscrapers, architectural façades, industrial
Project: Pultruded Stairs Eliminate Corrosion Cycle for
flooring and decking, security barriers, telecommunications shielding
Oceanfront Lodging
and screening, architectural and industrial handrail and guardrail,
fencing, walkway grating, wastewater separation, pedestrian foot- An oceanfront lodge on the Isle
bridges, and aquatic structures. The company’s industry-leading, of Palms, South Carolina, has a
proprietary Design Manual and Corrosion Resistance Guide provide main lobby on the structure’s
a powerful, versatile, and intuitive structural design solution ready first floor, which is elevated 12
to tackle any new-build or refurbishment challenge in place of, or feet above ground level due to
in harmony with, traditional materials. its proximity to the ocean. For
The following case studies illustrate the versatility of some of years, the steel and concrete
Strongwell’s exclusively Made in the USA products. access stairs to the lobby
continually rusted and degraded.
Project: Architectural Adornment and Awning Supports using
Eventually, the stairs deteriorated
EXTREN® Fiberglass I-Beams, Wide Flange Beams, and Channels
beyond repair. The management
Near Glendale, California, sits a brand-new multi-story housing company reported that it spent
complex which blends outdoor living with industrial style. The complex over $2,500 annually to have the
provides studio, one-, two-, and three-bedroom floorplans. stairs sandblasted, rust treated, and repainted in their attempt to slow
EXTREN 525 series pultruded fiberglass structural shapes offer the the degradation. The overall annual process would create inaccessibility
industrial look of steel, which fits well with the desired fascia aesthet- for almost two weeks with no significant improvement to aesthetics.
ADVERTORIAL
ics and structural support needs of the housing complex, but with a Rust began to quickly reappear within 60 days of treatment.
much lighter weight, higher corrosion resistance, and improved UV To further complicate accessibility, the 54-inch front staircase for
and thermal performance. To welcome new renters with an industrial the lodge shared the same corrosion cycle as the 96-inch access stairs
motif, the leasing office requested an exposed subtle beam threshold. to the service elevators adjacent to the front of the facility, which
Three EXTREN I-Beams (12- x 6- x ½-inch) were utilized for this meant that, for several weeks each year, there was construction going
application, and lend continuity with the exterior façade, which is on simply to try and maintain the stairs.
made up of EXTREN Fiberglass Beams as well. EXTREN Wide The associated ongoing corrosion costs began to worry the lodge’s
Flanges with channels serve as side supports for awnings and balconies. HOA board, so they began to look at ownership costs over a
On the top floor of this housing complex, residents are treated to a 15-year period and calculated that almost $20,000 of maintenance
communal area, which houses an entertainment venue complete with expenses had been spent just on maintaining the stairs. Under the
kegerator, foosball, table tennis, and a well-equipped bar. The Skydeck advisement of a structural engineer and several general contractors,
is supported with a series of connections of wide flanges and channels, the board learned that steel, cast-in-place concrete, or structural FRP
also from EXTREN 525 series fiberglass structural shapes, to bring were the three viable options for replacing the failing stairs. Upon
the entire theme together. consideration of the three options, the
board chose EXTREN structural FRP,
Project: HS Armor Fiberglass Ballistic
as it offered the possibility of as many as
Panels Secure a School Waiting Area
75 years or more of life expectancy. This
School districts nationwide are taking option also provided the lowest 10-year
proactive steps to ensure school safety and overall ownership costs compared to the
security. In addition to training, schools steel (32% less) and cast-in-place concrete
have begun to implement smart technology (57% less) options.
and materials to combat security threats. As the stairs remain one of two access
Strongwell’s HS Armor panels began as points for check-ins, using EXTREN
a military product application, installed also provided a significant reduction in
and tested throughout the world to protect downtime compared to steel (88%) and
high value government assets. With proven applications, and success- cast-in-place concrete (98%) without the need for special permits or
ful use in the commercial building and vehicular markets as well, an traffic rerouting.
educational institution in Tennessee installed HS Armor, during a These recent case studies are just three of many that illustrate Strongwell’s
recent renovation, as a part of its overall plan to secure entry points. Structural Fiberglass as an intuitive struc-
276-645-8000
Because it was a full renovation, the school district installed tural design solution for your next building
info@strongwell.com
Strongwell’s HS Armor panels onto metal studwork prior to installing project. Visit www.strongwell.com/
www.strongwell.com
a finish layer of drywall to conceal the UL 752 Level 8 (NIJ Level III) structure to learn more.

PowerfUl · Versatile · intUitiVe
structural Design solutions
Architectural Adornment Project (Opposite)
visit www.strongwell.com/strUctUre to learn more
STEEL strongwell ProDUcts ProUDlY
the World leader in Pultrusion and

FIBERGLASS Pultruded Fiberglass structures & shapes
ISO 9001 Quality Certified
Manufacturing Plants 276-645-8000 • info@strongwell.com
www.strongwell.com
STRUCTURE solutions PROFILE
CAST CONNEX
F ifteen years ago, a research group at the University of Toronto
set out to explore how steel casting manufacturing could
be leveraged to simplify and improve complex structural steel
Diablo™ Bolted Splices (DBS) are cast steel fittings that enable
unobtrusive field bolted splices in round HSS members. The fittings
are designed such that the bolted connection is inboard of the outer
connections. Through a full-scale destructive testing of castings diameter of the HSS. Splices made with DBSs can be sheathed in
that they designed, those researchers saw firsthand how castings thin-gauge plate to conceal the splice completely or can be left
could provide dramatically improved structural performance uncovered to provide a more technical aesthetic.
and resilience over conventionally fabricated steel connections. Timber End Connectors™ (TEC) are clevis-type fittings designed
They also recognized the architectural potential of the geometric to connect to the ends of heavy timber or glue-laminated structural
freedom afforded by casting manufacturing. elements loaded in predominately tension or compression for use
in architecturally exposed applications.
Elegance in Design
High Strength Connectors™ (HSC) and Cast Bolted Brackets
Fueled by a passion to improve safety and enhance the beauty of (CBB) are capacity designed connectors for use in Special and
the built environment, two graduate students from that research Ordinary Concentrically Braced Frames and Special and Ordinary
group made it their life’s work to enable structural engineers to Moment Frames, respectively. Both connector types eliminate the
leverage castings in their building and bridge designs. And thus, need for field welding, thereby reducing the total installed cost of
in 2007, CAST CONNEX was born. Since then, the company the structural steel frame while improving quality. High Strength
has put thousands of steel castings into service in hundreds of Connectors are also commonly used in AESS, as their use results
structures, establishing itself as an enabler of its collaborators’ in smaller gusset plates and because the connectors’ curvaceous
innovative designs as well as an innovator in its own right. appearance is often preferred over slotted-HSS connections that
Today, CAST CONNEX is a rapidly growing multinational require net section reinforcement.
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organization, and elegance in design remains one of the company’s Scorpion™ Yielding Connectors (SYC) are modular, replaceable,
core values. To CAST CONNEX, elegance encompasses standardized hysteretic fuses that provide enhanced ductility and
everything from utility to aesthetics to manufacturability. “All improved performance in the retrofit of seismically deficient
of our solutions are developed with the aim to improve overall structures or for use in the Seismic Force Resisting System of
structural performance and safety, to simplify steel fabrication new structures. The system exhibits a full, symmetric hysteresis
and field installation, and to beautify the spaces in which our characterized by an increase in stiffness at deformations above design
components are used,” says company President and CEO, Carlos level. In multistory structures, this post-yield stiffening can decrease
de Oliveira. Company co-founder and Vice President, Dr. Michael the likelihood of the formation of a soft story and results in a more
Gray is equally motivated. “In my ideal world, there would be more uniform distribution of inelastic demand over the building’s height
incentive to push buildings to higher levels of performance,” says when compared to other yielding devices that exhibit a low post-
Gray. “As an industry, we ought to move beyond code minimum; yield stiffness.
we need to elevate our standards. And not just for structural High Integrity Blocks® (HIB) are ultra-heavy weldable solid
performance, but for aesthetics in design, too.” steel components that exhibit a minimum 50 ksi yield strength
CAST CONNEX offers pre-engineered steel connection and elevated notch toughness in all three directions of loading and
solutions ranging in applicability from strictly functional to through the full cross-section of the section. HIBs are ideal for use
products ideal for use in architecturally exposed structural steel at the Disturbed Regions of Connections where lamellar defects in
(AESS). The company also engineers and supplies custom designed conventional rolled plate may compromise quality and strength of
cast steel components. the connection, or where the lamination of multiple steel plates to
build up a section is not advisable due to the need to transmit forces
A Variety of Solutions
in multiple directions or orthogonal to the laminations.
Universal Pin Connectors™ (UPC) are sleek, clevis-type CAST CONNEX also provides design-build services for
standardized fittings designed to connect to round hollow Custom Cast Steel Components. Custom castings are designed
structural section (HSS) elements for use in AESS applications. The to address project-specific needs and can provide economy in
connectors are carefully sculpted to provide smooth transitional shop fabrication and field erection as well as create connection
geometry that is otherwise unachievable using standard fabrication details that enable iconic architecture. The company’s turnkey
practices. Architectural Tapers™ (ART) are hollowed, cast services related to custom casting supply typically include
structural steel conical tapers also designed to connect to round industrial design and 3-dimensional
HSS for use in AESS applications. Both UPCs and ARTs can be modeling, engineering including 416-806-3521
used on their own at the ends of steel columns, braces, struts, and finite element stress analysis, casting info@castconnex.com
ties, or used together, lending a slenderer overall appearance to detailing , and manufacturing www.castconnex.com
structural elements fitted with the connectors. including oversight.

THE EXCEPTIONAL
IS IN THE DETAILS
Emory University Hospital J-Wing Expansion Photography by Robbins Photography, Inc

by SmithGroup JJR with Walter P Moore
We provide an array of Cast Steel Solutions:

From Pre-engineered to Custom Castings,
We are expert in working with Architects to
produce exceptional results.
UNIVERSAL PIN CONNECTOR™

www.castconnex.com
STRUCTURE solutions
Direct Design Software v3 NATIONAL CONCRETE

PROFILE
The next generation of structural
masonry analysis MASONRY ASSOCIATION
D irect Design Software (DDS) is a structural analysis program
for designing single and multi-story, reinforced concrete
masonry buildings. The software provides a streamlined procedure
• Ease of use with a low learning curve
DDS includes an intuitive user interface. Buildings are created by
defining plan dimensions, number of stories and story heights, diaphragm
for determining loads, analyzing load paths, performing design properties, roof configuration, and locations of openings. Based on the
ADVERTORIAL
checks, and creating drawings, resulting in an economical structural building geometry and loading criteria, DDS calculates the lateral loads
masonry design with little effort. resulting from the main wind force, components and cladding, and
Structural software packages tend to come in two forms: simple, seismic loads. Gravity loads resulting from user-defined dead, live, and
member-based analysis platforms for designing discrete elements or snow loads are distributed using conventional engineering mechanics.
systems, and complex software, capable of analyzing exotic geometries The software generates structural concrete masonry designs in compli-
and arbitrary loading scenarios. The gap between these extremes is soft- ance with the 2015 edition of the International Building Code, which
ware that can analyze a full 3-D masonry structure but does not require references the 2013 TMS 402, Building Code Requirements for Masonry
a high level of computing power, training investment, and effort. That Structures. The basis for the design loading requirements is the 2010
gap has remained largely unfilled – until now. To provide engineers and ASCE 7, Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures.
designers with a best-of-both-worlds tool to safely and economically One of the primary goals for DDS is the complete transparency of all
design masonry, Direct Design Software Version 3.0 is now available. design calculations. Users can verify design loads and material resistance
The core goals for this application include: at any stage of design by checking the design report. Design results are
• Automation of the full structural workflow, from loads to shown in detail to allow for anything from a quick, at-a-glance overview
analysis to design checks to drawings of status to an in-depth calculation review.
• Support for most common masonry building configurations Direct Design Software truly is the next generation of structural
• Transparency of calculations, design assumptions, and masonry analysis. A trial version is available for free download at
methodology www.directdesignsoftware.com.
• A masonry-specific application, rather than a general-purpose
703-713-1900 | info@ncma.org | www.ncma.org
application adapted for masonry
DIRECT DESIGN SOFTWARE v3

Masonry: Clear. Precise. Direct.
Design Pressures Out-Of-Plane Wall Checks
Pressure values from Equation 28.4-1: LOADS Check Summary
CHECKS
For each check, this shows whether it passed or failed, the index of the critical load combination, and the ratio of th
DRAWINGS COMPLIANCE SUMMARY
p = q (GC -GC ) = (145.49 psf)(0.61--0.18) = 114.94 psf (Windward surface,provided,
edge zonee.g. Mᵘ/ M ). A ratio greater than 1.0 is failing. Load combinations are listed beneath the table.
p = q (GC -GC ) = (145.49 psf)(0.40--0.18) = 84.38 psf (Windward surface, field zone
All
Pass?
Length Axial
Stress
Axial
Force
P-M
Intr
P-M
Intr
P-
Flex
#5 #5 #5 #5 #5
Code Compliance Status
Check Check Check Check Check #4 #5 #4
@ top @ mid Wall Segments (In-Plane Loading): All 30 are passing
p = q (GC -GC ) = (145.49 psf)(-0.43-0.18) = -88.75 psf (Leeward surface, edge zone
Segment 1 in Wall along Yes 10.00 ft 0.073 (1) 0.061 (1) 0.000 (1) 0.668 (16) 0.642 (16)
grid 1 from A to B, Story 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass Wall Segments (Out-of-Plane Loading): All 30 are passing
p = q (GC -GC ) = (145.49 psf)(-0.29-0.18) = -68.38 psf (Leeward surface, field zone2 in Wall along
Segment Yes 2.00 ft 0.131 (1) 0.060 (1) 0.000 (1) 0.312 (16) 0.298 (16)
grid 1 from A to B, Story 1
Segment 3 in Wall along Yes 11.33 ft
Pass
0.068 (1)
Pass
0.059 (1)
Pass
0.000 (1)
Pass
0.719 (16)
Pass
0.695 (16)
6' 6' Wall Header & Sill Panels (Out-of-Plane Loading): All 28 are passing
88.75 psf
psf 88.7
88.75
.75 psf
ps grid 1 from A to B, Story 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
1 2 3f 4 Lintels: All 16 are passing
68.38 psf
psf Segment 1 in Wall along Yes 4.00 ft 0.090 (1) 0.057 (1) 0.000 (1) 0.328 (16) 0.316 (16)
Z
88.7
88.75
.75 ps
psff 88.75 psf
psf 88.75
88. 75 ps
psff 88.75 psf
psf grid 2 from A to B, Story 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
A 68.38 psf ps
psf
114.94 psff 88.756868.3
ps.3
psf.38
f 8 ps
psff
114.94 ps
psff 88.75 pspsf Segment 2 in Wall along Yes 2.67 ft 0.106 (1) 0.057 (1) 0.000 (1) 0.227 (16) 0.218 (16) Diaphragm Levels (Chord Reinforcement): All levels pass
B grid 2 from A to B, Story 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
114.94
94 ps
psff 88 Segment 3 in Wall along Yes 10.00 ft 0.058 (1) 0.048 (1) 0.000 (1) 0.476 (16) 0.461 (16) 2' 2' Structure has one or more irregularities, but the relevant provisions do not trigger anything th
grid 2 from A to B, Story 1 Pass Pass Pass Pass Pass
X
Direct Design Software enables design of an entire masonry

structure in minutes, with just a few simple inputs in the intuitive user
Try it FREE TODAY! interface. This easy to learn software generates code-compliant structural
masonry analyses per TMS 402 with design load calculations per ASCE 7.
The powerful program is fully automated, detailing every block and reinforcing bar
and displaying the full text of every calculation for easy verification. Fully-detailed
wall elevation drawings quickly communicate the design.
Direct Design Software saves time and cuts costs by doing the tedious work for you
and letting you focus on your clients and project workflow. Start your free trial today
www.directdesignsoftware.com and unlock the power of Direct Design!

