The Germanic Invasion (410-1066)

BRITISH CUL After Romans left Britain in 410, England was settled
by waves of Germanic people. Jutes together with An
gles and Saxons known as Anglo-Saxons began to in

TURE vade Britain in the 5th century. The new settlers a mi

xture of people from North Germany, Denmark and N
orthern Holland. They were germanic tribes.
Britain under the command of the legendary King Arth
ur. He led the defence of Britain against Saxons inva
ders.
" H I S T O R Y "
Anglo-Saxons were pagan when they come to Britain
but as time passed, they gradually converted to christi
Prehistory: The story of prehistoric Britain began with anity
the first human who lived in Britain and it ended wh
Anglo-Saxons had little use for towns and cities. But t
en Cesar conquered in there. First humans survived b
hey had a great effect on the countryside. They introd
y haunting animals and founding their food in nature.
uced new farming methods.
Then, very gradually, they started to learn new skills.
They learned herd animal and grow crops. Later, they
discovered the secret of bronze and iron. 2000 year
s ago there was an Iron Age celtic culture. ֍ Britain experienced another germanic invasions in t
he 8th century. These invaders known as Vikings and
Stonehenge: Southwest England, built in Salisbury. I Danes come from Scandinavia.
t is one of the most famous archeological sites in the
world. King Alfred was king of Wessex. He fought the Viking
s and then made a peace so that English and Viking
Salisbury is the largest burial mound in Europe. settled down to live together.

The Roman Period (43-410) ֍ Anglo-Saxons and Danes have little cultural differe
nces between them. That's made political unification e
Julius Cesar conquered Britain in 55 BC because
asier and by the end of the 10th century, England wa
he wanted to make Britain a part of the Rome Empir
s united kingdom with a germanic culture thoughout.
e. Romans stayed there four hundered years. Throug
Most of Scotland was united by this time, at least in
hout this time, Romans effect them culturaly. They ch
name, in a Gaelic kingdom.
anged the British culture like teaching them about lan
guage, law and legal system. They introduced new id
eas and way of living in Britain. They built roads and
military camps. Romans introduced the idea of living i 973- Edgar became king of nearly all present day En
n big towns and cities. Roman's language was Latin gland and for the first time the name England is used
and people in Britain started to use it, too. If a place .
name has 'cester, chester, caster' in it, it's almost cert
ainly Roman. London was Roman city and called Lon
dinium. Hadrian' s Wall built by Roman Empire for pr
otect themselves from attacks.
Emperor Cladius send an army to invade Britain.
Boudicca was a celtic queen who led a revolt agains
t Rome.
410- Romans left Britain because they were attacked
by different Germanic tribes.
597- St. Augustine arrives in Britain and introduced c
hristianity.
Romans lost a great deal of their empire to different
German tribes.
"THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD (1066-1458)" "THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY"
End of the old English time period and beginning of t (Shakespeare appeared in that period.)
he Middle English time period. Throughout this period,
the English kings were often at war with French king Tudor Dynasty: was a series of kings and queens of
s. Normans (were Vikings settled in southwest France England. This line of rulers started in 1485 and lasted
) invaded Britain. Black death killed off almost half of until 1603.
the population. Dynasty- a sequence of powerful leaders in the same
The succesful Norman invasion of England brought Br family. Tudor- a member of the dynasty that ruled En
itain European culture. William Conqueror was the kin gland.
g of Normandy. He took the position of king William t
he first and became the king of England for 21 years.
During this time, William and his followers became th The 16th century was a bit chaotic in terms of religio
e most powerful force in England. William organised h us beliefs, creating fear and anxiety in many people.
is English Kingdom according to the feudal system. T The social and economic order of the medieval period
he feudal system was a kind of cast system, there is was beginning to break down. More and more peopl
no moving from between the ranks. Within the feudal e were rejecting the authority of kings and the Catholi
system, only kings, lords, dukes or wealthy upper clas c church. This was the period of the English Renaiss
s owned the land. If you were a peasent or serf, you ance, and the growth of a new form of christianity wh
would actually owned owned by the land owner. ich rejected the authority of the roman catholic church
: Protestantism.
Church was the publisher, librarian and the teacher of
society. The lives of the people in middle ages was The two most famous English monarch in this period
dominated by the church. The Catholic church was a were Henry VIII and Elizabeth I.
very powerful institution which had its own lands and
laws. Also was able to influence the kings. Great cast HENRY VIII (1509-1547): is one of the most well-kno
les, cathedrals and monastries were built. wn English king due to his peculiar affinity for marryin
g, divorcing and killing his wives. When he was 36, h
e still had no son and became tired of his wife. He lo
ved Anne Boleyn and asked the pope permission to d
Feudalism, in England, as each new area of land wa ivorce his first wife so he could marry with Anne. The
s captured, William gave part of it as a reward to his pope said no and Henry broke with Rome. There wa
captains. s a lot of anti-catholic feelings in England so Parliame
nt and the people supported Henry against the pope.
Henry broke with the church and appointed himself a
The Battle of Hasting: Beginning of the Norman con s the supreme head of the church of England. He too
quest of England. It took place in 1066 between the k church lands and buildings, he gave much of the w
Norman-French army of William, the Duke of Norman ealth to his friends. He ordered that church services s
dy and English army under the Anglo-Saxon king Har hould be in English instead of Latin and that each ch
old Godwinson. This battle started with King Edward urch should have an English bible
had died leaving English throne without an heir. Willia
m won the battle because his army was better than QUEEN ELIZABETH (1558-1603): She came to be q
Harold's. At the end of the war, Harold died. ueen at age 25. When she came to power, England
had no army or police and a weak bureaucracy. Whe
n she died in 1603, She left England as one of the
֍Wales was never settled in great numbers by Saxo most powerful nation on the earth. Her rule was char
ns or Normans. As a result, the (celtic) Welsh langua acterized by a protestant restoration and religious tole
ge and culture remained strong. rance. She made protestantism as the national religio
n by having parliament pass the Act of Supremacy: th
is law made the king or queen the supreme head of t
֍Magna Carta: Which means 'The Great Charter' w he church of England. Elizabeth's death marked the e
as a document signed by King John. The king agrees nd of of Tudor Dynasty.
to follow certain rules of government. Magna Carta is
the first monarch agreed in writing to abide by forma The Wars of Roses: Were a series of English Civil
l procedures. Wars for control of the throne of England between th
e house of Lancaster, associated with a red rose and
the house of York whose symbol was a white rose.

Protestant ideas were spreading in England. Calvinis

m is a major branch of protestantism. Protestantism b
ecame the majority religion in England by the end of
the century.
 "THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY"
1605-The Gunpowder Plot: A group of catholic attemp
t to blow up the parliament. Under Elizabeth, the power of parliament was growing
. After she died, in 1603, King James VI of Scotland,
became King James I of England. This was the end
of Tudor Dynasty and the beginning of the House of
Stuart. At this time, there were religious reformers wh
o thought the Anglican Church (church of England) w
as not strict enough and they wanted to reform it. Th
ese group of religious reformers were called puritans
because they wanted to purify the church. There was
a lot of hostility towards these puritans.
After King James I died, his son King Charles I beca
me king (1625). Charles I believed in the divine powe
r of kings and tried to rule without parliament. He trie
d to arrest members of parliament. Parliament fought
back. Thus began the English Civil War.
Civil War started in 1640 with Oliver Cromwell as the
leader of parliament. The main issues of this war wer
e religious toleration (for puritans and other protestant
groups) and more power for parliament (less power f
or kings). Puritans supported parliament against the ki
ng. King Charles I was defeated by Cromwell's army
and executed on 1649.
Cavaliers- supporters of king
Roundheads- supporters of parliament

ENGLAND WITHOUT A KING: "COMMONWEALTH"

(1649-1660)
England now had no king. It was ruled by Oliver Cro
mwell as a commonwealth rather than kingdom. Engla
nd became a military dictatorship under puritan rule.
There were strict religious laws (the theatres were all
closed)

The Restoration (1660-1713): Eventually people got

rid of this puritan form of government and wanted a k
ing. King Charles II was invited back to England. And
a period of great artistic and cultural achivement beg
an.

The Stuarts were restored to the throne and ruled fro

m 1660-1688. Again, religion helped end the Stuart's
reign in power. King James II was widely believed to
be a catholic. James tried to give full right to catholic
s. The idea of catholicism taking over as the main reli
gion sparked the Glorious Revolution (1688), where p
arliament helped protestant King William of Orange an
d queen Mary to takeover the throne.

Battle of Boyne: was a battle in 1690 between the k

ing James II of England and Dutch Prince William of
Orange.
"THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY"
"THE NINETEENTH CENTURY"
In 1707 The Act of Union was passed. Under this agreeme
nt, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and some of its
members joined the English and Welsh parliament in Londo Britain losts its most important colonies in war of inde
n and the former two kingdoms became one "United Kingdo pendent. The 19th century also referred to as the Vict
m of Britain. orian Era. Queen Victoria reigned from 1837-1901. Sh
e became an increasingly popular symbol of Britain's
Politically, 18th century was stable. Monarch and parliament success in the world. Britain, in the 19th century was
got on quite well together. at its most powerful and self-confident. After the indus
trial revolution, Britain was the "workshop" of the worl
Enlightenment was a philosophical, intellectual and cultural
movement during the 17th and 18th centuries, which stress
d.
ed reason, logic and freedom of thought over dogma and bl Middle Class religious conviction, together with a belie
ind faith. f that reform was better than revolution, allowed refor
ms in public life. These included not only political refo
18th century was the beginning of the party system in Britai rms, but also reforms which recognised some human
n. Millions moved from rural areas into new towns and citie rights.
s.
Whigs- Political party in parliaments of UK. Suceeded
In 1782, James Watt invents the first stream engine.
in the 19th century by the Liberal Party.
In the late 18th century, the industrial revolution began to tr
Tories- The Conservative Party, is a centre right politi
ansform life in Britain. At the beginning of the century, most cal party in the UK.
people lived in the countryside and made their living from f
arming. By the mid 19th century, most people in Britain live Second Industrial Revolution: It was said to be bet
d in towns and made their living from manufacturing industri ween 1870 and 1914, after the civil war I. The main
es. causes of the second evolution were due to natural r
esources, abundant labor supply, strong government p
Impacts of Industrial Revolution: Cities began to grow an olicy, new sources of power, railroads and American i
d people left the countryside to work in factories in the big
nventions.
cities. Immigration caused pollution. The population was gro
wing wildly. Cities were dirty, noisy and overcrowded. Peopl
While the first Industrial Revolution caused the growth
e who immigrate to work lived in very bad, dirty and unheal of industries such as coal, iron, railroads and textiles
thy conditions. There were too many workers and not enou ; the second revolution witnessed the expansion of el
gh houses. Many people to be fired because the machines ectricity, petroleum and steel.
doing their jobs. The rich getting richer and poor, poorer. C
hildrens worked to support their families. They often worked Prince Albert- was the husband of Queen Victoria.
long hours in dangerous jobs and in difficult situations. Fas
hion was important for upper society. Tea drinking became 1800 Act of Supremacy, Kingdom of Ireland united
popular in the 1700s among both the rich and the poor. It
with Great Britain.
was a difficult life for poor people. Many had trouble finding
their next meal or warm place to sleep.
The Great Exhibition: was the world's first world exp
Charity Schools- started to provide an education for lower- osition that took place in Hyde Park, London. It was
class children. mainly focused on the world's cultural and industrial t
echnology. It was organized by Henry Cole and Princ
Industrial Revolution: It was the transition to new manufac e Albert. The aim of this activities was to celebrate th
turing processes began in Great Britain. It began 18th centu e new trend of modern industrial technology and des
ry when agricultural societies became more industrialized an ign. The Crystal Palace was very important for the Gr
d urban.
eat Exhibition.
Agricultural Revolutions: The first Agricultural Revolution
was the transition from hunting to planting. The second Agri The White Man's Burden: British novelist and poet
cultural Revolution increased the productivity of farming thro Rudyard Kipling wrote about the white man's burden.
ugh mechanization. Started in Great Britain in the early 18t It is a poem about the philippine-american war, which
h century. This was a period of significant agricultural devel exhorts the U.S to assume colonial control of the Filip
opment marked by new farming techniques and inventions t ine people and their country.
hat led to a massive increase in food production.

American Revoluntionary War: Also known as American

War of Independence , was an 18th century war between
Great Britain and its 13 colonies which declared independen
ce as the United States of America.
"THE TWENTEENTH CENTURY" "THE RISE OF BRITISH EMPIRE"

Womens demanding the right to vote. Britain was no l During the 17th and 18th centuries, the British saile
onger a superpower in the world after the WW II. Am d across the seas with the purpose of increasing Briti
erica took this position from Britain. It was from the st sh power and wealth. Competing mostly with France f
art of the 20th century that the urban working class fi or colonies around the world. Emigration was a soluti
nally began to make its voice heard. In the parliament on to the over population problem in Britain. Little by
, the Labour party gradually replaced the Liberal as th little, people looking for freedom or wealth settled in t
e main opposition to the Conservatives. hese for away places. By the late 19th century, under
queen Victoria, England rules about 1/4 of the world'
19th and 20th centuries, Britain's colonies became mo s land and population. During this period, England als
re and more independent. o became the leading industrial nation in Europe. In f
act, England was the birthplace of the Industrial Revol
Membership of EU: Britain joined the EU as a way t ution. In 1834, Britain stopped slavery in all its coloni
o avoid its economic decline. es. In the 19th and 20th centuries, her colonies beca
me more and more independent. And the big compan
Suffragette: Suffragettes were members of militant w ies were not allowed to monopolized trade. It became
omen's organization in the early 20th century, fought f too difficult to maintain such a huge empire, and so i
or the right to vote in public elections. t gradually disapeared; today, there is only a linguistic
and cultural connection with Great Britain. Major colo
1914- Beginning of the WWI. Britain and Belgium had nies in the British Empire: America, Canada, India, Au
a treaty to support each other if they were attacked. stralia, Hong Kong and New Zeland.
In 1914, Germany attacked France by moving through
Belgium. So Britain attended the war.