STRUCTURE solutions
SIDEPLATE SYSTEMS
PROFILE
Optimized. Minimized. Simplified.
S idePlate Systems is entering its 25th year of serving the struc-

tural engineering world with experience extending across
750-plus projects totaling over 115M square feet of building area.
as compared to conventional moment frame packages. Even more
savings come during the erection phase as SidePlate connections are
field-bolted, requiring no on-site welding – or welding inspections.
A design optimization process, SidePlate looks at the lateral struc- With a field-bolted connection, erectors can stay on schedule in
ADVERTORIAL
ture for a building and finds the most efficient way to build it by almost any weather.
engineering a system that puts steel where it is actually needed. There is no question that the SidePlate design process is very tech-
Working as an extension of the design team, SidePlate engineers nical – with a number of pre-approvals and prequalifications – but
will implement their connection technology to resist wind, seismic, the fabrication process is incredibly simplified. Any fabrication
or progressive collapse situations. The stiffness of the SidePlate- shop can build a SidePlate design with no special or proprietary
designed connections offers incredible design opportunities. From tools required. SidePlate’s detailed drawings and calculations are
elongated cantilevers to vast open showrooms to utilizing all the included directly in the construction documents, helping to elim-
available space in a building by eliminating the need to hide vertical inate deferred submittals. The simplified approach carries into
braces, a SidePlate engineered building helps an Engineer of Record erection as field-bolted connections help keep a project on schedule.
fulfill almost any architectural requirement. Beams can be installed in virtually any weather, and bolting requires
Inherent in the SidePlate designs are multiple opportunities for no preheating or UT inspections.
owners and general contractors to see significant cost reductions in A design process that specializes in optimized lateral systems,
a project. The stiffness of the SidePlate moment frames often mini- focusing on providing benefits to the entire project, SidePlate has
mizes the required number of connections by 20-30% as compared a 25-year history of proven results in offering structural engineers
to conventional moment frame buildings. More savings are found an alternative to the same old thing.
in steel costs, as the inherent connection design stiffness allows
949-238-8900 | info@sideplate.com | www.sideplate.com
the lateral system to reduce column and beam weights by 15-20%
OPTIMIZED. MINIMIZED. SIMPLIFIED.

SIDEPLATE BENEFITS:
• Schedule efficiency
• Field-bolted construction
• No field-welding
• Reduced required connections
• Minimized crane time
• Increased design flexibility
• Reduced steel package costs
• Increased useable square
footage
www.sideplate.com
949-238-8900
info@sideplate.com
M AY 2 019 35-SS
NEW MILLENNIUM
N ew Millennium Building Systems is in the business of
solutions. Solutions involving a range of structural steel
building systems. Solutions providing dramatic cost savings.
Solutions utilizing pioneering BIM-based design capabilities.
Solutions achieving your architectural vision. Solutions exceeding
ADVERTORIAL
expectations.
New Millennium engineers and manufactures a breadth of steel
building systems, from standard steel joists and deck to architecturally
unique steel joist and deck solutions.
• Steel roofing and flooring systems
• Ceiling and cladding systems
• Multi-story, long-span composite slab floor systems
• Stay-in-place steel and concrete form systems for bridges
Each New Millennium steel solution is custom-engineered to
streamline the design-build process and reduce total project costs.
New Millennium specialists use their expertise to help customers With engineering, manufacturing, and service facilities throughout
evaluate and determine the best solution for their application. The the country, New Millennium is perfectly positioned to support and
result is a tailored building system that lowers costs, shortens project respond to customers quickly and efficiently.
timelines, and is visually stunning. Together, let’s meet the growing demand for advancements in aesthetic
We do not get there alone, however. New Millennium experts design, functional spaces, positive environmental outcomes, and cost
collaborate with design teams, builders, and building owners from containment. Together, let’s build a better
the concept phase through project completion. steel experience. www.newmill.com
OPTIMIZE YOUR MULTI-STORY Advanced long-span

composite floor systems
DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION Create open spans up to 36 feet
with solutions that can be 40%
lighter than cast in place. Reduce
installation costs and improve field
safety. Achieve your vision with
architecturally exposed deck-ceiling
and acoustical options. Fire, sound
and vibration code compliant.
• Efficient Construction
• Aesthetics and Performance
• Two Distinct Profiles
YOUR N AT IO N W ID E RES O U RC E F O R C U STO M - E N GI N E E R E D ST RU C T U R A L ST E E L B UI L D I N G SYST E M S
www.newmill.com
18-NMBS-2_structure-MSR.indd 1 12/7/18 4:56 PM

GEOPIER FOUNDATION COMPANY
S tructural engineers choose Geopier ground improvement sys-
tems for a variety of good reasons. Geopier GP3®, Impact®,
Rampact®, X1®, Armorpact®, GeoConcrete®, and Densipact®
settlements. Geopier’s rigid inclusion systems are used in very poor
soils (e.g. variable fill or soft, organic soil) to support heavy building
loads and provide an advantage over pile foundations because no
systems have supported thousands of structures around the world. structural pile caps are required. Geopier’s Rammed Aggregate
These ground improvement systems can often replace the need for Pier® systems have also been successful at mitigating total and dif-
ADVERTORIAL
deep foundations, such as driven piles, drilled shafts, or augered ferential liquefaction settlements beneath structures in highly seismic
cast-in-place piles, effectively allowing structural engineers to con- areas, as measurably demonstrated during large earthquakes in New
vert to less expensive shallow foundation systems. Geopier ground Zealand and Ecuador.
improvement allows shallow foundations to be designed for high Geopier has licensed installers in all of North America, as well as
soil bearing pressures, sometimes up to 10 ksf, while controlling in Central and South America, Europe, New Zealand, Australia,
the Philippines, South Korea, and the Middle East. The design-
build model allows local Geopier engineers to work directly with
structural engineers to develop a ground improvement solution for
project-specific soil conditions and building loads. The 30-year old
company has worked on some high-profile projects, such as NASA’s
Stennis Space Center in Mississippi, Assembly Row, and a 5-block
mixed-use development in Massachusetts, Grand Condominiums
(12-story structure with 2-levels of below grade parking) in Ontario.
Through dedicated research and develop-
800-371-7470
ment, Geopier continues to expand system
info@geopier.com
capabilities to meet virtually all foundation
www.geopier.com
design challenges.
GEOPIER GROUND
IMPROVEMENT CONTROLS
STRUCTURE SETTLEMENT
GIVE YOUR STRUCTURE
STABILITY
Work with Geopier’s geotechnical
engineers to solve your ground
improvement challenges. Submit
your project specifications to receive
a customized feasibility assessment
and preliminary cost estimate at
geopier.com/feasibilityrequest.
800-371-7470 • geopier.com
info@geopier.com
GEOPIER IS GROUND IMPROVEMENT®
M A Y 2 019 37-SS
STRUCTUREPOINT Concrete Software Solutions
S tructurePoint originated in 1957 as the Engineering Software
Group of the Portland Cement Association (PCA). The group
created software to provide design aids and automatic calculations for
spWall
• From shear walls and retaining walls to precast, ICF, and
tilt-up walls, engineers worldwide use spWall v5.01 to optimize
structural engineers to analyze and design reinforced concrete structures. complicated wall design, reinforcing, and deflections.
As software became a widely-used tool in the engineering industry, • spWall’s graphical interface easily generates complex wall
the group pursued better aesthetics, faster development, and skilled models. Wall geometry (including any number of openings and
employees. In 2007, under the direction of a trusted PCA employee, stiffeners), material properties, loads (point, line, and area), and
the group reorganized as StructurePoint, an independent entity with support conditions are assigned graphically by the user
the complete support of its legacy organization.
StructurePoint Launches spLearn
As stewards and enhancers of PCA software, StructurePoint engineers
focus on developing and maintaining a simplified suite of software We have developed our spLearn service program to extend our
for analysis and design of reinforced concrete buildings, bridges, and knowledge and support via training and consulting engineering services.
structures. We provide uniquely focused programs to facilitate efficient Call us at 847-966-4357 to set up a customized training session, or
and cost-effective completion of demanding projects. select a topic from our website for one of the options below:
As our global market expands, we retain important relationships with Design Examples include detailed hand solutions of reinforced
established clients (some dating back to our software’s inception in the concrete structural members based on building design codes ACI 318
1960s), while gaining the trust of new engineers, academics, and firms. and CSA A23.3. The examples are selected from the most commonly used
In recognition of our emphasis on excellent service and research- references by practicing engineers. A model for each example is created
based development in our niche market, engineers everywhere value using the corresponding StructurePoint software program; then, results
StructurePoint as the gateway to the vast resources of the concrete are compared in detail with results obtained from the reference and hand
industry. solution. The goal of the detailed design examples is to provide the user
ADVERTORIAL
with a detailed reference to better understand how StructurePoint software
StructurePoint Software Overview
works and to prevent the uninformed use of the software. Samples:
spColumn • Two-Way Flat Slab (Drop Panels) Concrete Floor Analysis
• With newly introduced sp2D/3D View Module and powered and Design
by the advanced and flexible graphical interface of the new • Two-Way Joist (Waffle Slab) Concrete Floor System Analysis
model editor for creating and modifying irregular sections, and Design
spColumn v6.50 is widely used for design and investigation Video Tutorials describe theories and applications of StructurePoint
of columns, shear walls, bridge piers, as well as typical framing software. The videos related to each application help engineers to
elements in buildings and other structures. better understand the situation where each software can be used and
• spColumn v6.50 also features an improved spReporter module the considerations needed in the process of creating the models. The
with new features for generating, viewing, and exporting reports. videos regarding theories help users to understand how the program
spMats works and which methodologies are adapted by StructurePoint
• Powered by a sophisticated FEM Solver, increasing capacity and software. Some of the available videos assist users in getting familiar
substantially speeding up solutions for large and complex models, with the software interface and optimize their time and effort to use
spMats v8.50 is widely used for analysis, design, and investigation the programs quickly, simply, and accurately. Samples:
of concrete mat foundations, footings, and slabs on grade. • StructurePoint Suite Overview
• spMats v8.50 provides integration with spColumn via • Two-Way Floor Systems
exporting of CTI files Technical Articles discuss advanced topics that engineers might
spSlab/spBeam encounter while designing reinforced concrete structural members. These
• Powered by the Equivalent Frame Method of analysis and articles help engineers in making engineering judgments that would lead
design, spSlab v5.50 (formerly ADOSS) is widely used for to a safe yet economical design using StructurePoint software. Samples:
analysis, design, and investigation of two-way slab systems • Comparison of Concrete Two-way Slab Analysis Methods
(including waffle and slab bands), beams and one-way slab • Flexural Effective Stiffness for Individual Columns
systems (including standard and wide module joist systems). Related to our spLearn service, our spAcademic service program
• With capacity to integrate up to 20 spans and two cantilevers focuses on providing tools and resources to educators and academic
of a wide variety of floor system types, spSlab is equipped institutions in order to prepare students to join the engineering
to provide cost-effective, accurate, and fast solutions to industry. If you are an educator and would like additional information,
engineering challenges. please request a toolkit from structurepoint.org/spAcademic
info@structurepoint.com | www.structurepoint.org

ALL WEATHER INSULATED PANELS
Providing Solutions for Your Construction Project
A s the construction industry becomes more cognizant about

sustainability and green design, architects and structural
engineers face daunting challenges – design a building that is
energy-efficient, can offer savings, and have fewer obstacles during
construction, and yet, over the life of the building, continue to
meet, if not exceed, environmental and energy standards.
That’s where insulated metal panels (IMPs) come in. Founded
in 2004, All Weather Insulated Panels (AWIP) is an innova-
tor in the design, construction, and advancement of insulated
metal panels. These unique composites consist of closed-cell
polyisocyanurate foam encased by two sheets of light gauge
factory-coated steel. The combination of these components
results in lightweight, high-strength building modules with
exceptional thermal characteristics compared with antiquated
OneDek: 2 Is Better Than 3
field-assembled walls and roofs.
For years, IMPs have been used as non-load bearing exterior Traditional low-slope roof systems are assembled in three steps.
wall and roof cladding materials, and act as the insulation and First, metal decking is secured to the building’s roof supports. Then,
primary weather barrier. However, recent studies show that these the rigid insulation board is layered, staggered, and fastened atop
composite panels are also capable as structural components of the decking, after which (Step 3) a waterproof membrane is added.
ADVERTORIAL
building design. With proper attachment methods and design, The costly, time-consuming second step of adding rigid board
insulated metal roof deck panels can provide diaphragm shear insulation is eliminated with AWIP’s OneDek roof system. On a
resistance similar to traditional wide rib (Type B) roof decks. 100,000-square-foot roof typically found on cold storage and ware-
AWIP’s OneDek™ roof deck solution provides the industry with house buildings, up to 20,000 fasteners and plates can be required
long-term energy efficiency while bringing significant savings to secure the insulation, which may take two crews of five up to two
during installation. weeks to complete. It is common for large projects to carry costs up
to $1 million a week, so two weeks’ worth of savings on labor and
Significant Labor Savings
equipment goes a long way to making the project a success.
AWIP wall and roof panels virtually slide together with tongue- The roll-formed tongue-and-groove joinery of the RD1 panels
and-groove joinery or with an overlapping edge. IMPs install enables long length panels to slide together and be mechanically
quickly and easily with concealed fastening and provide a complete attached to the roof ’s structural supports using specific fastening
weatherproof building envelope, offering the best value for insula- systems to meet project requirements. Then, a white PVC or TPO
tion. At an approximate R-value of 8 per inch, an AWIP 4-inch waterproofing membrane is either installed mechanically onto the
wall or roof panel has an R-value of 32, easily exceeding the new 22 ga RD1 deck surface or adhered to the factory-primed surface.
R-value standard of 30 prescribed for roofs in most metro areas. OneDek requires less than half of the fasteners, cutting hundreds
On large, low-slope projects, the OneDek roof system encapsulates of labor hours out of installation time as well as reducing equipment
all IMP benefits: rental costs. Our RDl insulated roof deck panel is at the center of
• Less construction time the OneDek system. The RD1 has an exterior and interior steel
• Fewer components to install liner which is vapor and water tight. Unlike traditional assemblies,
• Safer work platform during installation there is little fear of walking on our RDl deck, making for a safer,
• Significant savings in labor and equipment costs damage-free working platform.
Mark Munley, product manager for OneDek, has more than three “The greater benefit is that the robust RD1 panel in the OneDek
decades in commercial roofing. Munley calls OneDek “the most system will virtually eliminate callbacks regarding damages by other
significant development within the commercial roofing space during trades and third parties,” Munley points out.
[his] career.” The OneDek roof system is the cost-competitive solution to
“The advantage is that the OneDek system can be installed by any meet the performance needs of design professionals while also
trained trade, in all types of weather conditions, for any low-slope providing the installation community with an efficient, safe,
(2-degrees or less) roofing project,” Munley says. “It can be done in and durable commercial roofing system that will last multiple
phases, meaning significant savings for contractors and owners to roof generations.
consider. Getting the building ‘dried in’ faster with less consequential
sales@awipanels.com | www.awipanels.com
damage is a game-changer in terms of construction costs.”

ONEDEK ™
THE FUTURE
OF ROOF DECK CONSTRUCTION
OneDek™ from All Weather Insulated Panels is a superior alternative to traditional
roof deck systems. Requiring fewer steps to install, OneDek™ saves construction
time in providing exceptional energy efficiency for your low-slope roofing project,
and an industry exclusive 20-year top-to-bottom “System Warranty” is available.
MULTI-STEP TRADITIONAL Membrane

BUILT UP DECK SYSTEM
 Smooth flat exterior
Multiple layers steel substrate
of rigid board
Field-applied
Membrane
10”-14”
Steel decking
Requires numerous long deck screws

attached through multi-layer system
Composite Insulated Roof Deck Panel

R values up to 50 (6” thick)

Commercial / Industrial / Cold Storage THE ONEDEK
OneDek™ is the revolutionary insulated roof deck with insulation and
TM
SYSTEM
2 is better than
OneDek™
3
substrate formed at the factory so it arrives on the job site more secure Step 1: Composite Insulated Deck
and stronger than components of traditional built-up roof applications. Step 2: Waterproofing
Other Multi-Layer System
• Incredibly fast installation, no on-site application of rigid foam insulation Step 1: Steel Decking
• Steel substrate provides exceptional damage & fire resistance Step 2: Multi Layer Rigid Insulation
• Tested for diaphragm shear resistance and wind uplift Step 3: Waterproofing
• TPO or PVC membranes easily fastened mechanically or fully adhered
• Interior factory white painted steel in clean washable finish reduces lighting needs
• “System Warranty” covers membrane through to structural steel, including insulation and fastening applications
www.awipanels.com
Contact: Sales@awipanels.com
888-970-AWIP (2947)
NUCOR TUBULAR PRODUCTS
I ndependence Tube, Southland Tube, and Republic Conduit have merged with Nucor Corporation to form its newest division.
Nucor Tubular Products will be your first choice when it comes to purchasing Hollow Structural Sections (HSS), ASTM A513,
ASTM A53 pipe, ASTM A135/ASTM A795 fire protection sprinkler pipe and conduit.
Nucor Tubular Products are used in a broad array of structural and mechanical applications including non-residential construction,
infrastructure and agricultural, and construction equipment and end use markets. Nucor Tubular products sells its products primarily
through service centers.
As part of our tubular family, Republic Conduit continues to offer its electrical conduit products designed to reduce installation costs
and jobsite delays.
Nucor Tubular produces steel tubing in the following sizes.
ASTM A500
ROUNDS 840” x .109” wall . . . . . . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . 16”OD x .625” wall
SQUARES 1½” SQ x .125” wall . . . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . 12” SQ x .625” wall
RECTANGLES 2½” x 1½” x .125” wall . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . 16” x 8” x .625” wall
ASTM A513
ROUNDS 1”OD x .065” wall . . . . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . .5”OD x .120” wall
SQUARES ½” SQ x .065” wall . . . . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . .3½” SQ x .120” wall
RECTANGLES 1½” x 1”x .065” wall . . . . . . . . .through . . . . . . . . . . .5” x 2” x .120” wall
ADVERTORIAL
ASTM A53
INDEPENDENCE TUBE also manufactures ASTM A53 Type E Grade B pipe in Trinity Alabama in sizes from:
Schedule 40 – 2” NPS through 8” NPS | Schedule 80 – 2” NPS through 4” NPS
ASTM A135 /ASTM A795

Schedule 10 2” NPS through 8” NPS
Schedule 40 2” NPS through 8” NPS
UL and C-UL listed, and FM approved. All of the schedule 10 has ITC MIC Guard applied and is CPVC compatible.
Rolling Schedule
With a yearly-published on–time rolling schedule second to none in the industry, you can manage your inventory more closely,
knowing that material will be ready when promised. Nucor Tubular Products also offers Vendor Managed Inventory (VMI), Electronic
Data Interchange (EDI), and bar coding, all of which have become very important services in the management of inventory and
communications.
Value Added Services include:
• I.D. flash removal • Special tolerances
• HSLA grades • Flux leakage
• Charpy V-notch testing • A252 Pipe beveling
• Pickled and oiled • Band saw cutting
• Weld on the short side • Mitre cutting
www.ntpportal.com is our 24/7 online customer secure Portal which will allow you to view inventory, place orders and inquiries, release
loads, and view and download open order reports and test reports.
Nucor Tubular Products is an active member of the American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC), the Metals Service Center Institute
(MSCI), the Farm Equipment Manufacturers Association (FEMA), the Pile Driving Contractors Association (PDCA), and the National
Association of Pipe Distributors (NASPD). Its products can be purchased at steel service centers across North America.
www.nucortubular.com

THE ULTIMATE RESOURCE
IN TUBULAR PRODUCTS
IS HERE
Independence Tube Corporation, Southland Tube, and Republic Conduit are now
NTP Grades include:
Nucor Tubular Products. As we come together as part of Nucor, North America’s leading
steel company, we remain dedicated to working with you, our customer. • ASTM A500
• ASTM A252
As a result, our HSS line now boasts a wider product range. But one thing hasn’t changed, • ASTM A1085
our quality and service continues to be among the best in the industry. We pioneered on-line • ASTM A513
ordering with our 24/7 customer secure portal and our on time rolling schedule is considered • A53 grade B Type E ERW
to be second to none among our customers. • ASTM A135 and
As part of our tubular family, Republic Conduit continues to offer its electrical conduit ASTM A795 Sprinkler Pipe
products designed to reduce installation costs and jobsite delays. This winning combination HSS Sizes include:
of products and innovation continues to support the reason why we have been so successful:
Squares: ½" x 16" gauge
working together and dedicated to providing our customers with the best products and through 12" x .625" wall
services in the industry.
Rectangles: 1 ½" x 1" x 16
Our locations include: Birmingham, AL; Cedar Springs, GA; Chicago, IL; Decatur, AL; gauge through 16" x .625" wall
Louisville, KY; Marseilles, IL; and Trinity, AL. Rounds: .840" OD x .109" wall
through 16" OD x .688" wall
Learn more at www.nucortubular.com

STRUCTURE solutions
PIERESEARCH®
PROFILE
Deep Foundation and Earth Retention Alignment Products
I t is widely accepted that, when it

comes to designing and constructing
deep foundations and anchored earth
The Best, So You Can Rest
Our website, www.pieresearch.com, is
retention systems, one of the main concerns a working resource for engineers and
facing structural engineers, geotechnical specifiers. The site provides specification
professionals, and specialty geo-constructors guidance, a handy quantity calculator,
is quality control and quality assurance. How-To installation videos, and
Engineers seek confidence that the support technical design and management
systems and deep foundations they design articles from leading engineers and
are built as intended. Geo-constructor’s industry management professionals.
strive to deliver a reliable product. The Visit our site to find information that
correct placement of concrete and/or you can use every day.
grout are key ingredients of successful Having excellent products are all
construction. The use of centralizers, well and good but, in the topsy-turvy,
spacers and related alignment tools help schedule-driven world of geoconstuction,
insure that foundation and earth support having the product you need when and
reinforcing elements perform as intended. where you need it is critical. To this end,
For over 30 decades, Pieresearch, Pieresearch provides a Service Hotline
Arlington, TX, has been designing and manufacturing cutting- to accommodate our customers. In most cases, and depending on
edge products that address QA/QC concerns. Long considered an availability, we will ship your order to a location of choice within 24
industry leader, Pieresearch has developed innovative products for hours of receiving your request.
ADVERTORIAL
every reinforcing steel alignment need. Whether it is for drilled shafts, We are pleased to report that our products have been and are being
augercast piles, micropiles, tieback anchors, or soil nails, Pieresearch used on major construction projects throughout the United States.
is the go-to company for field-proven, high quality, easy-to-install A representative sample includes:
alignment aids. Goethals Bridge NY/NJ, New York
Wittpenn Bridge, NJ
Deep Foundations
Kosciuszko Bridge, New York, NY
Our products are made of top-quality durable plastic. These include Tappan Zee Bridge, New York, NY
snap-on wheels, reinforcing cage bottom boots and bar boosters for Globe Park Texas Rangers Baseball Stadium, Arlington, TX
drilled shafts, as well as centralizing and alignment products for single Sky Harbor Bridge, Corpus Christi, TX
element reinforcing used in augercast piles and micropiles construction. University of Chicago, WERC Project, Chicago, IL
Exxon Corporate Headquarters, Irving TX
Earth Retention
Winspear Opera House, Dallas, TX
Pieresearch’s line of patented UNIBARS® has become the leading Capitol Crossing, Washington DC
alignment aid for the installation of tiebacks and soil nails. Our Cowboys Stadium, Arlington, TX
revolutionary UNIBARS are available in a wide variety of dimensions Northgate Project, Seattle, WA
that accommodate all standard rebar sizes. The brand new, adjustable Red Rock Hydroelectric Project, Pella, IA
UNIBAR, coming in mid-July, is easy to install and meets every Texas Motor Speedway, Northlake, TX
design need. Baylor University Commons Building, Waco, TX
TCC Football Stadium, Ft. Worth, TX
What Users Say About Our Products
American Airlines Center, Dallas/Ft. Worth, TX
“We specify Pieresearch because, in our opinion, they’ve got the best product For an extended listing of major projects visit our website,
on the market for stabilizing the reinforcing cage as it is being placed in Homepage/Projects.
the drilled shaft.” Steve Campbell, PE, SE, SECB When it comes to centralizer and alignment aids, you need to go
“We specify Pieresearch products because they are high quality and they no further than Pieresearch. Contact us today; we’ll be there to meet
add significant value to the project.” Charles your every alignment need. For detailed
Grossman, PE information about Pieresearch’s wide variety
“We’ve been specifying Pieresearch Products of alignment products for earth retention,
for more than 18 years because we look for the drilled shafts, micropiles, augercast piles,
most economical and most reliable systems and other deep foundation applications,
that keep us current with the best methods visit our website or call Stan Agee at
available.” Salvador Nunez, PE, BSCE/AE 817-277-3738.

DETAILS MATTER,
DON’T PUT YOUR
PROJECTS AT RISK.
BUILD WITH ESTABLISHED
RELIABILITY – SPECIFY
PIERESEARCH FOR ALL
YOUR REBAR AND REBAR CAGE
ALIGNMENT COMPONENTS.
Unique one-piece designs, made of
noncorrosive plastic, install in
seconds and are built tough!
DURABLE. ECONOMICAL.
RELIABLE. PROVEN.
Quick - Lock HD ® Quick - Lock® Quick - Lock Quick - Zip ®

Pier Wheel Pier Wheel Pier Boot ® Bar Booster
INTRODUCING THE
REVOLUTIONARY NEW
QUICK-LOCK UNIBAR CENTRALIZER
®
Patent No. 10,151,113
Visit pieresearch.com to see our full line of

alignment products, download spec kits, watch
how-to videos and request free samples.
SEE OUR INFORMATIVE pieresearch.com • stanagee@pieresearch.com
DRILLED SHAFT, 817.277.3738 • 817.275.2335 Fax
WHEELS & BOOTS, New York Office contact Herb Engler
AND UNIBAR VIDEOS. 718.786.8814 • herbengler@pieresearch.com
®
Manufacturer of Quality Concrete

te Accessories
Proudly Made in the USA!
EST. 1986
STRUCTURE solutions
RISA
PROFILE
R ISA believes structural engineering software should be pow-
erful, accurate, and user-friendly. The RISA Building System
designs steel, concrete, timber, masonry, aluminum and cold-formed
structure that features
a 10-foot-wide by
16-foot-deep space
steel all in a single, seamlessly integrated model. The following recent truss which weighs
case studies illustrate the versatility of our software. 250 tons and spans
320 feet, providing
Project: Binghamton University Smart Energy Building
unobstructed entry
Building Client: Binghamton University for up to 9 helicop-
Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training Complex
Structural Engineer: Ryan Biggs | Clark Davis, Engineering and ters. The overall depth
Surveying P.C., Skaneateles Falls, NY of the truss was governed by the 29-foot clear height that was required
The new 105,000-square-foot Smart Energy Building at Binghamton for the operation and maintenance of the helicopters. This required the
University is part of a series of laboratory research facilities being built on engineer to use RISA-3D to evaluate the truss iteratively in order to
campus. The $45 million building consists of several separate program- determine the most optimal design while minimizing overall steel tonnage.
matic spaces including two The hangar also includes two, 5-ton bridge cranes that serve the
laboratory “pods,” the atrium entire hangar area and are attached to the bottom chord of the trusses
that connects them, and a spanning in the direction opposite the hangar opening. These trans-
rotunda structure that links verse trusses were also included in the same RISA-3D model and
the building with the adja- necessitated special consideration due to the L/600 deflection limit
cent Center for Excellence. required for proper operation of the crane. Overall, the entire hanger
The main structural system structure was modeled, analyzed, and designed in RISA-3D.
consists of steel framing on a
Project: Splash Lagoon Indoor Waterpark Resort
concrete basement and con-
crete spread foundations. Building Client: Scott Enterprises, Erie, PA
ADVERTORIAL
Moment frames are used in Structural Engineer: Urban Engineers, Inc., Philadelphia, PA
each direction within the Splash Lagoon Indoor Waterpark Resort, located in Erie, PA, allows
Binghamton University Smart Energy Building
laboratory pods to resist visitors to enjoy summer activities year-round and was recently ranked
lateral forces. Additionally, as the #4 indoor waterpark by USAToday. The 80,000-square-foot
the first floor of each pod was designed for floor vibrations due to facility includes 12 waterslides, numerous pools, interactive treehouse,
human activity according to AISC Design Guide #11. Overall, the ropes course, arcade, laser tag
building’s use of curved, round HSS members serves as one of its facility, and wave pool for
primary visual features and achieves the architect’s vision of creating guests to enjoy year-round.
visual interest from both the interior and exterior of the structure. The main structure includes
The more ornate elements of the structure, including the atrium roof a large, clear span for the
trusses, link rotunda, tree stair as well as various canopies were designed attractions, and glulam
using RISA. For the trusses, AutoCAD geometry was imported into timber columns were used to
RISA-3D to perform a 2-D analysis and obtain initial member sizes. support the exposed framing
These design elements were then included with the entire roof structure, system designed for the Splash
including the columns, in order to verify the full design. Additionally, Lagoon’s roof. In total, the
Splash Lagoon Indoor Waterpark Resort
the plate analysis features of RISA-3D were used in the design of the main structure only required
40-foot-diameter link rotunda in order to determine stress concentra- 10 interior columns as a result of the 84-foot glulam girders.
tions at the locations where members were welded together. Another unique structural feature is that of the tree-shaped columns,
which made specifying narrower girders and trusses easier. More recently,
Project: Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training Complex
the waterpark expanded to include a 200,000-gallon wave pool, which is
Building Client: Naval Facilities Engineering Command the largest in the Eastern United States. The addition includes the use of
Structural Engineer: SMR-ISD Consulting Structural Engineers, 120-foot clear span glulam trusses supported by circular concrete columns.
San Diego, CA As with many projects, Dave Steele, Vice President of Urban
The Center for Naval Aviation Technical Training Complex is a Engineers (Philadelphia, PA), faced the dilemma of how to best deal
131,000-square-foot facility which houses all aviation mechanics respon- with changes and, as a result, required a software that could save him
sible for the maintenance of Huey and Cobra helicopters stationed at the most time. His choice of RISA-3D and RISAFoundation allowed
Camp Pendleton Marine Corps base, as well as space for administrative for the modeling of both the gravity and lateral systems as well as the
and training activities. SMR-ISD Consulting Structural Engineers utilized structure’s foundations. The features that saved Steele the most time
BIM models in order to work collaboratively with the architect; these were RISA-3D’s “physical members” which allows for fixity to be
models were then exchanged with RISA-3D using the RISA-Revit Link. applied to all joints that occur along the length
Once the models were available in RISA-3D, the engineer could focus of the member, without breaking the member up 949-951-5815
on the design challenges that existed. One such challenge was the hangar into multiple smaller members. risa.com