Treaty of Versailles- was the most important of the

peace treaties that brought WW I to an end.

Decolonization and the Collapse- Britain started to l

ost its colonies.

1939- Britain and France declare war on Germany. Br

itain and France are at war with Germany folllowing t
he invasion of Poland two days ago.

Ireland was split in two after people living there went

to war against their British rulers. The south became
a seperate state, now calles Republic of Ireland but N
orthern Ireland remained part of the UK. Irish War of
Independence (1919-1921) between the Irish Republic
an Army and the British security forces in Ireland.
 "Country and People"

"EXTRA NOTES"

1536- Anne Boleyn is executed. ALBION: is the oldest known name of the island of
Patriotism- or national pride is the feeling of love, de Great Britain used by poets and songwriters.
votion and sense of attachement to a homeland.

Walter Raleigh- was an English adventurer and write BRITANNIA: is the name that the romans gave to th
r who became a favorite of Queen Elizabeth. eir southern British province.

Francis Drake- was an English sea captain and expl

orer of the Elizabethan Era. He returned to England Coledonia, Cambria, Hibernia were the Roman nam
with a large amount of Spanish treasure. es for Scotland, Wales and Ireland. These words are
used today only scholarly classifications.
Spanish Armada- was a Spanish fleet of 130 ships
under command of the duke of Medina Sidonia with t
he purpose of escorting an army from Flanders to in Erin is a poetic name for Ireland.
vade England.

Harold Godwinson- often called Harold II, was the la The Emerald Isle is another way of referring to Irela
st anglo-saxon king of England. He died at the battle nd.
of Hasting fighting the Norman invaders led by the Wi
lliam the Conqueror.
Surnames; Mac/Mc are Scottish or Irish
Domesday Book- is a manuscript record of the "Gre
at Survey" of much of England and part of Wales by 'O' is Irish
order of king William Conqueror.
Evans/Jones/Morgan/Williams are England
Dissenters: English Dissenters were Protestant Christ
ians who seperated from the church of England in the
16th, 17th and 18th centuries. A dissenter is one wh Importance of England;
o disagrees in opinion, belief and other matters. 1- The main language for four nation is English and t
his language comes from England.
Presbyterianism- was influenced by the French theol
ogian John Calvin, who is credited with development 2- The capital of UK is in England.
of Reformed theology. The presbyterian church in Irel 3- England contains about %84 population of the UK
and is the largest presbyterian denomination in Irelan
d. "The Presbyterian Church is a branch of reformed 4- The Royal Family live in England
protestant christianity originated in British Isles."
5- England is the biggest country in the UK
1666- The Great London Fire of september 1660 was
one of the moat famous incidents in Stuart England.
Geographically; Lying off the north-west coast of Eur
ope. There are two large islands and hundreds of mu
1284- The conquest of Wales by Edward I.
ch smaller ones. The largest island is called Great Bri
tain, and the other large one is called Ireland.
Thomas Beckett- The murder of Thomas Beckett, th
e archbishop of canterbury, by soldiers og king Henry ֍ Channel Island and the Isle of Man are not officiall
II. Beckett becomes a popolar martyr and his grave i y part of UK.
s visited by pligrims for hundreds of years. The Cante
rbury Tales, written by Chaucer in the 14th century, r The Four Nations; People often refer to Britain by a
ecounts the stories told by fictional group of pligrims nother name. They call it England but England is the
on their way to canterbury. part of UK like Scotland, Wales and Ireland. In 1707,
Act of Union, Scottish Parliament joined with English
and Welsh Parliament in England. It was completed i
n 1800, when Irish Parliament joined with the Parliam
ent of Scotland, Wales and England in Westminister;
so that, the whole areas became a single state. How
ever, in 1922, most of Ireland became a seperate stat rain you get. This bad reputation about climate comes
e. from British people. They always talk about weather.
The main influence on their climate is Atlantic Ocean
and Gulf Stream.

Each nation has its own culture, lifestyle and als

o economic, social and legal system. The dominant c
ulture of Highland Scotland, Wales and Ireland was c The Environment and Pollution; In the UK, the Ind
eltic, people in England and Lowland Scotland was g ustrial Revolution during the 18th and 19th centuries
ermanic. This difference was reflected in the language was based on the use of coal. Industries were often l
s. People in the germanic areas spoke germanic diale ocated in big towns and cities. Because of that, cities
cts and people in the celtic areas spoke celtic langua began to grow and people left countryside to work in
ges. factories in the big cities. Immigration caused pollution
. The pollution was growing widely, cities were dirty,
Union Jack is the national flag of the UK. noisy and overcrowded. Because of the burning coal i
ENGLAND= St. George Cross/ 23 April/ Rose/ Londo n homes, urban air pollution reached very high levels.
n During foggy conditions, pollution levels escalated an
d urban smogs (smoke and fog) were formed. These
SCOTLAND=St. Andrew Cross (Lion Pampant Flag)/ often brought cities to a halt, disrupting traffic but mor
30 November/ Thistle/ Edinburg e dangerously causing death rates dramatically rise.
WALES=Dragon of Codwallader/ St. David/ 1 March/ Then, during the 196
Leek/ Cardiff 0s and 1970s, laws were passed which forbade the h
eating of homes with open coal fires and which stopp
N. IRELAND=St. Patrick Cross/ 17 March/ Shamrock/
ed much of the pollution from factories. These industri
Belfast
al controls lead to a reduction in smog pollution in ur
Republic Ireland= Dublin ban areas. The Great London Smog of 1952, which r
esulted in around 4000 extra deaths in the city, led to
Characteristic; There are certain stereotypes of natio the introduction of the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1
nal character which are well-known in Britain. For inst 968. These introduced smokeless zones in urban are
ance, the Irish are supposed to be great talkers, the as, to help disperse industrial air pollutions away from
Scots have reputation for being careful with money an areas into the atmosphere. Secondly, UK introduced
d the Welsh are known for their singing ability. itss Public Health Act for London in 1981. This put in
creasing pressure on business to shift towards better
National Loyalties; The dominance of the term Engl
and cleaner industry practice. Various attempts at usi
and in the language have some negative consequenc
ng green energy sources are being made, one of the
es for Britain. Welsh, Scottish and Irish people have v
se is solar power, others are tidal power and even w
ery strong identities and would never describe themse
ave power. Wind farms are common feature of the Br
lves as English so that use of the term England inste
itish landscape. Also, using energy wisely, divesting fr
ad of Britain contributes a feeling of division between
om fossil fuels, putting a price on pollution will be hel
the nations.
p to stop climate change and pollution in Britain.
These divisions are most obvious in sporting activities
"The main reason of climate change is air pollution.
. An English football fan may support Scotland when
"
Scotland plays against a foreign team. But a Scottish
football fan normally support Scotland when playing a Affects of Climate Change: Rising sea levels, Heath
gainst England. Britain is a multicultural nation. There waves and bigger storms. These are the headline of
is a million of British citiens whose family origins lie o climate change. The average temperature in Britain is
utside in Britain or Ireland. They do not mind being d now 10C higher than it was 100 years ago, and 0.50
escribed as British but many of them would not like t C warmer than it was in the 1970s. And this temperat
o be called English. ure rise is accelerating. The effects of this warming ar
e seen more strongly in the winter. Winters are milder
Climate; The weather in Britain changes from day to
and less snowfall than in the past. The growing seas
day and season to season. Temperatures can go bel
on for crops has got longer and spring starts earlier.
ow 0°C in winters and up to 30°C in summers, but th
Heathwaves are another aspect of rising temperatures
ese are extremes. In general, they have warm summ
. In 2003, more than 2000 people in Britain died due
ers and cold winters. The average high temperature i
to the high temperatures. Sea levels are rising in the
n London is 21°C and the average low is 12°C. The
south east of England and its contribute to increased
popular belief that it rains all the time in Britain is not
flood risks.
simply true. The amount of rain that falls on a town
depends on where it is. The further you go, the more
 n for its mant theatres,cinemas and expensive shops.
The latter is known as the poorer residential area of
Reduce Climate Change: If everyone in Britain were central London. It is the traditional home of cockney.
to follow official guidelines for healthy eating, the amo More than 300 languages are spoken there, its restau
unt of fruit and vegetables produced for the country w rant offer cuisine from more than 70 different countrie
ould have to increase. In this way, rural areas can ga s. London has the most richest and the poorest areas
in significant for employment. Maybe people begin ton in Britain. The Thames cut London in half. One of L
immigrate from cities to rural areas. This could be a ondon's most popular features is the Elizabeth Tower,
solution for pollution and overcrowd in the cities. The more popularly known as the Big Ben. London has s
drivers can be encouraged to choose less-polluting el everal royal parks such as The Green Park, Hyde Pa
ectric cars and using public transportation vehicles. rk, Greenwich Park, etc.