HOHMANN & BARNARD, INC.
Pushing the Envelope since 1933
H ohmann & Barnard, Inc., serves both the commercial and

residential markets as the leading developer and distributor
penetration, as opposed to anchors that typically require two
fasteners. This means the number of thermal bridges is reduced by
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of reinforcement, anchoring, and moisture protection systems half. Using a wall configuration with 4 inches of XPS insulation,
for masonry. at 16- x 16-inch spacings, typical masonry anchors can lead to an
An exciting part of Hohmann & Barnard’s product line is our R-Value reduction of upward of 20 percent or greater. This anchor
thermal products. Our TBS Thermal Brick Support System, a limits that effective R-Value reduction to 7.4 percent or operating at
groundbreaking brick veneer support system, offers many benefits. 92.6 percent efficiency. The steel-reinforced wing maintains integrity
It reduces thermal bridging in relief angles and also allows for the during NFPA 285 testing.
installation of continuous insulation behind the support angle. A Hohmann & Barnard’s line of Thermal 2-SEALTM anchors uses
recent study showed attached shelf angles will create an effective a proprietary UL-94 coating to create a thermal break at the insu-
reduction of the R-Value by between 46 percent and 63 percent. lation, and a stainless-steel barrel that transfers 1/7th the thermal
The same study shows that offset angles minimize that reduction energy of a standard zinc barrel. The dual-diameter barrel with
to between 15 percent and 16.5 percent. Each job is designed and EPDM washers makes our 2-SEAL line the only anchors on the
engineered in-house to meet your specific project needs. market to seal both the insulation and the air barrier. In fact, we
Among Hohmann & Barnard’s thermal offerings is our Thermal make the only anchors to seal the air barrier.
Wingnut – the only functional wingnut anchor in the industry.
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STRUCTURE solutions
NCEES Discover more.

PROFILE
T he National Council of Examiners for Engineering and
Surveying (NCEES) is a nonprofit organization made up of
engineering and surveying licensing boards from all U.S. states and
territories and the District of Columbia. Since its founding in 1920,
NCEES has been committed to advancing licensure for engineers
and surveyors in order to safeguard the health, safety, and welfare
ADVERTORIAL
of the U.S. public.
NCEES develops, administers, and scores the exams used for
to complete the licensure process. An established NCEES Record
engineering and surveying licensure in the United States. It also
will include most – if not all – of the materials you need to apply
facilitates professional mobility and promotes uniformity of the U.S.
for comity licensure in additional states and territories.
licensure processes through services for its member licensing boards
Credentials Evaluations: The service is intended primarily for
and licensees. These services include the following:
candidates who have earned degrees outside the United States and
Engineering Exams: The FE exam is generally the first step to
are pursuing licensure.
becoming a professional licensed engineer. The PE exam is designed
CPC Tracking: Most state licensing boards require licensed engineers
to test for a minimum level of competency in a particular engineering
and surveyors to meet a continuing professional competency (CPC)
discipline. It is intended for engineers who have gained a minimum
requirement to renew a license. You can track and report your CPC
of four years of work experience in a discipline. The SE exam is
requirements for free through your MyNCEES account.
designed for engineers who practice in jurisdictions that license
Engineering Education Award: The annual award has a $25,000 grand
structural engineers separately from other professional engineers.
prize and recognizes college engineering programs for engaging their
Exam Prep Materials: NCEES exam preparation materials are
students in collaborative projects with licensed professional engineers.
developed by the same people who create the licensing exam.
Records Program: The program is designed for currently licensed outreach@ncees.org | www.ncees.org
engineers and surveyors who are looking for an easier and faster way
RECORDS
“An NCEES Record makes it
fast, easy, and convenient to
apply for additional P.E.
licenses in other states.”
Alexander Zuendt, P.E.
Zuendt Engineering
Record holder since 2011
National Council of Examiners

for Engineering and Surveying® Build your NCEES Record today.
P.O. Box 1686, Clemson, S.C. 29633 ncees.org/records
864.654.6824
M AY 2 019 49-SS
STRUCTURE solutions
AMERICAN CONCRETE INSTITUTE

PROFILE
F ounded in 1904 and headquartered in Farmington Hills, MI,
the American Concrete Institute (ACI) is a leading authority
and resource worldwide for the development, dissemination, and
adoption of its consensus-based standards, technical resources, edu-
cational & training programs, certification programs, and proven
expertise for individuals and organizations involved in concrete
design, construction, and materials, who share a commitment
to pursuing the best use of concrete. ACI has over 95 chapters,
110 student chapters, and nearly 30,000 members spanning over
120 countries.
ACI is the premiere, global community dedicated to the best use
of concrete. Over the past year, ACI has built up its subscription
platform to give users the ability to gain digital access to a large por-
tion of ACI’s concrete resources in one central location. industry hot topics. These publications often include more than a
The online ACI Collection of Concrete Codes, Specifications, dozen papers authored and compiled by leading industry designers,
and Practices contains nearly 50 codes and specifications plus practitioners, researchers, and academicians. ACI now provides
200+ practices (including all guides and reports) and is the most unlimited access to new and archived papers from all Symposium
comprehensive, always updated, and largest single source of infor- Publications. The Symposium Papers Subscription provides 12
mation on concrete design, construction, and materials. Featuring months of digital access to over 6,000 papers published since 1962,
ACI 318: Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, plus any new papers that are published.
ACI 301: Specifications for Structural Concrete, and ACI 562: Code The most recent subscription launched by ACI in January 2019 is
Requirements for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation of Existing the Concrete Repair Subscription. This online subscription includes
ADVERTORIAL
Concrete Structures and Commentary, additional categories in the digital access to the American Concrete Institute’s technical and
ACI Collection include concrete materials, properties, design, con- educational content on concrete assessment, repair, rehabilita-
struction, reinforcement, specialized applications, repair, structural tion, and more. Subscribers will receive twelve months of access
analysis, and innovation, plus popular topics such as slabs, formwork, to ACI’s existing concrete repair-specific code requirements/com-
and masonry. mentary, specifications, guides, reports, symposium volumes, and
ACI also offers an all-access subscription to ACI University webi- ACI University on-demand courses, plus new materials as they are
nars and on-demand courses. This 12-month subscription includes all published/developed. Specific contents include:
• 65+ codes, specifications, guides, and reports, including
ACI 562-16: Code Requirements for Assessment, Repair,
and Rehabilitation of Existing Concrete Structures and
Commentary, ACI 563-18: Specifications for Repair of
Concrete in Buildings, ACI 364.1R-07: Guide for Evaluation
of Concrete Structures Before Rehabilitation, and more;
• 16+ educational publications and documents, including
Guide to the Code for Assessment, Repair, and Rehabilitation
of Existing Concrete Structures and the Repair Application
Procedures series;
• 33+ on-demand courses through ACI University, includ-
ing all courses required to earn the “ACI Repair Application
Procedures” certificate, plus recorded webinars and self-paced
courses featuring ACI 562 design examples, guidance for
incorporating ACI 563 into concrete repair projects, materi-
ACI monthly webinars and ACI’s 175+ on-demand courses. Some als selection for concrete repair, and more; and
topics include Admixtures, Codes, Cracking, Design, Durability, • 25+ symposium volumes containing 500 total papers on a
and much more. The ACI University subscription allows individuals diverse range of concrete repair topics.
to access each course one time during the subscription period. The For more information regarding ACI subscriptions, please visit
access period for each course is 30 or 90 days, depending on the www.concrete.org.
course (see course details). Additional quantities or repeat access to a
course during the subscription period may be purchased separately. 248-848-3700
ACI publishes Symposium Publications in conjunction with acicustomerservice@concrete.org
many ACI-sponsored symposia and convention sessions on various

ACI Convention
Grow industry knowledge & connect with the brightest

leaders in concrete at 120+ sessions & events.
DLUBAL SOFTWARE
I n 1987, Dlubal Software was founded by George Dlubal in the
remote town of Harsewinkel, Germany. Over the last 30 years,
the company has grown to more than 200 employees in six different
office locations. In July of 2015, the Philadelphia, PA, office was
established to emerge as a competitive player in the North American
structural engineering software market.
The 3-D finite element program, RFEM, is the main attraction
among the Dlubal Software lineup, a nonlinear program capable of
not only 1-D member analysis but also 2-D and 3-D elements such
as plates, shells, and solids. In a market full of similar programs
and other competitors, Dlubal knew that RFEM had to stand out
among the crowd. Timber Veil at TD Place Stadium in Ottowa, Canada (© Mark Cichy, Design It Mill
The company takes extreme pride in its user-friendly and intuitive and Moses Structural Engineers Inc.).
programs. Although the capabilities of the software can explore the
extreme depths of nonlinear structural analysis, the modeling ease, Do not discount Dlubal when it comes to steel and concrete design,
workflow, and organized data input and results won’t leave engineers as they do it well; however, they also recognize this is the most com-
in need of endless training to learn the program. Rather, in a matter of petitive material design when it comes to structural analysis software.
hours, along with the technical guidance of Dlubal’s technical support Where RFEM continues to thrive are the niche markets where
engineers and online resources, users will have a firm grasp on how to other software has yet to explore. RFEM single-handedly stands
generate and analyze a structural model. out with additional design modules for aluminum (ADM), timber
RFEM works with the modular concept system. Any design or (NDS), cross-laminated timber (NDS), glass (stress design), and
ADVERTORIAL
advanced capabilities beyond the static analysis provided in RFEM are the fabric and form-finding procedure. Engineers do not have an
available with the vast array of add-on modules. The add-on module efficient solution for the design of these various materials. As projects
RF-MAT NL, for example, allows for consideration of nonlinear become increasingly more complex and deadlines become increas-
material behavior in RFEM. This includes isotropic plastic, isotropic ingly shorter, a more advanced structural analysis program such as
nonlinear elastic, isotropic thermal elastic, and many more for 1-D, RFEM is needed to move forward and stay ahead of the competition.
2-D, and 3-D elements. The module RF-STABILITY analyzes One of Dlubal’s most valuable clients, Moses Structural Engineers
the stability of the structure and calculates critical load factors and located in Toronto, Canada, utilized Dlubal Software for the analysis
corresponding stability modes. When many other programs cannot and design of a timber veil structure over the TD Place Stadium in
take into consideration buckling behavior of member, plate, and shell Ottawa, Canada. The veil consisted of 24 curved, glued-laminated
elements, RFEM steps up. members. The curved beams are further connected horizontally with
multiple, smaller glued-laminated beams with additional steel diago-
nals to provide lateral stiffness. The elegant timber veil has received
numerous awards throughout Canada.
Another valued client, Bensonwood located in Walpole, NH, utilized
RFEM’s cross-laminated timber design to complete the unique and
functional art installation, Conversation Plinth, in front of the Cleo
Rogers Memorial Library in Columbus, IN. Conversation Plinth was
designed to generate conversation around the use of hardwood CLTs
in U.S. construction, as only softwoods have primarily been used thus
far. Custom CLT compositions were assigned to 84 curved surfaces
in order to carry out a stress and deflection analysis utilizing Dlubal
Software’s RFEM.
In summary, Dlubal Software aims to integrate the most powerful
Conversation Plinth in Columbus, IN (© Bensonwood, Courtesy of IKD,
yet user-friendly FEA program with today’s engineers to meet the
Photo by Hadley Fruits).
challenges of modern-day structural engineering. Building heights
The add-on modules for steel and concrete design apply code are increasing, materials are no longer limited to steel and concrete,
provisions per the AISC and ACI to determine unity checks and and structure designs now include complex curvatures and asymmetric
reinforcement layout. Result output in these modules is among the layouts. Structural engineers need software that can not only keep up
most transparent any software can provide. Complete with listed with the demand but far exceed it.
variables and code references for all equations used, engineers have little
267-702-2815 | info-us@dlubal.com | www.dlubal.com
doubt on how the program is ultimately determining final code checks.

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RFEM 5
The 3D FEA Structural Analysis Software
The 3D FEA structural analysis software RFEM is the basis of a modular Nonlinear Analysis CLT
software system. The main program RFEM is used to define structures,
materials, and loads for planar and spatial structural systems consisting Steel Glass
of members, plates, walls, shells, solids, and contact elements. Concrete Form-Finding
The add-on modules perform design per the USA, Canadian, and other
international standards for various materials and applications. Create
Timber Dynamic Analysis
a software package specific to your design needs. Aluminum BIM Integration
Dlubal Software, Inc.