"ENGLAND" "WALES"
England is the most populated country in the UK. En Wales is one of the four parts of the UK. Technically,
gland is bordered by Wales to the west and Scotland Wales is a principality. This means that it is ruled by
to the north. England contains about %84 population a prince. Traditionally, the prince of Wales is the eld
of UK. The capital city is London, other major cities i est son of the English monarch. Wales has not been
nclude Birmingham, Manchester, Sheffield, Liverpool, politically independent since 1282 when it was conque
Newcastle and Leeds. England includes many small i red by king Edward I of England. Wales does not iss
slands such as the Isle of Wight and Hayling Island. I ue its own currency and is not in control of any arme
t was the first industrialized nation after the Industrial d forces. These are the powers of the national govern
Revolution that began around 1760. The official Lond ment of the UK. The national game of Wales is Rugb
on home of the British monarch is Buckingham Palac y. Snowdon, Conwy Castle, Cardiff Castle and Pembr
e. The longest river in England is the river of Thames okeshire Coast National Park are most famous places
, the largest lake is Windmere and the highest mount in Wales. Longest River is Towy, longest lake is Barl
ain is Scafell Pike. English food has traditionally been a. Cardiff -the capital- Swansea, Pembrokeshire, New
based on beef., lamb, chicken, fish and most commo port, St. Davids are famous cities. Wales is known fpr
n and typical foods are sandwich, fish and chips. Eng its great actors: Richard Burton, Anthony Hopkins etc
lish people like drinking tea more than anybody else i .
n the world. Famous musicians/bands are the Beatles Writers: David Jones, Dylan Th
, Rolling Stones, Pink Floyd, Queen, Led Zeppelin, Th omas, Dick Francis etc.
e Clash, Black Sabbath... Famous English Scientists Musicians/Bands: Tom
are Charles Darwin, Isaac Newton and Stephen Hawk Jones, Catatonia, Super Furry Animals.
ing. There have been a number of influential authors Main religion: Anglicanism,
but perhaps the most well-known is Shakespeare. As Methodism.
part of the UK, the basic political system in England i
s a constituonal monarchy and parliamentary system. "SCOTLAND"
There has not been a government of England since a
ct of union 1707. Before the union, England was rule Its capital city is Edinburg. It is second largest countr
d by its monarch and the parliament of England. Tod y in the UK, after England. Scotland has 3 officially r
ay, England is governed by the Parliament of the UK. ecognised languages: English, Scots and Scottish Ga
elic. Edinburg has a medieval old town and an elegan
England famous for its pubs. English pubs are a part t Georgian New Town with gardens and neoclassical
of everyday life. It's educational institues such as Oxf buildings. The largest city is Glasgow and other major
ord and Cambridge are most famous universities of th cities include Aberdeen and Dundee. Scotland includ
e world. es approximately 790 islands. Ben Nevis is the highe
st mountain in Scotland. The offical animal of Scotlan
LONDON: London, England, the capital of UK, on the d is unicorn. The modern game of golf originated in S
Rriver Thames in southeastern England. It is among cotland. Scotland reputed for its whisky. Scotland fam
the oldest of the world's great cities and one of the ous for its castles, there are over 300 castles and the
most cosmopolitan. By far, Britain's largest metropolis, Edinburg Castle is the most important castle. Famou
it is also the country's economic, transportation and s Scots are Walter Scott, Arthur Canon Doyle etc.
cultural center. It is the coumtry's business and banki Main religion is the church of Scotland (Presbyt
ng centre and the centre of its transport network. It is erian), Roman Catholicism and Episcopal church.
home to the country's parliament, its major legal insit
utions and the monarch. London was founded in the f "NORTHERN IRELAND"
irst century CE by Romans, who called the are Londi
nium, it grew in importance over the centuries, and b Protestans and Roman catholics in N. Ireland is
y the early middle ages was the most important city i becoming increasingly delicate. Titanic ship was built i
n all of Britain. Two well known areas of London are n Belfast, the capital of N. Ireland. Major cities are B
the West End and the East End. The former is know elfast, Lisburn, Londonderry, Bangar. Its longest river i
s River Bann and longest lake is Lough Neagh. Engli 4-Revolution is mainly started by people, the middle c
sh is spoken by almost everyone in N. Ireland. Other las. They want to have a better live and change the
important languages are Irish and Ulster Scots. Dunlu political system. It always happen in violence. Reform
ce Castle, Titanic Belfast and Giant's Causeway are f is always started by government. Reform means rebui
amous places. Famous Irish: Van Morrison, George B ld, make changes in specially in order to improvement
est, William Burke, etc.
5- Margaret Thatcher also known as iron lady becam
"CLASS" e Britain's Conservative Party leader and in 1979 was
elected prime minister, the first women to hold the p
The class system is alive in the UK but it doesn' osition.
have the same status as it once did. Working class p
eople can became middle and uppuer class by gainin
g a good education.

Middle Class: The vast majority of British people

fall into this categor, such as shop owners, teachers,
journalists, nurses, etc. "IRISH CONFLICT"
Upper Class: People who were born into families Ireland had been conquered by Normans in 1169. Th
which have traditionally passessed high incomes. ey had little difficulty in defeating the Irish kings and t
Working Class: Basic low level unskilled or semi- ribes. England and Ireland had cultural differences but
skilled workers. This includes occupations such as fac there were not any conflict at that time. 16th century
tory wokers and labourers. was the beginning of the religious conflicts. Henry VIII
broke with the catholic church and appointed himself
Lower Class: This is a controversial term to descr as the supreme head of the church of England. This
ibe the long term unemployed, homeless, etc. was the growth of a new form of christianity: Protesta
ntism. Most people were not happy with the new relig
ion, especially, the Irish Catholics. Henry VIII wanted
"BEING BRITISH" to bring Ireland under his authority. He persuaded the
Irish parliament to recognise him as king of Ireland.
Britishness is the state or quality of being British. The However, Henry also tried to make the Irish accept hi
main British values are democracy, the rule of law, i s English church reformation. He failed to get what h
ndividual liberty and mutual respect for different faiths e wanted in Ireland. In fact, he made things worse by
or beliefs. Only English think of themselves as British. bringing Irish nationalism and catholicism together ag
Most Scots think of themselves as Scottish, most of ainst English rule. Elizabeth I continued her father's le
the Welsh as Welsh. The English, on the other hand, gacy in Ireland. Tudors fought four wars during the p
are more likely to describe themselves as British than eriod to make the Irish accept their authority and their
English. British people do not like to feel that they ar religion. In the end, Ireland became England's first i
e personally representing their country. Maybe the rea mportant colony. This colonisation did not make Engla
son of that is Britain doesn't have any national day. B nd richer, but it destroyed much of Ireland's society a
ritain is a multicultural nation so its hard to creat a co nd economy. In the 17th century, Oliver Cromwell co
omon British identity. mmited an ethnic cleansing against the Irish catholic
people and killed more than 600.000 Irish people. Ja
The definition of Britishness change from people to p
mes II' defeat by William of Orange in 1690 had seve
eople. To Nelson McCausland, Britishness is a sense
re and long-term effects on the Irish people. Over the
of belonging to the UK and all the things it has achie
next half century, the protestant parliament in Dublin
ved. It is that a common sense of belonging to all of
passed penal laws to prevent the catholics from takin
that history and culture. For another person, it means
g any part in national life. Catholics could not become
showing respect and knowledge for the royal family, d
members of the Dublin Parliament and could not vot
rinking tea and having British citizenship. People can
e in parliamentary elections. Also, they could not bec
develop a strong sense of British identity by learning
ome lawyer and go to university. Families couldn't se
about Britain's culture and traditions.
nd their childrens to the catholic schools. Hatred betw
"EXTRA NOTES" een the ruling Protestant settlers and the ruled catholi
c Irish was unavoidable. By the 1770s, life had beco
1- The sun was always shining on at least one part o me easier and some of the worst laws against catholi
f their terriortiy or colonies that was in daylight. cs were removed. In order to increase British control,
Ireland was united with Britain in 1801 and the Dublin
2- The Great Charter was a document signed by King
parliament closed. In the 19th century, Irish freedom
John. The king agrees to follow certain rules of gove
from English rule became a struggle between catholic
rnment. Magna Charta is the first a monarch agreeme
and protestant. For three years 1845,1846 and 1847,
nt in writing to abide by formal procedures.
the potato crop, which was the main food for the poo
3- Act of Diplomacy: This law made the king or quee r people, failed. In these three years, 1.5 million peop
n the supreme head of the church of England. le died from hunger and many Irish left their country.
The Irish who went to the USA did not forgive Britain. ment and wanted a king. King Charles II was invited
They were rich, powerful and were able to support t back to England and a period of great artistic and cul
he Irish freedom movement. Before the WWI, the Briti tural achivement began. The stuarts were restored to
sh government had agreed to home rule for Ireland. the throne and ruled 1660-1688. Again, religion helpe
When war began, the government called on Irishmen d end the stuart's reign in power. King James II was
to join the army. Many thousand did. And many thous widely believed to be catholic and tried to give full rig
and did not see why they should die for the Britain, t hts to catholics. The idea of catholicism taking over a
hey met in their own parliament in Dublin and announ s the main religion sparked the Glorious Revolution (1
ced that Ireland was now a republic. Irishmen joined t 688), where parliament helped protestant King William
he republic's army -IRA- and guerilla fighting against of Orange and Queen Mary to takeover the throne.
the British began. As a result, the British government Parliament accepted William of Orange as king and M
decided to make a peace. In 1921 most of Ireland be ary as queen. The king and the queen both signed th
came a seperate state and Northern Ireland remain w e decloration of rights, known as Bill of Rights. Glorio
ith Britain. us revolution was one of the most important events le
ading to Britain's transformation from an absolute mon
! The plantation of Ulster was the organised colonisati archy to constituonal monarchy. After this event, the
on of Ulster by people from Great Britain during the r monarchy in England would never hold absolute powe
eign of King James VI. r again.
! The Belfast Agreement is also known as the Good ! The Bill of Right lays down limits on the powers of t
Friday Agreement, because it was reached on Goo he monarchy and sets out the rights of parliament.
d Friday, 10 April 1998. It was a peace agreement
between the British and Irish governments, and most "BREXIT"
of the political parties in Northern Ireland, on how Nor
thern Ireland should be governed. Brexit is derived from the combination of Britain and
exit words. It means the UK is leaving from the EU.
David Cameron has promised the Brexit referendum i
n the election campaign. When he won the elections,
"SEVENTEENTH CENTURY" referendum was held on Thursday 23 June 2016, to
After Elizabeth's death, her cousin became King Jame decide whether the UK should leave or remain in the
s I of England in 1603. This was the end of Tudor dy EU. Leave won by %51.9 and this result was unexpe
nasty and beginning of the house of Stuart. At this ti cted. England and Wales voted for Brexit, and N. Irel
me, there were religious reformers who thought the A and and Scotland voted for staying in the EU. Camer
nglican church was not strict enough and they wanted on did not want to undertake the task of realizing Bre
to reform it. These groups of religious reformers wer xit and left the seat to Teresa May. But May herself
e called as puritans because they wanted to purify th was an anti-brexit. So the parliament still unable to so
e church. After king James I died, his son Charles I lve this crisis. If the Britain leaves from the EU , Tere
became the king of England. Charles I had pursued p sa May will resign. Europe is Brtain's most important
olicies in religion and finance which had disagreed by export market and its biggest source of foreign invest
many country gentleman including Cromwell. Some m ment. Britain had two reason to leave the EU. The fir
embers of parliament were also concerned by king's st one is the sceptical view of the Conservative party
proximity to catholicism, they weren't happy with his in power towards the EU and the second one is the
marriage because his wife Henrietta Maria was catholi crisis in the euro area. England refused to use euro a
c. Charles I believed in the divine power of kings and nd continued to use sterling. If there is no agreement
ruled without parliament. He tried to arrest members between the two parties, EU rules will continue to be
of parliament, parliament fought back. These conflicts valid in the UK by 31 december 2020. If the agreeme
led directly English Civil War. The main issues of war nt is not, the border controls could lead to significant
were religious toleration for puritans and more power delays on roads and ports which means that the UK
for parliament. The civil war was divided into the first will become a third country in trade and significant de
, the second and the third civil war. The supporters of cline in market integration. The only thing parliamenta
king were known as cavaliers and the supporters of ry majority able to agree on is that it doesn't want to
parliament were called as roundheads. Choosing side crash out of the EU without a deal.
was not easy because the civil war tore friends and f Leaving from the EU led to divisions and tensions wit
amilies apart. Religion was the main determinant in pi hin the UK. People who supported Brexit wanted to s
cking sides. Civil war started in 1640, with Oliver Cro ee a reduction in immigration. They care that the cou
mwell as the leader of parliament. At the end of the ntry puts its interests on culture and economy first. T
war, King Charles I was defeated and Cromwell's arm o them, brexit is good. The dissenting voters want Bri
y and executed on 1649. England now had no king. I tain to be an active and vibrant participant in the Eur
t was ruled by Cromwell as a commonwealth rather t opean and global comunity. The vote split along lines
han kingdom. England became a military dictatorship of age, education, class and geography. Brexit has oft
under puriyan rule. There were strict religious laws. E en been attributed to nationalism but it is not the voic
ventually people got rid of this puritan form of govern e of nationalism. Brexit is a face-statement of anti-glo
balization. Brexit grew out of a deep divide between t Henry VIII is best known for his six marriages. Henry
hose that fear globalization and those that embrace asked the pope's permission to divorce his first wife s
it. Nationalism in any country is simple: us first! Britis o he could marry with Anne Boleyn. But pope said no
h people need a new vision, a vision of more tolerant and Henry broke with the church and appointed hims
, inclusive globalization. It brings cooperation, peace, f elf as the head of the church of England. This event
ree trade and the movement of people across borders marked a very important time in history, specifically re
. ligious and political history. He ordered that church se
rvices should be in English instead of Latin and that
each church should have an English bible. This was t
he period of the English Renaissance and the growth
of a new form of christianity which rejected the author
ity of the Roman catholic church:Potestantism. Henry'
s son Edward VI was England's first monarch to be r
aised as a Protestant. In the 17th century, tensions w
ithin the church of England led to the English Civil W
ar, the church was associated with royalists. As well
as being the established church in England, it becam
e the mother church of the Anglican communion.
"SCOTTISH REFERENDUM"