30 South 15th Street, 15th Floor
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Phone:
E-mail:
(267) 702-2815
info-us@dlubal.com www.dlubal.com
LNA SOLUTIONS
A KEE SAFETY COMPANY
S erving the structural design-build industry since 1995,
LNA Solutions is North America’s leading provider of
strong, safe, steelwork
a seismic solution for engineers, architects, and specifiers where
uncompromising steel-to-steel connections are critical.
First in Service
connections. The company
offers a complete line of
and Support
steel-to-steel connection LNA Solutions provides
components backed by technical design solutions
free technical design and for any industrial, com-
engineering support. As mercial, institutional, or
a Kee Safety Company, municipal steel connec-
LNA Solutions brings to tion challenge. A team of
market the strength and experienced engineers and
resources of a global man- sales support professionals
ufacturing and customer ensure that every customer
service organization. receives a design to meet
their specific construction
Install without project needs.
Welding or Drilling
ADVERTORIAL
Products are manu-
The hallmark of the factured to the highest
LNA Solutions line of standards. Every order
BeamClamp®, BoxBolt® BoxBolt attaching curtain wall brackets to hollow tube steel structure. undergoes rigorous quality
expansion anchors and control to ensure full com-
selection of floor fasteners is that they connect steel-to-steel without pliance with specifications and codes. There is added emphasis on
the need for welding or drilling and bolting. These conventional meeting the customer’s delivery schedule and supporting installation.
methods require expensive equipment, skilled labor, and often
additional work permits. They do not allow for onsite adjustments
Product Line
like the LNA Solutions product line does. • BoxBolt blind steel connectors to connect to Hollow
With LNA Solutions, builders can achieve significant savings in Structural Sections (HSS) where access to the back of the
time and cost while installing component-based steel connectors connection is restricted.
that have a Safe Working Load with a published Factor of Safety. • BoxSok® specially designed tool to expedite the installation
of BoxBolt.
Seismic Solutions • BeamClamp line of engineered steel-to-steel clamping sys-
In 2012, BoxBolt became the first blind bolt to receive an tems for permanent or temporary connections that allow for
International Code Council (ICC) Evaluation Service Report easy on-site adjustment.
for use as ICC-ES ESR-3217. ICC is an accrediting association • FastFit® steel-to-steel fastening products that provide a secure
dedicated to developing model codes and standards used in the clamping method for structural steel.
design, build, and compliance process to construct safe, sustain- • GrateFix floor fasteners that secure open floor grating the
able, affordable and resilient structures. supporting steel from the top.
In 2018, BoxBolt received subsequent Type C accreditation for • Grating Clip fasteners – galvanized for corrosion resistance
seismic design categories A through F by ICC-ES as published in – to clamp down open steel flooring.
ESR-3217. In addition to seismic approval, the type C BoxBolt • FloorFix to clamp flooring plates to supporting steel from
is now hot dip galvanized to BS EN ISO 1461 for extra corro- the top
sion protection.
This enables BoxBolt to comply with demanding seismic stan- 888-724-2323 | tziccardi@lnasolutions.com
dards for building construction in volatile earthquake regions. This www.lnasolutions.com
approval provides confidence in the dependability of BoxBolt as

LARSEN PRODUCTS
A high-performance, low VOC concrete bonding agent,
Weld-Crete® bonds new concrete, stucco, tile setting beds,
and terrazzo to any structurally-sound surface, be it on the interior or
beds for ceramic tile, for bonding Portland Cement plaster and
stucco mixes, and to bond to such surfaces as brick, block, tile,
marble, metal, glass block, soundly adhered paint (non-soluble
exterior. Weld-Crete’s open time in water), and silicone.
lets you bond to concrete shear Our original chemical, concrete bonding agent incorporates
ADVERTORIAL
walls when needing a time lapse polyvinyl acetate homopolymer in a patented formulation and has
between the application of the been specified in major construction projects around the globe.
bonding agent, the placement of If you have not yet specified Weld-Crete, we encourage you to reach
reinforcement steel, placement out to us directly to learn more. We will answer any questions you
of formwork, or the placement may have so that you feel completely confident spec’ing our product.
of concrete. To our current engineers and architects who consistently specify
Conveniently, Weld-Crete Weld-Crete, we thank you for your loyalty and look forward to seeing
can be “painted on” in a single Weld-Crete specified in your projects for years to come.
application for a wide range For over sixty years we have set the standard for bonding agents and
of time-lapses. You can save take great pride in the reliability, consistency, and overall product
time on the job by painting quality that Weld-Crete offers. This, along with our unparalleled
on Weld-Crete in a single application, prior to concrete place- customer service and support, and our desire for every customer to
ment. Use Weld-Crete’s broad open time (1 hour to 10 days after be completely satisfied, is why Larsen Products Corp. has been an
applied) to your advantage in bonding to concrete shear walls; industry-trusted source by architects
800-633-6668
when you need a time lapse between application of bonding agent; and engineers worldwide since 1952.
claire@larsenproducts.com
placement of reinforcing steel; placement of formwork; and place- For more information, visit our
www.larsenproducts.com
ment of concrete. Weld-Crete is also used for bonding setting website or contact us directly.
Weld-Crete®—The pale Simply brush, roll or spray Weld-Crete®

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sound surface. Then come back hours,
over 60 years of superior
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other cement mixes or portland cement
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content significantly reduces airborne
pollutants that affect health and the
environment.
Originators of leading chemical bonding

agents… worldwide since 1952
800.633.6668
www.larsenproducts.com

WILLIAMS FORM ENGINEERING
ADVERTORIAL
W illiams Form Engineering Corporation has been pro-
viding threaded steel bars and accessories for rock, soil
and concrete anchors, post tensioning systems, and concrete
This combination offers tremendous installation savings over
inefficient, hot rolled, non-concentric thread forms. The 360°
continuous thread deformation pattern has the ideal relative rib
forming hardware systems in the construction industry for area configuration to provide excellent bond strength capabil-
over 95 years. ity to grout or concrete, far better than traditional reinforcing
Williams’ pre-stressing / post tensioning 150 KSI All-Thread- deformation patterns. Threads are available in both right- and
Bars are high tensile steel bars available in seven diameters from left-hand in all diameters. All 150 KSI All-Thread-Bar fasteners
1 inch (26 mm) to 3 inches (75 mm), with guaranteed tensile are machine threaded (no cast threads) to specific tolerances for
strengths to 969 kips (4311 kN). Bars are cold rolled threaded precision adjustments.
to close tolerances under continuous monitoring procedures for All fasteners are designed to develop 100% of the bar’s ultimate
quality control. Threads for Williams 150 KSI bar are specially strength, meeting all criteria set
designed with a rugged thread pitch wide enough to be fast forth for anchorages by the Post- 616-866-0815
williams@williamsform.com
under job site conditions and easy to assemble. They also have a Tensioning Institute and ASTM
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smooth, wide, concentric surface suitable for torque tensioning. A-722 specifications.
one source FOR MICROPILE
QUALITY SYSTEMS LARGE BAR . HOLLOW BAR . MULTI-BAR

reliable | durable | versatile
Large Bar Micropiles:

• Excellent choice for underpinning or emergency repairs
All-Thread Bar
— can be installed in virtually any ground condition with
with Steel Casing
minimal vibration and disturbance to existing structures.
Geo-Drill Injection Bar
• Right-handed threaded Grade 75 All-Thread Rebar in #14
Williams Multi-Bar Micropile System
– #28 along with a selection of reducer couplers that can adapt to space together any larger size bar to any small size.
• Grade 80 to 100 All-Thread Rebar, as well as 150 ksi All-Thread Bar (as alternative for micropile design application upon request).
Hollow Bar Micropiles:
• Accepted by the FHWA in the Micropile Design and Construction Guidelines Manual, Hollow Bars are being used increasingly for
micropile applications as the reinforcement bar choice in collapsing soil conditions because of their increased bond stress resultant
from the simultaneous drilling and grouting operation.
• Using sizes from 32mm – 76mm, these bars offer up to 407 kips of strength, up to 3.88in2 of cross sectional reinforcement area, and
their selection modulus provides considerable bending resistance.
Multi-Bar Micropiles:
• Used for attaining ultra-high load carrying capacity. High-rise office buildings and condos are construction examples where such high
Construction photos courtesy of load carrying micropiles (mini-caissons) are used.
Williams Form Engineering Corp.
• Designed to specific contractor specifications and shipped to the jobsite fabricated in durable cages for quick installation.
Williams Form Engineering Corp. has been a leader in manufacturing System illustrations courtesy of
quality products for the customer service for over 80 years. Williams Form Engineering Corp.
Belmont, MI 616.866.0815 Lithia Springs, GA 770.949.8300 Kent, WA 253.854.2268 For More Information Visit:
San Diego, CA 858.320.0330
Golden, CO 303.216.9300
Portland, OR 503.285.4548
Collegeville, PA 610.489.0624
London, ON 515.659.9444
williamsform.com
18104_WILLIAMS_Micropile_Structures_half_page_ad.indd 1 3/15/18 11:00 AM
M A Y 2 019 57-SS
STRUCTURE solutions PROFILE INTEGRATED
ENGINEERING
SOFTWARE, INC
S ince our start, 25 years ago this month, IES
empowers thousands of structural engineers
and related professionals, people just like you, with
innovative analysis and design tools. We are experi-
enced engineers with licenses and advanced degrees,
and a passion for software development.
A History of Serving Customers
IES ShapeBuilder calculates structural properties for any cross section, including the torsion
When we started, engineering software was a
constant, warping constant, and warping normal function. The latest release also calculates shear
black-box tool that required you to write scripts
flow at any location.
in arcane formats and interpret tables of numbers.
You also needed low-level knowledge of the finite
element method and how it was implemented.
Today, engineers expect excellent graphics, the
ability to enter data using any physical unit system,
ADVERTORIAL
and friendly error-checking with helpful messages
when things go wrong, and IES delivers! For you
to be competitive, we provide BIM integration,
nonlinear analysis capabilities, multiple material
design checks, and a host of convenience features!
Easy to Use Software
At IES, our goal is to create reliable tools that are
engineer friendly. Our software tools stay out of
your way. We deliver products that speak your
language as a structural engineer. Whenever
possible, we present intermediate data, display
IES VisualAnalysis performs finite element analysis on just about any structure. Find static, actual equations or specification-references, and
dynamic, p-delta, and time history results quickly and easily. make it easy to double-check your answers. We
also perform extensive and automated validation
to provide you with the highest quality software.
Tools for Practicing Engineers
IES software helps you solve very complex problems
with confidence while streamlining small day-to-
day jobs. You will meet your deadlines and improve
your profits using tools like VisualAnalysis,
ShapeBuilder, and others.
With over 4,000 engineers using multiple products
across 80 countries, we still provide free email support
with one engineer in less than two hours per day. The
benefit for you is that IES software is extremely easy to
use and as reliable as anything available.
800-707-0816
IES VisualAnalysis lets you solve frame and truss design problems in all materials. Optimize
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MITEK
STRUCTURE solutions
BREAKTHROUGHS IN BUILDING™
PROFILE
MiTek Integrated Solutions for more affordable, healthy, sustainable, safe, efficient, and resilient homes.
M iTek is a diversified global supplier of building products,

collaborative software, engineering services, and
manufacturing equipment. With solutions that optimize and control
information helpful in having a successful project by creating an
optimized, buildable, structural frame in a virtual world.
Designed to bring home builders and building material suppliers
costs, shorten cycle times, and eliminate waste, builders achieve together in a virtual jobsite, MiTek’s SAPPHIRE® Viewer is a free
more profitable, higher-volume business results and deliver more tool for zooming, measuring, and creating the perfect 3-D BIM design
affordable, legacy-quality homes. and the well-built home. From ridge line to foundation, SAPPHIRE
Viewer delivers great collaboration for design, approval, and on-site
Solving Industry Challenges with Innovation
construction of your structural framing.
MiTek is helping our customers address an unprecedented level Designed for Engineers and Estimators, MiTek Specifier™ software
of challenges (and opportunity) in the residential construction simplifies access to information on thousands of MiTek USP Structural
environment, including: Connectors. Looking up connector capacities, viewing code evaluation
• Labor shortages in nearly every developed country reports, and mapping from referenced products to USP products is
• Poor communication between trades at the jobsite free, quick, and easy to use. This versatile tool assists with the design,
• Shortage of developable land in major population centers specification, and quoting processes for steel connections in wood
• Rapidly escalating material costs, driven in part by tariffs and frame structures of all sizes.
global supply chain disruption
Engineered Products
• Lack of affordable homes and changing buying patterns
• Environmental and sustainability concerns With constant R&D and new products developed every year, MiTek
• Access to technology and the speed of technological change has crafted thousands of code-compliant engineered solutions that
Homebuilders can overcome these challenges and experience historic waste less time, material, labor, steps, and cost.
breakthroughs in their business through higher-performance processes MiTek Hardy Frame® Lateral Load Solutions is the only complete
from MiTek. Our family of integrated solutions will permanently reduce line of lateral force resisting products for residential homes – from single
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reduce waste on every project. design with new possibilities, and utilize a more economical solution.
USP® Structural Connectors is a complete line of innovative code-
A Better Way to Build
compliant construction hardware backed by robust design and placement
We see an urgent and acute need across the globe to produce hous- software, training, and technical support. The line includes Fire Wall
ing more efficiently and more affordably. Entry-level housing must Hangers for face mount applications designed to be installed before the
be more affordable to meet the needs of first-time homebuyers and drywall is attached, allowing your project to be completely framed-up and
renters. The shortage of skilled labor is now a permanent problem. weather-tight before the drywall sheathing shows up on site.
Rising, volatile material costs require processes to optimize and
Services
accurately predict their usage.
We know there are better ways to build and that better technology MiTek provides a range of services to support the efficient growth,
exists – 3-D modeling technology and automated manufacturing for capability, and profitability of our customers. Our Plans Services
prefabrication can immediately improve the productivity of new home team allow our customers to improve their scalability without adding
construction. But, a better process is required to be able to leverage the overhead. Our software consulting and implementation team enable
precision and the optimization of these solutions. efficient and effective transformation of current business processes.
We have learned that a better process requires a different discipline of
Off-Site Manufacturing
decision-making. Traditional construction methods leave much of the
detailed decision-making, and even the actual design and material usage, Conquer the labor shortage with roof trusses, prefabricated walls, and
in the hands of skilled labor at the jobsite. 3-D modeling technology floor trusses. Off-site design and prefabrication technology reduce
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building the home virtually before it is physically constructed. It requires for you and consistent, high-quality homes for your customers.
the participation and ownership of everyone – from the structure, to the
Our Core Purpose
MEP design, to the finishes. From what we see, this discipline change may
be the most difficult transformation. MiTek exists to create breakthroughs in building that accelerate the
The future of housing will emerge through the technology that genius of our customers.
enables it, the processes that discipline it, and the bold leaders that Our standard of doing business sets the bar for what you should
envision and achieve it. expect from a company; a new standard of service – not just in the
way of products, software, and machinery, but more importantly in
Software
partnering with you to achieve continuous improvement and success.
MiTek’s Enterprise Software systems optimize the business workflow,
including the costing, design, and production of homes. Our www.mitek-us.com/specify
SAPPHIRE® 3D Structural Modeling Software also expands the

BREAKTHROUGHS IN BUILDING
™
MITEK INTEGR ATED SOLUTIONS FOR MORE AFFORDABLE, SUSTAINABLE, SAFE, HE ALTHY,
EFFICIENT AND RESILIENT HOMES.
ENGINEERED STRUCTURAL
CONNECTIONS
SOFTWARE
MiTek
Integrated Solutions
SERVICES OFF-SITE
MANUFACTURING
Our family of integrated solutions will permanently:

→ reduce design and construction cycles
→ optimize and control costs
→ significantly reduce waste on every project.
Learn more at MiTek-us.com/Specify

C O P Y R I G H T © 2 0 19 M I T E K I N D U S T R I E S , I N C . A L L R I G H T S R E S E R V E D
STRUCTURE solutions
NUCOR VULCRAFT GROUP – REDICOR