In 2011, the Scottish Nationalist party won a majority

in the Scottish parliament and declared his intention t "BLACK DEATH"
o call a referendum on the issue. On 18 September 2
014, people in Scotland voted in referendum to the fu Black death is an epidemic illness killed off almost ha
ture of their country. It is a vote that could end Scotla lf of the population in the medieval period. The epide
nd's union with England and Wales as Great Britain. mic illness arrived in England in 1348 and over the n
Scots had chance to vote either "yes" for an indepen ext two years the disase spread like wild fire. Whole t
dent Scotland or "no" to remain a part of the UK. Th owns and villages were laid waste. Not only one was
e final results of the referendum is the Scottish peopl England's population being destroyed also other Euro
e choose to remain as a part of the union. People pean countries were affected from the black death. T
voted for "no" because many scots were afraid of ho he dramatic population reduction had a number of sid
w an independent Scotland might change their day to e effects. The first was to dramatically decrease the
day lives. The "no" campaign's slogan "why take the r working population, the cost of labour increased. Anti-
isk?" Another reason was the 'yes' camp had wished semitism intensified throughout Europe as Jews were
to seek scottish membership of the EU. But key EU l blamed for the spread of the black death.
eaders suggested they would block Scotland's entry.
The plague started in Asia and traveled westward alo
Also the UK government said that scots would be fina
ng the Silk Road. The disase was carried by fleas th
ncially worse off after independence. "No" voters has
at lived on rats, eventually bringing it to Europe. Man
said that the oil would not last forever. And it had wis
y people were sure it was the end of the world. They
hed to spend most of its defense budget on health, e
locked their house and tried to hide but rats and flea
ducation and other public service. People voted for "
s were everywhere. They also burned down houses e
yes" because democracy always getting the governme
ven entire villages to stop the disase. People thought
nt that Scotland votes for. It means the decision of S
that the Black Death was punishment from God.
cotland can be made by the people of Scotland, not t
he people of Westminister in London. Another reason A bacteria called Yersinia pestis that caused the disa
is Independence presents Scotland with a once in a li se in Britain.
fetime opportunity to creat a fairer and more equal so
ciety. Also the Scottish people will have closer contac
t with their politicians instead of from London. Indepe "20TH CENTURY WORLD POLITIC"
ndence ensured Scotland will no longer be used by t
he UK as a ground for nuclear power. Money could b World War I was a major confict fought between 191
e better used to improve important areas to the peopl 4 and 1918. WWI was fought between the Allied Pow
e of Scotland such as health, job and education. An i ers and the Central Powers. The main members of th
ndependent Scotland would gain control of oil and ga e Allied Powers were France, Russia and Britain. The
s revenue which now goes to the British Treasury. Sc United States also fought on the side of the Allies af
otland already runs its own health, education and leg ter 1917. The main members of the Central Powers
al systems. But other governmentary concerns -defen were Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire and
se, employment, oil and gas industry- are decided by Bulgaria. The major cause for the war was the asso
the central government in London. ssination of Ferdinand. Other causes are raw material
and colonial quest, the armament race, the nationalis
"CHURCH OF ENGLAND" t ideas and the economic competition between Englan
d and Germany. England had a great power in the 1
8th and 19th centuries with her industrial revolution. B n of the UK, Canada, Australia, New Zeland and Sout
ritain was the most powerful state in the early 19th c h Africa. These were the commonwealth countries. Th
entury and saw the German Empire as a major threat ere were many countries that she ruled because they
. Treaty of Versailles brought WWI to an end. The re belonged to the British Empire. One by one, many of
sult of WWI was Britain and France gained profit from the countries became independent.
the war, empires such as Ottoman, Austria-Hungary
were destroyed and oppressive regimes emerged in R * Britain changed hugely during the 20th century.
ussia such as communism, Fascism in Italy and Nazi * Life for ordinary people was transformed and becam
sm in Germany. e much more comfortable.
The harsh conditions of the Treaty of Versailles rise o * At the start of the 20th century, British society was
f power of Adolf Hitler. He was the founder of Nazi P divided into classes: aristocracy, middle class and wor
arty. He manipulated people with the use of nationalis king class.
m. His regime is an example of aggresive nationalism
. World War II was fought between the Axis Powers ( * World wars changed the role of women, they dema
Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allied Powers (Britain, nd for vote.
USA, Soviet Union, France) It was the deadliest war
in all of human history with around 70 million people
killed. WWII started in 1939 when Germany invaded
Poland. After this event, Britain and France declared
war on Germany. During the war, Elizabeth II trained
in London as a mechanic and military truck driver. Th
e queen remains the only female member of the royal
family to have entered the armed forces and is the o "NATIONALISM"
nly living head of state who served in WWII. In 1941,
US enters the war because Japan bombs Pearl Harb Nationalism is a great love of your country. It say
or. German Nazis committed genocide against Jews. s that every ethnic group of humans should be free t
Nuclear powers were used for the first time. Hiroshim o rule itself. Nationalists think that the best way to m
a destroyed by an atomic bomb during the war , use ake this happen is every ethnic group should have its
d by America. The war ended with the total victory of own nation or society that they can rule without bein
the Allies over Germany and Japan in 1945. Britain w g controlled by anybody else. Nationalism have a lot
as no longer a superpower in the world after the war, of negative and positive effects. The first negative eff
the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as ect is nationalism was responsible for the death of mil
rival superpowers. The European union is set up with lions. It contributed to causing WWI and WWII. It cau
the aim of ending the frequent and bloody wars betw sed the collapse of empires and led to Italian and Ge
een neighbours which culminated in the WWII. The E rman unification. Extreme nationalism was a driving e
U plays an important role in diplomacy and works to f ngine behind the slaugher of millions by the Nazis. Hi
oster stabilty, security and prosperity, democracy, fund tler preached the view that Germans were a pure Ary
amental freedoms and the rule of law at international an race. He encouraged them to believe that German
level. y was defeated in WWI only because Jews and Com
munists. The killing of Jews and Communists was all
There was a cold war between the United States and done in the name of purifying German blood. So we
Soviet Union after the end of the second world war. can say that the second world war caused by the nati
The cold war came to end with the collapse of the so onalist ideas. One could argue that the first world war
viet union. At the end of WWII, the Allied powers divi was coused by nationalism, too. The slogans and po
ded Germany into four zones. Berlin wall seperated B sters of the period portrayed each side as monster. E
erlin as East and West. The wall stood as a symbol ven the patriotic songs of the era such as 'Yanks are
of the cold war. 'Tear down this wall' was a speech Coming' shows the effects of nationalism. Nationalism
made by United States president Ronald Reagan to s made people blind and selfish, their principle was 'just
oviet union. His speech led to the wall's demolition. A follow the orders' Nationalist movements have used
fter the collapse of soviet union, in 1989, the borders other types of violence to reach their goals. such as t
were opened and people could freely move between errorism and guerilla warfare. The biggest problem for
Eastern and Western Germany. nationalism: its appropriation by Fascist ideology. Fas
cism is the maximum expression of nationalism. Natio
! The Commonwealth of nations is a group of countri
nalism and Fascism give political leaders and elites a
es. Originally, it was called the commonwealth which
potential to manipulate and control the public, giving ri
was founded in 1926. Canada and Australia are two
se to an authoritan state. Mussolini and Hitler used th
of the largest realms.
ese tactics during their dictatorships. Another bad feat
Elizabeth II has ruled longer than any other king or ure of nationalism is the belief of the superiority amon
queen in history of the UK. The countries of which sh g other nations. Nationalism can bring political instabili
e is queen are known as commonwealth realms. Whe ty into states by different nations. For example; ethnic
n she became queen in 1952, she was officially quee groups who lived in Ottoman Empire, wanted to be f
ree and established their own country. Their idea of n Globalism: The idea that events in one country cann
ationalism caused the collapse of the Ottoman Empire ot be seperated from those in another and that econo
. mic and foreign policy should be planned in an intern
ational way.
Nationalism has had positive effects as well. After
the WWII, both the German and Japanese rebuilt the Imperialism is a policy in which large or powerful co
ir economies and became peaceful economic power h untries seeks to extend their authority beyond their o
ouses. Across the globe, colonised people rose again wn borders. The policy of imperialism aims at the cre
st their colonial masters inspired by a collective desire ation of an empire.
to be free, nationalism has been a force for good. A
society with positive nationalism means to be tolerant Sphere of Influence: This involves one society havin
and open toward the rest of the world because peopl g some ability to control the behaviour of another. Th
e have learned the habits of good citizenship and soc e influence of USA over latin american countries is a
ial justice. Nationalism has had an important role in e n example.
nding the colonial rule. Nationalism made people in m Protectorate or Dependency: One country controls a
etropolitan states accept the desire of other people to nother counrty in terms of protection.
rule themselves. Nationalism has exposed its importan
t role in the recognition of minorities. It has exposed t Internationalism: The ultimate loyalty is not to the na
he positive outcomes of anticolonial nationalism. Thro tion but to the human race. United Nations is an imp
ughout the 20th century, nationalism has been the ca ortant international organization.
use of a large number of political and social conflicts,
as well as the seed of authoritarian regimes.

"DOMINANT POLITICAL IDEOLOGIES IN THE 20TH CENTURY"

Last positive characteristics of nationalism are its ele
ments of social and political cohesion which can help Rascism: Rascism is the belief that one race is the superit
bringing stability into society. ory over another race. It result discrimination towards peopl
e based on their race.

Totalitarianism: If the government has complete and absol

Patriotism: It means loyalty of person to his/her own nati ute power over the people, that's totalitarianism. This is the
on or the leaders of nation. It is different from nationalism. unfree type of society. Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin is
A patriot may be a loyal to imperialist nations but nationalis a good example. Totalitarianism associated with the cold wa
m is opposed to imperialism or colonialism. r, it is the most extreme modern dictatorship.

Authoritarianism: It is characterised by absolute and blind

obedience to authority, as against individual freedom and re
1- CIVIC NATIONALISM: This gives membership to a lated to the expectation of unquestioning obedience. China
ll those born in a country. is a good example. of a communist form of government, as
well as authoritarian one.
2- ETHNIC NATIONALISM: This argues that it is not
the state that creats the nation, but the people who c Autocracy: An autocracy is a system of government in whi
reat the state. It made people desire independence. F ch a single person excersises lordship over a polity. Nazi G
ermany is a good example of an autocracy, run primarly by
or example, Ghana was the first African country to ga
a single leader.
in independence from Britain. This event caused the
growth of African nationalism and it became a model Democracy: Democracy, literally, rule by the people. It see
for others to follow. ks maximum freedom and mutual respect.

Communism: Economic and political doctrine that aims to r

eplace private property and a profit-based economy with pu
Integrative Nationalism (1815-1871): This served as u blic ownership and communal control of at least the major
nfying force, leading the creation of nation such as Ita means of production and the natural resources of a society.
ly and Germany.