PROFILE
How RediCor’s ‘ready-to-set’ core erection system helped get Homewood Suites under roof as winter loomed.
N estled quaintly in the shadow of the Rocky Mountains, you

will find the valley of Steamboat Springs, Colorado – world-
renowned for its hiking and biking in the summer months and its
exquisite skiing in winter. The locals will tell you that Steamboat’s
year-round recreational opportunities attract throngs of visitors
annually – and that, in turn, has fueled a building frenzy in the
area’s hospitality industry.
Local building contractors are celebrating Steamboat’s robust
construction boom, but at the same time facing its challenges – par-
ticularly in the wintertime. For that reason, most building projects
are scheduled during the spring and summer – when the days are
longer, and the weather is more predictable. Builders avoid starting
projects in the fall because the impending winter brings with it the
probability of snowstorms – and nothing plays more havoc on a
construction project’s schedule than a surprise blizzard. each upper floor. They can immediately start framing as they go,
Such was the case with Michael Brown, CEO of Brown Contractors, virtually eliminating fall hazards.
Inc. of nearby Westminster, Colorado, who did not have the “When a stair module goes in place, and the stair railing is bolted
luxury of building when the weather was, well, more accommodat- to the stringer,” says Freiberg, “the core is functional, and the subcon-
ing. Commissioned in early fall 2017 to begin construction on tractors can go up and down in that building almost immediately. It
74,000-square-foot Homewood Suites hotel in Steamboat, Brown keeps them off ladders and makes for much more efficient construc-
ADVERTORIAL
knew that he would be on a tight schedule to get the project under tion… and much safer.”
roof before the first big snowfall. Time was of the essence and he The modules also come with preinstalled connections, which are
could not chance using conventional methods of construction, compatible with steel, concrete, and wood framing, and can support
which almost always guarantees delays. limited construction loads prior to concrete placement, resulting in
“When you’re in the mountains of Colorado, you can expect snow no waiting on core curing.
at about the same time every year,” says Brown. “We knew that if Freiberg said the RediCor System works particularly well in con-
we were going to stay on schedule, we had to get the roof on before junction with Building Information Models (BIM) “because it is a
the snow started falling.” fabricated module as opposed to a field installed component such
Brown reached out to Jim Freiberg, sales representative at Vulcraft, as reinforced concrete block or cast-in-place concrete.” Using the
a division of Nucor that manufactures steel joists, deck, and a host BIM approach, the general contractor can coordinate with the
of building products. Freiberg has years of experience working with architect, the steel fabricator, the erector, and a host of subcontrac-
contractors facing mountain-range weather, and he knew that Brown tors to have the customized RediCor modules fit with all the major
needed a building system that reduced delays – especially with winter framing components.
bearing down. After reviewing the scope of the project, Freiberg recom- “That kind of coordination sounds simple, and that’s how it’s
mended Vulcraft’s RediCor System – a pre-fabricated, ready-to-set, supposed to work,” says Freiberg. “But it rarely does. And when
steel modular form system that is engineered to simplify and acceler- connections don’t fit on a large project, somebody sends an RFI
ate the construction of reinforced concrete stair and elevator cores. (Request for Information) back to the general contractor. . . and
The RediCor System incorporates custom-designed core modules then the affected parties have to wait for the fix.”
that can be stacked quickly and easily, enabling the framing phase Freiberg explains that the RFI process often contributes to a break in
– often the phase most susceptible to delays – to begin almost the workflow. “And when you break workflow, you have a cascading
immediately. And that can reduce the job site schedule by weeks detrimental effect on a construction schedule.” In contrast, Vulcraft’s
or even months on most building projects. pre-fabricated RediCor System, working in tandem with the BIM
“The RediCor system made sense to Brown Contractors because this approach, reduces the occurrence of RFIs, which reduces workflow
job was starting in the fall,” said Freiberg. “And if his schedule slipped interruptions and helps keep projects on schedule.
at all because of snow, Brown would get punished on the back end.” “RediCor’s modular form system simplified and fast-tracked the
The RediCor System is ideal for time-sensitive projects because the core construction process, which saved us time and the owner
stair cores are pre-fabricated at the Vulcraft factory and shipped in money,” said Brown. “And more importantly, we dodged a major
the modules, with only the railings to install. Hoisted by crane off snowstorm that could have added weeks to the construction sched-
the trailer, the cores are stacked like building blocks then secured ule. It’s hard to put a price on that.”
with welds, one on each corner. Once the core modules are stacked
and the stair rails fastened, the building trades have safe access to www.redicor.com

Redi.
Set.
Go.
REDICOR SIMPLIFIES AND ACCELERATES THE
CONSTRUCTION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE CORES.
Conventional methods of constructing reinforced concrete shear
cores can be a challenge. Unpredictable onsite construction
timelines frequently delay framing, and unacceptable concrete
tolerances or improperly located steel embed plates often bring
production schedules to a halt.
Now there’s a better way.
RediCor is a pre-fabricated, ready-to-set modular

steel form system that simplifies and accelerates
the construction of reinforced concrete stair and
TM
elevator cores. Our steel modules are factory built-

to-spec with structurally true, load-bearing vertical
and horizontal structural connections pre-engineered to ensure
that framing fits perfectly – saving time, energy and money.
VISIT US AT REDICOR.COM FOR THE REDICOR STORY.
Powerful Partnerships.
www.redicor.com Powerful Results.
STRUCTURE solutions
MAPEI
PROFILE
Meeting More Construction Needs
M APEI is the world-leading manufacturer of mortars, grouts,

adhesives, and products for floor and wall covering installa- Americas moved into the concrete admixture market in the United
tion. MAPEI manufactures chemical products for building, including States through the acquisition of General Resource Technology, Inc.
Concrete Admixtures Add Strength and Flexibility. MAPEI
waterproofing products, admixtures for concrete and repair products, (GRT) in 2014. A regional admixtures manufacturer founded in
decorative and protective exterior coatings, and more. 1993, GRT marketed concrete admixtures and auxiliary products
Cement Additives Optimize Manufacturers’ Processes. Starting for the concrete industry in the central United States. With MAPEI’s
INFO SPECS
at the beginning of the concrete cycle, MAPEI’s cement additives resources and innovation, this new North American subsidiary will
File Name: 18-2650 Ad_Structure_Mar_CRS Corporate Page Size: 5w" x 7.5h"
provide innovative solutionsPR#: fornocement Job#:producers,
18-2605 including grind- Number of continue
Pages: 1 to incorporate the latest product technology available to
ing1 1aids,
4 4 E . strength
N e w p o r t C eenhancers,
nter Dr. pack-set
Artist: Georginareducers
Morra Email: and CR(VI)-reducing
gmorra@mapei.com Bleed: Yes meet Amount: customer
.125" needs and focus on continuing the development of
Deerfield Beach, FL 33442 Date: February 1, 2019 11:09 AM Colors: CMYK Process, 4/0
additives for all types of cement, as well as air-entraining agents for next-generation
N O T E : C O L O R S V I E W E D O N - S C R E E N A R E I N T E N D E D F O R V I S U A L R E F E R E N C E O N L Y A N D M A Y N O T M A T C H T H E F I N A L P R I N T E D P R O D U C T.
concrete admixture products.
masonry cement. Underground Construction Team Offers Technology and
Products. MAPEI has entered the under-
ground technology arena in North America
with a team of specialists who are working with
contractors, engineers, and owners’ represen-
MAPEI provides a world of tatives for tunneling, hard-rock mining, and
Concrete Restoration Systems other large underground projects. MAPEI’s
product solutions for underground construc-
tion cover admixtures, alkali-free accelerators,
• Concrete Repair Mortars • Epoxy Adhesives
soil-conditioning systems, injection, sprayable
• Corrosion Protection • Decorative Toppings
• Construction Grouts • Cure and Seals
membranes, ancillary products for waterproof-
• Waterproofing • Densifiers
ing, and more.
• Sealants and Joint Fillers • Structural Strengthening Waterproofing Systems Excel at Keeping
ADVERTORIAL
• Coatings and Sealers Products Projects Dry. MAPEI has been heavily engaged
and very successful in above- and below-grade
waterproofing markets around the world for
some time, and has introduced two below-
grade waterproofing systems to the Americas
– the Mapeproof ™ sodium bentonite, geo-
textile waterproofing membranes for blindside
waterproofing and the Mapethene™ self-adher-
ing, rubberized-asphalt sheet waterproofing
membranes for positive-sized waterproofing.
Supporting these waterproofing products is a
complete line of detailing and accessories, includ-
ing the new Planiseal® CR1, a cold-fluid-applied
structural waterproofing membrane that provides
a fast cure and is VOC-compliant.
Elastomeric Coatings Provide the Perfect
Finish. The Elastocolor® product line of wall
coatings is the latest extension to MAPEI’s
Concrete Restoration Systems (CRS) cat-
egory and showcases MAPEI’s creativity
and innovation. Ideally suited for the con-
crete restoration and waterproofing market,
Elastocolor Primer, Elastocolor Texture,
Elastocolor Flex, Elastocolor Coat, and
Elastocolor provide decorative and protec-
tive finishes for vertical, above-grade building
facades and structures.
MAPEI is growing. Wherever construction
is underway, MAPEI has products and systems
MAPEI USA for builders.
www.mapei.com
18-2650 Ad_Structure_Mar_CRS Corporate.indd 1 2/6/19 2:03 PM

LINDAPTER® Celebrating 85 years of innovation.
J UST LAUNCHED! Lindapter ICC-ES approved Type AF /

AAF Girder Clamp for structural and seismic designs.
Lindapter’s Type AF / AAF Girder Clamp is the world’s first and only
prescribed in AISC 360 and are used in structural steel connections.
The report also confirms that Girder Clamps may be used to resist
axial tension and slip due to load combinations that include wind
approved structural steel clamping system that load or seismic load for steel structures in
ADVERTORIAL
is compliant with the International Building Seismic Design Categories A to C.
Code. After extensive analysis, it is the first and Reasons to use Lindapter Girder Clamps:
only steel clamping system with the following: • No drilling or welding in the field
✓ High resistance to tensile loading in • Cost effective and time saving
accordance with Acceptance Criteria • For structural steel sections including W
(AC469) and S beams, channels, and angles
✓ Compliance with the International • High tensile and slip resistance capacitates
Building Code • Adjustable
✓ Compliance with the International • Safer connections
Residential Code • Free connection detailing service
✓ Approved for use in Seismic Design
Categories A, B, and C
866-566-2658
ICC-ES report ESR-3976 verifies that inquiries@lindapterusa.com
Types AF and AAF Girder Clamps are an www.lindapterusa.com
alternative to high-strength bolt assemblies
ICC-ES Approved Celebrating 85 years of innovation
Structural Steel
Connections
Lindapter’s Girder Clamp is the world’s first and
only approved structural steel clamping system that
is compliant with the International Building Code.
4 No drilling or welding in the field!

4 Faster installation reduces labor costs
4 For structural steel sections including ESR-3976
W and S beams, channels, and angles
4 High tensile and slip resistance capacities
4 Free connection detailing service
For information and design data, call 866 566-2658 or visit www.LindapterUSA.com
M A Y 2 019 65-SS
INSIGHTS
Horizontal End Wall Hooks
Practical Construction Detailing for 8-inch CMU Special Shear Walls
By Craig Baltimore, Ph.D., S.E., and Rachel Chandler
C ertain types of special masonry shear

walls require reinforcement hooks, typi-
cally 180 degrees, at the end of a masonry
wall, but the cell dimension and grout clear-
ance requirements can make installation
problematic. When this happens, using a
three-dimensional (3-D) technique allows
for practical detailing and construction of
horizontal reinforcement end hooks to vertical
reinforcement as required by code for special
shear walls (The Masonry Society, TMS 402-
16, Section 7.3.2.6(d)). This 3-D technique
twists the horizontal reinforcement so that the
hook angles instead of lying flat. The twist- Figure 1. Hooked reinforcement dimensional requirements.
ing delivers code required grout space while
providing a proper end hook. The hook is used). Considering the minimum face shell The hook prevents buckling of vertical
necessary for wall continuity allowing for dimension and perfect placement, the code reinforcement should spalling occur under
ductile behavior. This article refers to 8-inch requirements can be met with ⅛-inch toler- high lateral loading. Research conducted by
concrete masonry unit (CMU) walls with #4 ance as depicted in Figure 1. However, TMS the Technical Coordinating Committee on
reinforcement and coarse grout. 602, Article 3.4 B.11.a, allows for ½-inch Masonry Research (TCCMAR) on shear wall
The flat 180-degree hook dimension is 4 tolerance in reinforcement placement. As performance, and results assessed by Greg
inches overall (TMS 402-16, Table 6.1.8). presented in two-dimensional (2-D) con- Baenziger and Max L. Porter (Iowa State
For load-bearing CMU, standards require a struction drawing format when considering University, 2010), showed that horizontal
minimum face shell thickness of 1¼ inches material and installation tolerances, the rein- reinforcement not hooked to vertical rein-
(ASTM C90). The flat dimension directly forcement does not fit. forcement (i.e., there is slack) caused excessive
impacts the side clearance requirements spalling resulting in a negative impact on the
(TMS 402-16, Section 6.1.3.5). With 7.625 ductility of the wall. Their recommendation
inches overall width, 2.5 inches of face shell
The 3-D Solution was to assure there was no slack or there was
thickness, and a 4-inch hook flat dimen- The hook orientation does not require flat hor- a properly installed hook.
sion, it appears there is no issue (that is if izontal placement in the wall. The Concrete The Concrete Masonry Association of
#5 reinforcement, or larger, is not being Reinforcing Steel Institute (CRSI) Research California and Nevada reports this issue is a
Note on the “tilt” angle of common question. With today’s computer draft-
end hooks (RN-2009-2) ing software, the 3-D solution is easy to represent
concluded: “hook tilt angle on construction drawings. Since special shear
did not appear to have an walls are performance-based, adequate structural
effect on the maximum performance requires a proper hook
stress or displacement of while maintaining proper side clear-
the reinforcing bar.” ances for adequate grouting.■
Since the horizontal
reinforcement hook is Craig Baltimore is a Professor of Architectural
not required to lay flat, a Engineering at Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo. One
3-D solution, i.e., twist-
of Baltimore’s specialization and research areas
ing the hook, becomes an
is masonry, and he has been active with The
option and the 2-D issue
Masonry Society for two decades.
disappears (Figure 2).
(cbaltimo@calpoly.edu)
The orientation of the
hook does not affect the Rachel Chandler is a Master’s student in
structural integrity; how- Architectural Engineering at Cal Poly, San
ever, the apex of the hook Luis Obispo. She is studying sustainable
must surround the vertical self-consolidating grout for concrete masonry
reinforcement to achieve a construction. (rgchandl@calpoly.edu)
Figure 2. 3-Dimension reinforcement hook twisted. proper hook.
SPOTLIGHT
The Face-Mounted Solution
By David Adler, P.E.
A fter enduring over a decade of disuse,

the iconic front of the Hartford Times
Building (HTB) has been restored and reborn
as the face of the University of Connecticut’s
new downtown satellite campus. UConn
Hartford, designed by Robert A. M. Stern
Architects, is part of a larger development effort
to revitalize the area. The Beaux-Arts facade of
the historic former newspaper headquarters
features a muraled arcade and green granite
pillars. Don Barber, the building’s original
architect, salvaged the pillars from Stanford
White’s Madison Square Presbyterian Church
prior to its demolition in 1919.
The original HTB is steel framed with
5-inch-thick cinder concrete draped mesh Silman was an Outstanding Award Winner for its University of Connecticut Downtown Hartford Campus
slabs. There is no discernable lateral system project in the 2018 Annual Excellence in Structural Engineering Awards Program in the Category – Forensic/
other than the inherent stiffness of the old Renovation/Retrofit/Rehabilitation Structures over $20M.
riveted steel connection and the thick (but
unreinforced) perimeter brick masonry walls. The most straightforward solution – hiring into brick pockets. There are also bearing plates
The entire 160-foot western-facing building a company that specializes in post-installed and incompressible filler to ensure the centricity
facade remains, along with half of the original reinforcement of unreinforced brick walls – of the load. At the connection of each stub, the
60-foot-deep massing. The restored historic was rejected as being too costly and too late shear loads the primary tube in tension, while
structure ties into the new 5-story addition, in the schedule. Thus began an exploration of the fixed end moment transfers into its weak
including a 50-foot-by-80-foot atrium and a “the face-mounted solution:” applying steel to axis. This moment is then resolved at each stub
courtyard between the three buildings that is the face of the brick wall to act as conventional through epoxy anchors into the wall, which does
open to the public. reinforcement. load the wall with some out-of-plane moment.
Because the story elevations of the original With this face-mounted premise, the first However, the net load on the wall is centered,
building do not align with those of the rest of draft of the solution involved anchoring and the local moments are effectively negligible.
the Hartford campus, the interface between a continuous steel plate to the wall with The final question: how to anchor the load
old and new, a maze of overlapping spaces, is epoxy anchors, which posed the immediately into the foundation? The solution lay in turning
full of hanging and transferred columns. This obvious questions. How many anchors the problem on its side, transforming it into
left no room for a lateral frame along the cut- would be required to develop the load into the more familiar shear lug from a steel base
away back of the old building. This was one of the wall? How many to anchor it to the plate into a concrete footing. Resolving it this
the factors that drove two decisions regarding foundation? Would the brick crush, locally, way involved a 3-inch-thick plate complete-
the existing masonry: to utilize it as the main at the more heavily loaded anchors? Would joint-penetration welded to the bottom of the
lateral load resisting system in one direction the eccentricity of that tension load cause any primary tube, which is reinforced to be able
and to seismically isolate it in the other. problems? The answers to those questions to withstand the bending moment from the
Though both decisions presented challenges, turned out to be, respectively: too many, also entire eccentric tensile force.
the reinforcement required the design team to too many, absolutely, and very likely. Thus, This unique structural detail allows the project
develop a more innovative structural solution. the face-mounted steel must somehow load to not only preserve HTB’s history alongside
Due to the heavy stone at the facade, the the wall with no eccentricity. Moreover, if the the future of the UConn satellite campus but
design seismic load for this project was inherently eccentric face-mounted steel was also to preserve the original function of the
massive. Unlike a typical steel framed building, not loaded along its own center, then it would facade. The new building relies on these walls
the original walls of the HTB are completely have to resist bending moment along with the as the original building did, a truer restoration
unreinforced, meaning any inherent ductility wall’s tension. This conclusion eliminated this than if they had merely been braced. While
they might possess could not be relied on to first face-mounted draft as a viable option, as ultimately hidden behind furred out walls,
reduce seismic loads. This resulted in a far neither a plate nor anchors would be able to this detail serves as a metaphor for
larger tensile demand than the original brick transfer that bending. the project as well as for the greater
mortar could withstand. However, using these A superior solution, as it turned out, was revitalization effort in Hartford.■
design loads, it was possible to calculate the tubes. Each end of each pier is reinforced with
amount of steel reinforcement that would be a single, continuous, thick-walled, wide and David Adler is a Senior Engineer with Silman in
required. The challenge, then, was how to get shallow steel tube along the face of the wall, New York, NY. (adler@silman.com)
that steel into the existing wall. with smaller tubes periodically cantilevering
STRUCTURE magazine M AY 2 019 67

NCSEA
NCSEA News
National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
NCSEA Education Director Jan Diepstra Retires
After 14 years of service, NCSEA Education Director Jan Diepstra retired this month. Jan was instrumental at
NCSEA in developing and growing the Council’s education and webinar programs, working in conjunction with
the Continuing Education Committee to establish leading resources for structural engineers. Jan joined NCSEA
after working with the Structural Engineers Association of Illinois (SEAOI), where she also led education efforts.
A key to Jan’s success has been her tireless efforts to foster relationships with hundreds of speakers to better the
education available to the practicing structural engineer.
Jan is excited to join her husband in retirement and to spend more time traveling. Jan also is looking forward to
spending more time with her children and grandchildren. NCSEA staff and the Board
Jan Diepstra of Directors thank Jan for her years of service to the profession and wish her the best of
luck moving forward.
Replacing Jan is Katherine (Kat) Ort, who joins NCSEA from the American Society for Surgery of the Hand. Kat
will serve as NCSEA’s Education and Conference Manager. She has a Master’s in Education from Middle Tennessee
State University and has spent her career in associations assisting them in enhancing their education initiatives.
“NCSEA was fortunate to have Jan Diepstra lead its education programs. Jan was an amazing ambassador for
the Council and had a first-rate approach to continuing education. She will be missed,” said Al Spada, NCSEA
Executive Director. “Katherine Ort brings a great set of skills to help NCSEA move toward the future. We are
excited to have her on our team.” Katherine Ort
REGISTRATION IS OPEN: 2019 STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING SUMMIT

We’re going to Disneyland! Join us November 12th What's new to the 2019 Summit?
to 15th for the 2019 Structural Engineering Summit • New Format! Beginning on Tuesday & ending Friday afternoon, the
taking place at the Disneyland® Hotel in Anaheim, program will offer more education (over 16 hours) and less overlap.
California. The Summit draws the best of the structural • NCSEA has partnered with the American Wood Council, APA–The
Engineered Wood Association, and Simpson Strong-Tie to bring the
engineering field together for high-quality education
Timber-Strong Design Build™ Competition to the Summit for student
by expert speakers, a dynamic trade show with teams from across the country to compete.
over 60 exhibitors, and compelling peer-to-peer • Four Keynotes Presentations from Stacy Bartoletti, P.E., S.E., Melissa
networking at a variety of events and receptions. Marshall, Avery Bang, and Ashraf Habibullah, S.E.
Register today by visiting www.ncsea.com before fees increase on June 3!
Secure Training to Become a Second Responder

Register for the next NCSEA CalOES Safety Assessment Program on Wednesday, June 12, 2019
The California Office of Emergency Services (CalOES) Safety Assessment Program (SAP), hosted by NCSEA, is highly regarded as a standard
throughout the country for engineer emergency responders. It is one of only two post-disaster assessment programs that will be compliant
with the requirements of the Federal Resource Typing Standards for engineer emergency responders, and has been reviewed and approved
by FEMA's Office of Domestic Preparedness. Based on ATC-20/45 methodologies and forms, the SAP training course provides engineers,
architects, and code-enforcement professionals with the basic skills required to perform safety assessments of structures following disasters.
Register by visiting www.ncsea.com. This course is not included in the Live & Recorded Webinar Subscription.
DOUG FELL, P.E.

Doug Fell is a CalOES Assessor, Coordinator, and Instructor. He is a licensed professional engineer (structural)
in his home state of Minnesota as well as several others. Doug is the managing principal of Structural Resource
Center LLC. His practice includes structural engineering design and analysis for new and existing structures,
structural assessments, forensic engineering, emergency response, development and review of safety programs,
and project management services.
Doug has responded to all types of emergencies and performed assessments all over the U.S. He was the
lead structural engineer for the Minneapolis Metrodome roof collapse stabilization and return to service.
News from the National Council of Structural Engineers Associations
MO Public Outreach Competition

Can structural engineers improve the public visibility and recognition of the profession? The NCSEA Communications
Committee thinks so, and wants to encourage you and your SEA to participate. Through the creation and distri-
bution of information and content via news articles, videos, blogs, and a multitude of other methods, SEAs can
spread the message about our profession and its critical role in society.
The NCSEA Communications Committee invites NCSEA Member Organizations to participate in the very
first Member Organization Public Outreach Challenge. The goal is to inform and educate other industries,
professions, and the general public about Structural Engineering. The process is simple, SEAs and SEA members
are already creating content; compile it, submit to NCSEA by September 8, 2019, and, after review, a winner will
be chosen! NCSEA will be hosting an information webinar on June 20th; register for the webinar and learn more
about the challenge by visiting www.ncsea.com/challenge.
2019 NCSEA Grant Program Subscribe to Knowledge

The NCSEA Grant Program was developed in 2015 to award SEAs NCSEA's Live & Recorded Webinar Subscription is the most user-
funding for projects that grow and promote their SEA and the struc- and wallet-friendly plan to date! This Live & Recorded Webinar
tural engineering field in accordance with the NCSEA Mission Subscription offers all the same benefits as before, but now includes
Statement: NCSEA advances the practice of structural engineering by even more. With this annual plan, you get:
representing and strengthening its Member Organizations.
• 25+ live webinars a year featuring the highest-quality speakers
Any NCSEA Member Organization or member of a Member
available.
Organization is eligible to submit a grant application, as long as the
• Receive an unlimited number of free CE certificates for each
application has been reviewed and approved by the Member Organization.
webinar so multiple viewers at the same location can receive
Past Grant recipients have used their funds to support endeavors as
credit for every live webinar with no additional costs.
hosting symposiums and networking events for members, enhancing
• Unlimited 24/7/365 access to NCSEA's Recorded Webinar
mentoring programs, setting up Engineering for the Arts initiatives,
Library–more than 120 relevant & high-quality webinars.
and renew dated studies. Some SEAs used their grants to purchase
NCSEA's Education Portal provides easy access to all of your
items that could be used to enhance their outreach efforts.
education content.
Visit www.ncsea.com for more information about the 2019 Grant
Program and to submit your proposal NCSEA Members can subscribe today on www.ncsea.com!
NCSEA Webinars Register by visiting www.ncsea.com.

May 16, 2019
Bridge Design – Seismic Design of Bridges (Session III)
Tony Shkurti, Ph.D., S.E., P.E.
This third session will be geared to assist exam takers and practicing bridge engineers that must deal with bridge design in their day-
to-day activities. It will explain the art of seismic analysis and design in common sense engineering jargon with hands on application
of how to apply the proper structural stiffness, demand calculations based on AASHTO methodology for single mode analyses using
both the Single Mode and the Uniform Load Method of analyses.
May 21, 2019

Insidious Thermal Forces in Steel Structures: What You Need to Know
Barry Arnold, P.E., S.E.
This course will expand the attendee’s knowledge of how changes in temperatures and poor detailing of structural members and sys-
tems adversely affect individual members as well as entire buildings.
June 4, 2019
Wind Tunnel Testing for Structural Engineers
Dr. Roy Denoon, Ph.D.
This webinar will cover the basics of boundary layer wind tunnel testing and how it is used to aid structural design. The dif-
ferent testing approaches used for a range of structures will be described.
Courses award 1.5 hours of continuing education after the completion of a quiz. Diamond Review approved in all 50 states.
M AY 2 019 69
SEI Update
Learning / Networking
SAVE THE DATE
STRUCTURAL
ENGINEERING
INSTITUTE
STRUCTURES CONGRESS 2020 CALL FOR PROPOSALS
Be part of the program - Submit an
St. Louis, Missouri I April 5-8 Abstract or Session Proposal

Deadline: June 5, 2019
Interact with and learn from academic/practice The Premier Event in Structural Engineering
experts on innovative topics:
• Blast & Structural Response • Education
• Bridge & Transportation • Forensic
Structures • Natural Disaster
• Building • Special Structures
• Business & Professional • Nonstructural
• Career Development • Research
Students & Young Professionals: Apply for Scholarship to Participate. Learn more www.structurescongress.org
Joint International Conference:

Iconic Global Structures:
Collaboration Efficiency Safety
what can we learn?
• •
Dubai, UAE | 29-30 September 2019

Join structural engineers and project stakeholders to explore
the successes and challenges of constructing nine complex
structures across the world. Keynote speakers will share their
experience of high volume occupancy, unusual structures
where typical codes do not apply, and performance based
design (PBD) of tall buildings.
Register now to receive early booking discount:

https://structuresdubai2019.cvent.com
SEI Online
ASCE 7-16 Supplement SEI News SEI on
#1 – Now Available Member experiences
at ASCE Fly-In in Twitter
https://bit.ly/2I8S4Li contains important provisions
for seismic and tsunami design as well as commentary Washington, DC Follow us:
changes. The Errata are also available for download via
www.asce.org/SEI. @ASCE_SEI
the ASCE Library https://bit.ly/2Zc97l8.
Errata SEI Standards Supplements and Errata including ASCE 7. See www.asce.org/SEI-Errata.
If you would like to submit errata, contact Jon Esslinger at jesslinger@asce.org.
News of the Structural Engineering Institute of ASCE
Membership
SEI Annual New SEI Member Benefit
Report 2018 Connect and access resources via ASCE Collaborate:
Integrated Buildings and Structures. Use your SEI/
Review past ASCE member login to engage in member discussions,
access career opportunities, and view presentations including ASCE 7-16
achievements Overview and Wind Loads, made possible by the SEI Futures Fund.
and future plans.
ASCE/SEI Member Benefits

Join or Renew SEI/ASCE
For innovative solutions and learning, to connect with
leaders and colleagues, and to enjoy member benefits
such as SEI Member Update monthly e-news opportu-
nities and resources – visit www.asce.org/myprofile or
call ASCE Customer Service at 800-548-ASCE (2723).
Advancing the Profession