Discruptive Nationalism (1871-1890): Minority groups Economic and social system in which all proper
ty and resources are collectively owned by a classless soci
wanted to be independence from Austria Hungary and
ety and not by individual citizens. In such a society, social r
Ottoman Empire. elations were to be regulated on the fairest of all principles.
The most common variation of communism is Marxism.
Agressive Nationalism (1900-1945): Opposing national
forces collided causes of wars. Socialism: Socialism is an economic and political system w
here the ways of making a living are owned by the workers
Contemporary Nationalism (1945 to present): Collapse who run them and the people who depend on them, meani
of soviet union, reaction to American global suprema ng the value made belongs to the people who make it, inst
cy, retreat from colonialism. ead of a group of private owners. The common feature is t
he perception of society which regards the private property
as a source of unhappiness and for this reason tries to nati
onalize it. All the social classes should work together and Nationalism is a strong attachment to a particular cou
have a common goals that aims for the good of everyone. ntry, or nation. It is also called patriotism. In the mod
Liberalism: Liberalism is a philosophical, economic and poli
ern world, many citizens are very loyal to their countr
tical ideology which aims at establishing individual freedom y or to their ethnic group. Many historians consider n
as a basic principle of economic and social order. Accordin ationalism to be one of the most important forces in s
g to liberal thinking, the individual freedom is the essential haping modern history. Nationalism can have a positiv
standard and the surface of a human community which serv e influence by giving people a sense of belonging to
es as a source to the constitution of the state and its politic a national community. Sometimes, however, nationalis
al and economic order. t feelings can make people ignore problems in their c
Conservatism: It is a political ideology that emphasizes the ountry or group. It also can make people think that th
importance of tradition, preserves and affirms the dominant eir country or groups is better than any other. This fe
political order and protects the given distribution of power eling led to the creation of nation-states, or countries
and influence. Their three major principles are: identity, sec populated mostly by a single ethnic group. During the
urity and continuity. time, the modern countries of Germany and Italy took
shape. Nationalists feelings also led to successful rev
Fascism: It is the political movement created by Mussolini i
n 1919 and dominated Italy from 1922 to 1945. Fascism ca
olt against the ottoman empire which ruled over many
n be defined as a political system characterised by unparlia different peoples. Nationalist feeling led to the break
mentary, totalitarian and very often anti-semitic tendencies, up of Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia. Gandhi's power
using a socio-revolutionary communication. It characterised ful strategy, involved nonviolent, noncooperation, boyc
by a broad power base, controlled by the mass organization otts of all thing British. His methods use for Indian in
s under strict central control. dependence have been adopted by protest movement
! Democracy cannot guarantee of good government or even
s throughout the world. He inspired movements for ci
that human rights will be respected. Hitler was elected by vil rights and freedom across the world.
people.

"WHY COMMUNISM?"

In a communist society, everybody is equal and no o

"20TH CENTURY LIFE"
ne is left alone. That is, no social class, is better tha
n the other, there is no social class at all. All resourc Britain changed hugely during the 20th century. Life f
es of a country are under the control of the state. As or ordinary people was transformed and became muc
such, citizens have the peace of mind that all people h more comfortable. At the start of the 20th century,
are equal. Another significant advantage of communis British society was divided into classes: aristocracy, m
m is the attending school and given medical attention. iddle class and working class. World Wars changed t
Even the poorest can attend the school and provided he role of women, they demand and gained the right
with health care. It also minimizes unemployment be for vote. Throughout the 20th century, nationalism has
cause everybody gets equal opportunities. Governmen been the cause of a large number of political and so
ts controls and owns companies. In this way, prices a cial conflicts, as well as the seed of authoritarian regi
re regulated and made affordable for the people. Busi mes. Society impacted by technology. It impacts how
ness owners cannot demand high prices for their goo cities grow, where people live and who owns what. T
ds. he world population passed 6 billion just before the e
nd of the 20th century. More people means more tec
hnology. 20th century technologies altered the lives of
"GLOBALIZATION OR NATIONALISM" ordinary people and the structure of their socities. Pu
blic transportation changed when the automobile beca
Globalization is the connection of different parts of the me part of everyday life. Transportation became inexp
world. Globalization results in the expansion of intern ensive, dependable and fast. The horse and buggy re
ational, cultural, economic and political activities. As p placed by trains automobiles and planes, enabling lar
eople; ideas, knowledge and goods move more easily ge migrations of peoples around the globe from agric
around the globe, the experiences of people around ultural regions to urban centers. Streetcars and subwa
the world become more similar. Globalization was acc ys and later complex highway systems allowed people
elerated in the 19th century with the Industrial Revolut to commute long distances. Newspaper and radios w
ion, as mechanical mills and factories became more a ere supplemented by television. People saw man walk
nd more common. Globalization sped up dramatically on the moon and horrors of war in the televisions. T
in the 20th century with the idea of nationalism. Glob he realization that not all people share the same inter
alization can bring people together and make everyon pretation of events led to the understand multiple pers
e richer without getting rid of local culture. People wh pectives. In the war, armies were equipped with the n
o support globalization also believe that it makes war ewest technology in warfare: The machine gun. Techn
less likely because it is bad for business. Globalizatio ology mechanized agriculture. It improved communicat
n would eventually lead to a system of world governa ion. Einstein changed the political and scientific balan
nce which would cause wars to end. ce of power in the 20th century. Science really did ki
nd of change the world. People were slowly coming t
o terms with reality. They began to experience the ne
w social changes and lost their religious beliefs. In m
any ways, 20th century belongs to America. American
s developed, exploited and marketed worlwide new te
chnologies such as automobile, telephone and comput
er. 20th century science investigated both the internal
world of the mind and the external world of physics.

"MIDDLE EAST AND BRITAIN"

WWI transformed the Middle East in ways it had not

seen for centuries.The Europeans who had colonized
much of the ottoman empire in the 20th century, com
pleted to takeover with the territories of Arabia, Iraq,
Syria, Lebanon and Palestine. The modern boundarie
s of the middle east emerged from the war. So did m
odern Arab nationalists movements and Islamic move
ments. With the onset of WWI, the French and The B
ritish sent armies and agents into the middle east, to
foment revolts in the Arabia peninsula and to seize Ir
aq, Syria and Palestine. In 1916, French and British d
iplomats secretly reached the Sykes-Picot agreement.
That agreement established a mandate system of Fre
nch and British control over the middle east. Under th
e mandate system, Syria and Lebanon went to the Fr
ench. The British took over Palestine and three ottom
an provinces pf Mesopotamia and created modern da
y Iraq. Lawrence was British officer credited with leadi
ng the Arab revolt against the Turks during WWI. La
wrence helped to change the map of the middle east.
Zionism emerged as the political movement to create
a Jewish state. Herzl brought his followers together i
n the first zionist congress to formulate the movement
s goal and strategies. 20 years after the first zionist c
ongress, in 1917, Britain declared itself in favor of est
ablishing a jewish homeland in Palestine. That was th
e beginning of the Israelis and Palestians fighting ove
r control of the same piece of land.