2019 ASCE Structural and SEI Award Recipients
Congratulations to the 2019 ASCE Structural and SEI Award Recipients recognized April 27 at Structures Congress in Orlando.
Walter L. Huber Shortridge George Winter Associate Editor 2018 Alfredo SEI President’s Nathan M. W. Gene Corley
Civil Engineering Hardesty Award: Award: Award: Ang Award: Award: Newmark Medal: Award:
Research Prize: Amit H. Varma, Thomas E. Boothby, Sriram Narasimhan, Bilal M. Ayyub, David J. Odeh, Bojan Guzina, Gregg E. Brandow,
Dimitrios Lignos, Ph.D., M.ASCE Ph.D., P.E., Ph.D., P.Eng., Ph.D., P.E., F.SEI, P.E., S.E., SECB, Ph.D., A.M.ASCE Ph.D., P.E., S.E.,
Ph.D., A.M.ASCE F.ASCE M.ASCE Dist.M.ASCE F.SEI, F.ASCE M.ASCE
Walter P. Moore, Dennis L. Moisseiff Award: Moisseiff Award: Moisseiff Award: Moisseiff Award: 2018 Ernest E. 2018 Ernest E.
Jr. Award: Tewksbury Award: Gilberto Michael Pollino, Bing Qu, Ph.D., Derek Slovenec, Howard Award: Howard Award:
Robert T. Ratay, Glenn R. Bell, P.E., Mosqueda, Ph.D., Ph.D., S.E., P.E., P.E., M.ASCE S.M.ASCE Zoubir Lounis, Therese P.
Ph.D., P.E., F.SEI, S.E., C.Eng., SECB, A. M.ASCE M.ASCE M.ASCE McAllister, P.E.,
F.ASCE F.SEI, F.ASCE F.SEI, M.ASCE
Raymond C. Reese Raymond C. Reese Raymond C. Reese SEI Graduate Student Chapter of the Year Award: SEI Chapter of the Year Award:
Research Prize: Research Prize: Research Prize: SEI Graduate Student Chapter (GSC) at the SEI San Francisco Chapter
Sherif El-Tawil, Jason McCormick, Tung-Yu Wu, S.E., University of Texas, Arlington
Ph.D., P.E., F. SEI, Ph.D., P.E. S.M.ASCE
F.ASCE M.ASCE
View recognition and nominate a colleague for the 2020 SEI/ASCE Awards at www.asce.org/SEI.
M AY 2 019 71
CASE in Point
Did you know?
CASE has tools and practice guidelines to help deal with a wide variety of business scenarios that structural engineering firms face daily.
Whether your firm needs to establish a new Quality Assurance Program, update its risk management program, or keep track of the skills
young engineers are learning at each level of experience, CASE has the tools you need!
The following documents/templates are recommended to review/use if your firm needs to update its current Quality Assurance Program,
or incorporate a new program into the firm culture:
962: National Practice Guidelines for the Structural Engineer of Record (2018)
962-B: National Practice Guideline for Specialty Structural Engineers
962-C: Guidelines for International Building Code Mandated Special Inspections and Tests and Quality Assurance
962-D: Guideline addressing Coordination and Completeness of Structural Construction Documents
Tool 1-2: Developing a Culture of Quality Tool 4-4: Phone Conversation Log
Tool 2-1: Risk Evaluation Checklist Tool 4-5: Project Communication Matrix
Tool 2-4: Project Risk Management Plan Tool 9-2: Quality Assurance Plan
Tool 4-1: Status Report Template Tool 10-1: Site Visit Cards
Tool 4-2: Project Kick-off Meeting Agenda Tool 10-2: Construction Administration Log
Tool 4-3: Sample Correspondence Letters
You can purchase these and the other Risk Management Tools at www.acec.org/bookstore.
CASE Winter Planning Meeting Update

CASE does two planning meetings a year to allow their committees to meet face-to-face and interact across all CASE activities. Over 30
CASE committee members and guests attended the recent planning meeting in Tampa, FL, February 7-8, making this another well attended
and productive meeting. During the meeting, break-out sessions were held by the CASE Contracts, Guidelines, Toolkit, and Programs &
Communications Committees. Members also heard from Sabrina Duk from the NCSEA SE3 Committee, reporting on the results from
their recent engagement and equity survey.
Current initiatives include: • Flood-Resistant Design for the Structural Engineer
I. Contracts Committee – Brent Wright (brent@wrighteng.net) • Beyond the Code – Understanding Client Expectations
• All Contract Documents are currently undergoing review by and Strategies for Managing Them
outside legal counsel III. Programs and Communications Committee – Nils Ericson
• Updated Commentary on AIA C-401 to reflect the updated (nericson@m2structural.com)
AIA contract document for 2017 • Submitted session topics for the 2020 NASCC Steel
II. Guidelines Committee – Kevin Chamberlain Conference
(kevinc@dcstructural.com) • Discussed options for sessions to submit for the 2019
• Revising the following current Practice Guideline Documents: NCSEA Summit in November
• CASE 962-A: National Practice Guidelines for the • Discussed options for sessions at the 2019 ACEC Fall
Preparation of Structural Engineering Conference
Reports for Buildings • Discussed options for sessions to submit for the 2020 SEI
• CASE 962-D: Guideline Addressing Coordination and Structures Congress
Completeness of Structural Construction • Finalized session at the 2019 ACEC Annual Convention
Documents • Discussed program topics for summer meeting that would
• CASE 962-G: Guidelines for Performing Project Specific either be on the Mercedes Benz stadium or the canopies at
Peer Reviews on Structural Projects the Hartsfield Int’l Airport in Atlanta, GA
• CASE 962-H: National Practice Guideline on Project and IV. Toolkit Committee – Brent White (brentw@arwengineers.com)
Business Risk Management • Working on the following updates to current tools:
• CASE 976-C: Commentary on Code of Standard Practice • Tool 5-1: Guide to the Practice of Structural Engineering
for Steel Buildings and Bridges • Tool 9-2: Coordination and Completeness of Contract
• Structural Engineer’s Guide to Fire Protection Documents
• Working on the following new documents: • Working on the following new documents:
• Introduction to Seismic Engineering for the Practicing • Tool 5-6: Lessons Learned
Structural Engineer • Tool 6-3: Project Scoping Tool
• Structural Engineer’s Guide to the Procurement, Use,
and Implementation of Geotechnical Engineering
Follow ACEC Coalitions on Twitter – @ACECCoalitions.

News of the Council of American Structural Engineers
CASE Tool 4-3: Sample Correspondence Guidelines – UPDATED
The intent of CASE Tool 4-3, Sample Correspondence Guidelines, is to make it faster and easier to access correspondence with appropriate
verbiage addressing some commonly encountered situations that can increase your risk. The sample correspondence contained within this
tool is intended to be sent to the Client, Owner, Sub-consultant, Building Official, Employee, etc., to keep them informed about a certain
facet of a project or their employment.
The committee did an all-inclusive update to this document, plus added the following new sample letters:
• Collections Correspondence / Billing Policies Letter
• Human Resources Correspondence / Employee Performance Improvement Plan
• Project Acquisition and Contract Correspondence / Scope Change Letter and Additional Services Form
You can purchase these and the other Risk Management Tools at www.acec.org/bookstore.
Donate to the CASE Scholarship Fund!

The ACEC Council of American Structural Engineers (CASE) is currently seeking contributions to help make the structural engineering
scholarship program a success. The CASE scholarship, administered by the ACEC College of Fellows, is awarded to a student seeking a
Bachelor’s degree, at a minimum, in an ABET-accredited engineering program. Since 2009, the CASE Scholarship program has given
$29,000 to help engineering students pave their way to a bright future in structural engineering.
We have all witnessed the stiff competition from other disciplines and professions eager to obtain the best and brightest young talent from
a dwindling pool of engineering graduates. One way to enhance the ability of students in pursuing their dreams to become professional
engineers is to offer incentives in educational support.
Your monetary support is vital in helping CASE and ACEC increase scholarships to those students who are the future of our industry. All
donations toward the program may be eligible for tax deduction, and you don’t have to be an ACEC member to donate! Contact Heather
Talbert at htalbert@acec.org to donate.
Fresh EJCDC Contracts to Meet Modern Market Demands

EJCDC’s newly released 2018 Construction (C-Series) Documents are a significant modernization, revision, and expansion of the 2013
C-series and now the state-of-the-art in construction contract documents.
The updated edition comprises 25 integrated documents including:
• Fundamental contract documents such as the Standard General Conditions, the Small Project agreement, and Supplementary Conditions
• Forms for gathering information needed to draft bidding documents
• Instructions for bidders and a standard bid form
• Bonds including bid, performance, warranty (new for 2018), and payment bonds
• Administrative forms, such as change orders and a certificate of substantial completion
EJCDC C-700, Standard General Conditions of the Construction Contract has been extensively refreshed and updated, too. The new
EJCDC 2018 C-Series also includes expanded and updated “Notes to Users” and “Guidelines for Use” to provide more specific instructions,
and it eliminates the need for notary and corporate seals.
You can purchase these and the other EJCDC documents at www.acec.org/bookstore.
Manual for New Consulting Engineers

An HR Favorite for New Hires
ACEC’s best-seller, “Can I Borrow Your Watch?” A Beginner’s Guide to Succeeding in a Professional Consulting Organization offers
new engineers a head start in the business of professional consulting.
This essential guide is tailored to the unique needs of engineering firms, and the skills and experiences rookie consultants need to be suc-
cessful in a large organization, including:
• Proposal Preparation • Project Management
• Financial Management • Staff Management
• Client Relationships
With over 140 pages of consulting expertise, this resource is the perfect addition to any new staffer’s welcome pack or in-house orientation.
It can even be a useful resource for more seasoned engineers looking to refine their skills.
To order this book, go to www.acec.org/bookstore. Bulk ordering is available, for more information contact Maureen Brown (mbrown@acec.org).
M AY 2 019 73
STEEL/COLD-FORMED STEEL products guide
ENERCALC, Inc.
Adhesives Technology Corporation RISA
Phone: 800-424-2252
Phone: 800-892-1880 Phone: 949-951-5815
Email: info@enercalc.com
Email: atcinfo@atcepoxy.com Email: benf@risa.com
Web: http://enercalc.com
Web: www.atcepoxy.com Web: risa.com
Product: Structural Engineering Library/
Product: ULTRABOND® Product: RISA-3D and RISAFloor
ENERCALC SE Cloud
Anchoring and Doweling Products Description: Get the most out of steel designs
Description: Steel design is a breeze with
Description: A leading manufacturer of with RISAFloor and RISA-3D. Ability to use
ENERCALC’s Structural Engineering Library (SEL).
construction and industry related adhesives in multiple materials in one FEA model makes
Beams, columns, 2-D frames, force distribution
epoxies, urethanes, acrylics, ester blends and these programs your first choice for both hot
in bolt groups…SEL handles it all. The clear user
polyureas. ULTRABOND®, CRACKBOND®, rolled and cold formed steel. Up-to-date AISC,
interface’s new 3-D sketches make it fast and easy to
and MIRACLE BOND® are some of the AISI and Canadian codes included, RISA has all
setup, confirm and “what-if ” calculations. Member
most recognized products in North America. your bases covered.
optimization improves efficiency and saves time!
ULTRABOND HS-1CC is currently the
industry’s highest performing anchoring epoxy.
Heckmann Building Products
Phone: 203-857-2200
Email: julien@toggler.com
Alpine TrusSteel Web: www.heckmannbuildingprods.com Simpson Strong-Tie®
Phone: 863-307-9895 Product: Pos-I-Tie®
Email: ddunbar@alpineitw.com Description: The Pos-I-Tie brand is synonymous with Phone: 800-925-5099
Web: www.trussteel.com acceptance and longevity in the masonry construction Email: web@strongtie.com
Product: TrusSteel industry and is the #1 most specified veneer anchor. Web: www.strongtie.com
Description: The commercial framing industry’s Heckmann Building Products continues to add new Product: CFS Designer™ Software
premier cold-formed steel truss system. Our and innovative products to the Pos-I-Tie family. The Description: Design CFS beam-column members
innovative Double-Shear fastening technology newest additions include: The Pos-I-Tie ThermalClip® according to AISI specifications and analyze
combines with our patented symmetrical profile to and the Pos-I-Tie KeyBolt. complex beam loading and span conditions.
efficiently transfer structural loads. The unique system Intuitive design tools automate common CFS
provides more overall stability, making TrusSteel systems such as wall openings, shearwalls, floor
joists, and up to eight stories of load-bearing studs.
easier to handle and easier to install, with less need for Hexagon PPM
additional installation of external restraints.
Phone: 281-671-1528
Email: geoffrey.blumber@hexagon.com Product: Simpson Strong-Tie Ready Products
Web: https://hexagonppm.com Description: Accomplish any curved framing
ClarkDietrich Product: BricsCAD® BIM job quickly and efficiently with Ready Products
Phone: 800-543-7140 Description: Create and manage building designs – and portable Ready Bender framing tools. Ready
Email: info@clarkdietrich.com from concept to construction documentation – in one Products come field ready to hand bend in place,
Web: www.clarkdietrich.com familiar environment. With BricsCAD BIM, you can and Ready Bender™ tools easily curve straight
Product: BlazeFrame Firestop Framing System use your current CAD skills to smoothly move to create tracks and angles. Together, this versatile system
Description: One-of-its-kind steel framing firestop real Building Information Models in record time. makes it easy to create curved drywall designs.
system that simultaneously frames and seals both
dynamic and static joints from air and smoke.
Featuring an integrated intumescent strip – expands
to 35 times its size when exposed to heat above 375° Lindapter
Fahrenheit, BlazeFrame provides protection from heat
and flame passage during a fire event.
Phone: 866-566-2658 Trimble
Email: inquiries@lindapter.com
Phone: 678-737-7379
Web: www.LindapterUSA.com
Email: jodi.hendrixson@trimble.com
Product: Girder Clamp
Web: www.tekla.com
Dlubal Software, Inc. Description: The world’s first and only structural
Product: Tekla Structuress
steel clamping system that is approved by ICC and
Phone: 267-702-2815 Description: Create a detailed, constructible 3-D
compliant with the International Building Code.
Email: info-us@dlubal.com model of any steel structure from industrial and
A high strength, permanent connection is quickly
Web: www.dlubal.com commercial buildings to stadiums and high rise
achieved by clamping two steel sections together,
Product: RFEM buildings. Enables collaboration and sharing of
resulting in a faster, cost-effective alternative to
Description: Non-linear FEA software project information among architects, engineers,
drilling or welding in the field.
with LRFD and ASD design of hot-rolled and contractors. Links with major AEC, MEP and
steel according to AISC, CSA, and other plant design software solutions with Open BIM
international standards. Features include approach and IFC compliance.
warping torsion, deflection checks, tapered and
curved beam design, and automatic cross-section Qnect, LLC
optimization. Stress analysis and design of steel
surface and shell elements available, including Phone: 512-814-5611
Email: Christian@Qnect.com
nonlinear plastic analysis.
Web: www.Qnect.com
Product: QuickQnect
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STRUCTURE

NCSEA | CASE | SEI MAY 2019

INSIDE: Brooklyn Bridge 19

Sandy Springs Performance Arts Center Photography by Zach Rolen

We provide an array of Cast Steel Solutions:

UNIVERSAL PIN CONNECTOR™

“We’re able to import geometry from Revit, design in

Tekla Structural Design at Work:

After a lengthy and thorough comparison of commer-

TRANSFORMING THE WAY THE WORLD WORKS

Erratum EDITORIAL BOARD

Jeremy L. Achter, S.E., LEED AP

Linda M. Kaplan, P.E.

Charles “Chuck” F. King, P.E.

Jason McCool, P.E.

Evans Mountzouris, P.E.

The DiSalvo Engineering Group, Danbury, CT

John “Buddy” Showalter, P.E.

Eytan Solomon, P.E., LEED AP

Jeannette M. Torrents, P.E., S.E., LEED AP

STRUCTURE ® magazine (ISSN 1536 4283) is published monthly

22 THE SEISMIC Feature

Temple Sherith Israel was subject to

Columns and Departments

7 Building Blocks Mortar Compressive Strength 67 Spotlight University of Connecticut

10 Structural Forensics Reinforced

“What’s the Plan?” ~Anonymous

M ortar is specified by proportions or by properties. The pro-

Compressive Strength (psi) Strength Compressive Strength (psi) Strength

R einforced masonry is used throughout the United States as a cost-effective and

conductivities. Thus, wall surface temperature is affected by internal

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